Alkenes

Properties
General formula	CnH2n

An alkene in organic chemistry is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon to carbon double bond. The simplest alkenes, with only one double bond, form a homologous series, the alkenes with general formula C_nH_2n. from rozeta This image is ineligible for copyright and therefore in the public domain, because it consists entirely of information that is common property and contains no original authorship. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... Organic chemistry is the part of chemistry concerned with the composition, structure, properties, reactions and synthesis of organic compounds. ... In chemistry, saturation has three different meanings: In physical chemistry, saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance. ... Hydrocarbons are refined at oil refineries and processed at chemical plants In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is any chemical compound that consists only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding characterized by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms, in order to produce a mutual attraction, which holds the resultant molecule together. ... In Chemistry, a homologous series is a series of organic compounds with a similar general formula, possessing similar chemical properties, and showing a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in molecular size and mass. ...

The simplest alkene is C₂H₄, which has the common name "ethylene" and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name "ethene". Alkenes are also called olefins (an archaic synonym, but widely used in the petrochemical industry) or vinyl compounds. R-phrases R12, R67 S-phrases S2, S9, S16, S33, S46 Flash point Flammable gas Explosive limits 2. ... IUPAC logo The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international non-governmental organization devoted to the advancement of chemistry. ... Ethylene or ethene is the simplest alkene hydrocarbon, consisting of two carbon atoms and four hydrogens. ... A petrochemical is any chemical derived from fossil fuels. ... Vinyl products (such as these records) come in many colors. ...

Structure of Alkenes

Shape of Alkenes

As predicted by the VSEPR model of electron pair replusion, in the molecular geometry of alkenes the bond angles about each carbon in a double bond are about 120°, although the angle may be larger because of steric strain introduced by nonbonded interactions created by functional groups attached to the carbons of the double bond. For example, the C-C-C bond angle in propene is 123.9°. The alkene double bond is stronger than a single covalent bond and also shorter with an average bond length of 133 picometre. The valence shell electron pair repulsion theory or VSEPR is a model in chemistry that aims to generally represent the shapes of individual molecules. ... Properties The electron is a lightweight fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. ... Geometry of the water molecule Molecular geometry or molecular structure is the three dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule, inferred from the spectroscopic studies of the compound. ... Geometry of the water molecule Molecules have fixed equilibrium geometries--bond lengths and angles--that are dictated by the laws of quantum mechanics. ... In chemistry van der Waals strain is strain resulting from van der Waals repulsion when two substituents in a molecule approach each other with a distance less than the sum of their van der Waals radii. ... Nonbonded interactions are interactions through electrostatic or van der Waals forces between atoms that are not directly bonded together. ... In organic chemistry functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules, that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. ... Propylene, also known as propene, is a colorless flammable gas with chemical formula C3H6 having a garlic odor. ... Covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon in a molecule of methane. ... Bond length or bond distance in molecular geometry is the distance between two bonded atoms in a molecule. ... Picometre (American spelling: picometer) is an SI measure of length that is equal to 10−12 of a metre. ...

Molecular Geometry

Like single covalent bonds, double bonds can be described in terms of overlapping atomic orbitals, except that unlike a single bond (which consist of a single sigma bond), a carbon-carbon double bond consists of one sigma bond and one pi bond. Covalently bonded hydrogen and carbon in a molecule of methane. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals, showing among others the sigma bond of two s-orbitals and a sigma bond of two p-orbitals In chemistry, sigma bonds (σ-bonds) are bonds where there is no nodal plane containing the line segment between the two bonded species. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals, showing among others the sigma bond of two s-orbitals and a sigma bond of two p-orbitals In chemistry, sigma bonds (σ-bonds) are bonds where there is no nodal plane containing the line segment between the two bonded species. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals, showing a Pi-bond at the bottom right of the picture In chemistry, pi bonds (π bonds) are bonds with a single nodal plane containing the line segment between the two atoms. ...

Each carbon of the double bond uses its three sp² hybrid orbitals to form sigma bonds to three atoms. The unhybridized 2p atomic orbitals, which lie perpendicular to the plane created by the axes of the three sp² hybrid orbitals, combine to form the pi bond.

Because it requires a large amount of energy to break a pi bond (264 kJ/mol in ethylene), rotation about the carbon-carbon double bond is very difficult and therefore severely restricted. As a consequence substituted alkenes exist as one of two isomers called a cis isomer and a trans isomer. In cis-2-butene two methyl substituents face the same side of the double bond and in trans-2-butene they face the opposite site. The joule (symbol J, also called newton metre, or coulomb volt) is the SI unit of energy and work. ... The mole and its simple conversions into different units of measurements. ... In chemistry, isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. ... In chemistry, geometric isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism and describes the orientation of functional groups at the ends of a bond around which no rotation is possible. ... In chemistry, geometric isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism and describes the orientation of functional groups at the ends of a bond around which no rotation is possible. ... In chemistry a methyl-group is a hydrophobic Alkyl functional group which is derived from methane (CH4). ...

It is certainly not impossible to twist a double bond. In fact a 90° twist requires an energy approximately equal to half the strength of a pi bond. The misalignment of the p orbitals is less than expected because pyridalization takes place. Trans-cyclooctene is a stable strained alkene and the orbital misalignment is only 19° with a dihedral angle of 137° (normal 120°) and a degree of pyramidalization of 18°. This explains the dipole moment of 0.8 D for this compound (cis-isomer 0.4 D) where a value of zero is expected.^[1] The trans isomer of cycloheptene is only stable at low temperatures. Electron atomic and molecular orbitals, showing a Pi-bond at the bottom right of the picture In chemistry, pi bonds (Ï€ bonds) are bonds with a single nodal plane containing the line segment between the two atoms. ... Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule or other body. ... A generic trigonal planar molecule showing ideal bond angle. ... In Aerospace engineering, the dihedral is the angle that the two wings make with each other. ... The Earths magnetic field, which is approximately a dipole. ... The debye (symbol: D) is a non-SI and non-CGS unit of electrical dipole moment. ... In chemistry, geometric isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism and describes the orientation of functional groups at the ends of a bond around which no rotation is possible. ... Cycloheptene is a 7-membered cycloalkene. ...

Physical properties

The physical properties of alkenes are comparable with alkanes. The Physical state depends on molecular mass. The simplest alkenes, ethylene, propylene and butylene are gases. An alkane in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon without cycles, that is, an acyclic hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and so has no double bonds. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... The molecular mass (abbreviated MM) of a substance, called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). ... R-phrases R12, R67 S-phrases S2, S9, S16, S33, S46 Flash point Flammable gas Explosive limits 2. ... Propylene, also known by its IUPAC name propene, is an organic compound having the chemical formula C3H6. ... Butylene, also known as butene, is the name of the three isomeric hydrocarbon gases with chemical formula C4H8. ...

Chemical properties

Alkenes are relatively stable compounds, but are more reactive than alkanes. This is compatible with the idea that the carbon-carbon double bond (in alkenes) is stronger than the carbon-carbon single bond (in alkanes), however, as the majority of the reactions of alkenes involve the rupture of this bond to form two new single bonds. An alkane in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon without cycles, that is, an acyclic hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and so has no double bonds. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals, showing among others the sigma bond of two s-orbitals and a sigma bond of two p-orbitals In chemistry, sigma bonds (σ-bonds) are bonds where there is no nodal plane containing the line segment between the two bonded species. ...

Synthesis

• The most common industrial synthesis path for alkenes is cracking of petroleum.
• Alkenes can be synthesized from alcohols via an elimination reaction that removes one water molecule:
  H₃C-CH₂-OH + H₂SO₄ → H₃C-CH₂-O-SO₃H + H₂O → H₂C=CH₂ + H₂SO₄
• An Elimination reaction from an alkyl amine occurs in the Hofmann elimination and the Cope reaction and generates alkenes.
• Catalytic synthesis of higher α-alkenes can be achieved by a reaction of ethene with triethylaluminium, an organometallic compound in the presence of nickel, cobalt or platinum.
• Alkenes scramble in an olefin metathesis.
• Alkenes are generated from a carbonyl compound (an aldehyde or ketone) and an alkyl halide in the Wittig reaction, from a carbonyl compound and a phenyl sulfone in the Julia olefination, from two different ketones in the Barton-Kellogg reaction and from coupling of one ketone in the Bamford-Stevens reaction or the Shapiro reaction.
• Alkenes are generated from a coupling reaction of vinyl halides.
• Alkenes are generated from selective reduction of alkynes.
• Alkenes rearrange in a Diels-Alder reaction and an Ene reaction.
• Alkenes are generated from α-halo sulfones in the Ramberg-Bäcklund Reaction.

In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules (e. ... It has been suggested that black gold (oil) be merged into this article or section. ... In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. ... An elimination reaction is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one or two-step mechanism. ... An elimination reaction is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one or two-step mechanism. ... Ammonia Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. ... Hofmann elimination provides the dealkylation of quaternary ammonium salts to tertiary amines due to the scheme: quaternary ammonium salt via 1. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Cope rearrangement. ... In chemistry and biology, catalysis (in Greek meaning to annul) is the acceleration of the rate of a chemical reaction by means of a substance, called a catalyst, that is itself unchanged chemically by the overall reaction. ... R-phrases R12, R67 S-phrases S2, S9, S16, S33, S46 Flash point Flammable gas Explosive limits 2. ... Organometallic have classically been compounds having bonds between one or more metal atoms and one or more carbon atoms of an organyl group. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic Atomic mass 58. ... General Name, Symbol, Number cobalt, Co, 27 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 9, 4, d Appearance metallic with gray tinge Atomic mass 58. ... General Name, Symbol, Number platinum, Pt, 78 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 6, d Appearance grayish white Atomic mass 195. ... Olefin metathesis or transalkylidenation (in some literature, a disproportionation) is an organic reaction which involves redistribution of olefinic (alkene) bonds. ... Carbonyl group In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. ... An aldehyde is either a functional group consisting of a terminal carbonyl group or a compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. ... Ketone group A ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. ... In chemistry, an alkyl halide is an organic molecule of the form R_X, where X is a halide and R contains a carbon atom bonded to other functional groups or hydrogens. ... The Wittig reaction is a chemical reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a phosphonium ylide to give an alkene and triphenylphosphine oxide. ... In chemistry, the phenyl group or phenyl ring (often abbreviated as -Ph) is the functional group with the formula -C6H5 Picture where the six carbon atoms are arranged in a cyclic manner. ... A sulfone is a chemical compound containing a sulfonyl functional group attached to two carbon atoms. ... The Barton-Kellogg reaction is a coupling reaction between a ketone and a thioketone through a diazo intermediate forming an alkene . This reaction has been pioneered by Hermann Staudinger and therefore the reaction also goes by the name Staudinger type diazo-thioketone coupling. ... The Bamford-Stevens reaction is a chemical reaction whereby treatment of tosylhydrazones with strong base gives alkenes. ... The Shapiro reaction or tosylhydrazone decomposition is an organic reaction in which a ketone or aldehyde is converted to an alkene through an intermediate hydrazone in the presence of 2 equivalents of strong base. ... A coupling reaction in organic chemistry is a catch-all for a range of reactions in Organometallic chemistry where two hydrocarbon radicals are coupled with the aid of a metal containing catalyst. ... Vinyl products (such as these records) come in many colors. ... A halide is a binary compound, of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less electronegative than the halogen, to make a fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, or astatide compound. ... Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms. ... A rearrangement reaction is a broad class of organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule. ... The Diels-Alder reaction is an organic chemical reaction (specifically, a cycloaddition) between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile to form a substituted cyclohexene system. ... Ene reactions are Group transfer reactions between an alkyne or alkene, or similar double bonded species and an allyl-like species. ...

Reactions

Alkenes serve as a feedstock for the petrochemical industry because they can participate in a wide variety of reactions. A petrochemical is any chemical derived from fossil fuels. ...

Addition reactions

Alkenes react in many addition reactions. An addition reaction, in chemistry, is in its simplest terms a organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one. ...

• Catalytic addition of hydrogen: Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes produce the corresponding alkanes. The reaction is carried out under pressure in the presence of a metallic catalyst. Common industrial catalysts are based on platinum, nickel or palladium, for laboratory syntheses, Raney's nickel is often employed. This is an alloy of nickel and aluminium. This is the catalytic hydrogenation of ethylene to yield ethane: CH₂=CH₂ + H₂ → CH₃-CH₃

• Electrophilic addition: Most addition reactions to alkenes follow the mechanism of electrophilic addition. An example is the Prins reaction where the electrophile is a carbonyl group.
• Halogenation: Addition of elementary bromine or chlorine to alkenes yield vicinal dibromo- and dichloroalkanes, respectively. The decoloration of a solution of bromine in water is an analytical test for the presence of alkenes:

CH₂=CH₂ + Br₂ → BrCH₂-CH₂Br

This is the mechanism for the reaction:

The reaction works because the high electron density at the double bond causes a temporary shift of electrons in the Br-Br bond causing a temporary induced dipole. This makes the Br closest to the double bond slightly positive and therefore an electrophile.

• Hydrohalogenation: Addition of hydrohalic acids like HCl or HBr to alkenes yield the corresponding haloalkanes.
  CH₃-CH=CH₂ + HBr → CH₃-CHBr-CH₃
  If the two carbon atoms at the double bond are linked to a different number of hydrogen atoms, the halogen is found preferentially at the carbon with less hydrogen substituents (Markovnikov's rule).

This is the reaction mechanism for Hydrohalogenation:

• Addition of a carbene or carbenoid yields the corresponding cyclopropane

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes produce the corresponding alkanes. ... In chemistry and biology, catalysis (in Greek meaning to annul) is the acceleration of the rate of a chemical reaction by means of a substance, called a catalyst, that is itself unchanged chemically by the overall reaction. ... An alkane in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon without cycles, that is, an acyclic hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and so has no double bonds. ... A catalyst (Greek: καταλύτης, catalytēs) is a substance that accelerates the rate (speed) or ease of a chemical reaction (see also catalysis) without itself being changed at the end of the chemical reaction . ... General Name, Symbol, Number platinum, Pt, 78 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 6, d Appearance grayish white Atomic mass 195. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic Atomic mass 58. ... General Name, Symbol, Number palladium, Pd, 46 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 5, d Appearance silvery white metallic Atomic mass 106. ... Raney nickel is an amorphous solid composed of finely divided grains of a nickel/aluminium alloy. ... An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nickel, Ni, 28 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 4, d Appearance lustrous, metallic Atomic mass 58. ... General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Atomic mass 26. ... R-phrases R12, R67 S-phrases S2, S9, S16, S33, S46 Flash point Flammable gas Explosive limits 2. ... Ethane is a chemical compound with chemical formula C2H6. ... In organic chemistry, an electrophilic addition reaction is an addition reaction where in chemical compound a pi bond is removed by the creation of two new covalent bonds. ... An alkene is one of the three classes of unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond and have the general molecular formula of CnH2n (the other two being alkynes and arenes). ... In organic chemistry, an electrophilic addition reaction is an addition reaction where in chemical compound a pi bond is removed by the creation of two new covalent bonds. ... The Prins reaction is an organic reaction consisting of an electrophilic addition of an aldehyde or ketone to an alkene or alkyne followed by capture of a nucleophile . The outcome of the reaction depends on reaction conditions (scheme 1). ... Carbonyl group In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. ... In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction that replaces a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom. ... General Name, Symbol, Number bromine, Br, 35 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 4, p Appearance gas/liquid: red-brown solid: metallic luster Atomic mass 79. ... Chlorine is the current Good Article Collaboration of the week! Please help to improve this article to the highest of standards. ... An alkene is one of the three classes of unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond and have the general molecular formula of CnH2n (the other two being alkynes and arenes). ... In chemistry vicinal stands for any two functional groups bonded to two adjacent carbon atoms. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x259, 4 KB) Chemical reaction of an alkene with Br2. ... Hydrohalic acid is a group name for the acids of the halogens: bromine Br - hydrobromic acid: HBr chlorine Cl - hydrochloric acid: HCl fluorine F - hydrofluoric acid: HF iodine I - hydroiodic acid: HI Categories: Acids | Inorganic compounds ... R-phrases , S-phrases , , , , Flash point non-flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... The d00d joo haxxx!!!) are a group of chemical compounds, consisting omgasdfasdfrajklsdfasdf omfg haxxx]]. The most widely known family within this group are the Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs for short. ... In chemistry, Markovnikovs rule is an observation based on Zaitsevs rule. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x259, 3 KB) Chemical reaction of an alkene and Hydrogen Bromide. ... In chemistry a carbene is a short-lived and highly reactive organic molecule with a divalent carbon atom with only six valence electrons and the general formula: R1R2C: . The carbon atom is sp2 hybridised with an empty p-orbital extending above and below a plane containing R1 and R2 and... In chemistry a carbenoid is a reactive intermediate that shares reaction characteristics with a carbene. ... Molecule structure formula of cyclopropane Cyclopropane is a cycloalkane molecule with the molecular formula C3H6 consisting of three carbon atoms linked to each other to form a ring, with each carbon atom bearing two hydrogen atoms. ...

Oxidation

Alkenes are oxidized with a large number of oxidizing agents. Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds. ... European Union Chemical hazard symbol for oxidizing agents Dangerous goods label for oxidising agents An oxidizing agent is a compound that oxidizes another substance in electrochemistry or redox chemical reactions. ...

• In the presence of oxygen, alkenes burn with a bright flame to carbon dioxide and water.
• Catalytic oxidation with oxygen or the reaction with percarboxylic acids yields epoxides
• Reaction with ozone in ozonolysis leads to the breaking of the double bond, yielding two aldehydes or ketones
  R₁-CH=CH-R₂ + O₃ → R₁-CHO + R₂-CHO + H₂O
  This reaction can be used to determine the position of a double bond in an unknown alkene.

General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ... An alkene is one of the three classes of unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond and have the general molecular formula of CnH2n (the other two being alkynes and arenes). ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... In chemistry and biology, catalysis (in Greek meaning to annul) is the acceleration of the rate of a chemical reaction by means of a substance, called a catalyst, that is itself unchanged chemically by the overall reaction. ... In chemistry, carboxylic acids (also called alkanoic acids) are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group. ... An epoxide is a cyclic ether with only three ring atoms. ... In ozonolysis ozone cleaves an alkene into carbonyl compounds. ... An aldehyde is either a functional group consisting of a terminal carbonyl group or a compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. ... Ketone group A ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a chemical compound that contains this functional group. ...

Polymerisation

Polymerization of alkenes is an economically important reaction which yields polymers of high industrial value, such as the plastics polyethylene and polypropylene. Polymerization can either proceed via a free-radical or an ionic mechanism. Polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to forinear chains or a three-dimensional network of polymer chains [1]. There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them. ... Polymer is a generic term used to describe a very long molecule consisting of structural units and repeating units connected by covalent chemical bonds. ... Polyethylene or polyethene is a thermoplastic commodity heavily used in consumer products (over 60M tons are produced worldwide every year). ... Polypropylene lid of a Tic Tacs box, with a living hinge and the resin identification code under its flap Polypropylene or polypropene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer, used in a wide variety of applications, including food packaging, textiles, laboratory equipment, automotive components, and polymer banknotes. ... In chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons on an otherwise open shell configuration. ...

Nomenclature of Alkenes

IUPAC Names

To form the root of the IUPAC names for alkenes, simply change the -an- infix of the parent to -en-. For example, CH₃-CH₃ is the alkane ethANe. The name of CH₂=CH₂ is therefore ethENe. IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. ... An alkane in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon without cycles, that is, an acyclic hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and so has no double bonds. ...

In higher alkenes, where isomers exist that differ in location of the double bond, the following numbering system is used: In chemistry, isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. ...

1. Number the longest carbon chain that contains the double bond in the direction that gives the carbon atoms of the double bond the lowest possible numbers.
2. Indicate the location of the double bond by the location of its first carbon
3. Name branched or substituted alkenes in a manner similar to alkanes.
4. Number the carbon atoms, locate and name substituent groups, locate the double bond, and name the main chain

Common Names

Despite the precision and universal acceptance of the IUPAC naming system, some alkenes are known almost exclusively by their common names:

See also

• hydrocarbons with increasing bond order:Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
• Arenes are also alkenes but have very different properties due to aromaticity

Hydrocarbons are refined at oil refineries and processed at chemical plants In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is any chemical compound that consists only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). ... Bond order is the number of bonds between a pair of atoms. ... An alkane in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon without cycles, that is, an acyclic hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and so has no double bonds. ... Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have at least one triple bond between carbon atoms. ... An aromatic hydrocarbon (abbreviated as AH), or arene is a hydrocarbon, the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds. ... Aromaticity is a chemical property in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibit a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. ...

References

1. ^ Barrows, Susan E., Eberlein, Thomas H. (2005). "Understanding Rotation about a C=C Double Bond". J. Chem. Educ. 82: 1329.