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Oligochaeta
Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Class: Clitellata Subclass: Oligochaeta
Orders
Haplotaxida Lumbriculida Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Oak from Danish wiki da:Billede:Raunkiaer. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (750x729, 136 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Haplotaxida ... Families   Acanthodrilidae   Ailoscolecidae   Alluroididae   Almidae   Criodrilidae   Eudrilidae   Exxidae   Glossoscolecidae   Lumbricidae   Lutodrilidae   Megascolecidae   Microchaetidae   Ocnerodrilidae   Octochaetidae   Sparganophilidae Earthworm is the common name for the largest members of the Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author) in the phylum Annelida. ... Binomial name Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758 Lumbricus terrestris (L.) is a large reddish worm native to Europe, but now also widely distributed elsewhere around the world (along with several other lumbricids), due to human introductions. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Classes and subclasses Class Polychaeta (paraphyletic?) Class Clitellata    Oligochaeta - Earthworms and others    Acanthobdellida    Branchiobdellida    Hirudinea - Leeches Class Myzostomida Class Archiannelida (polyphyletic) Class Echiura *Some authors consider the subclasses under Clitellata to be classes The annelids, collectively called Annelida, are a large phylum of animals, comprising the segmented worms, with about... Clitellata is a Class of Annelid worms. ... In scientific classification used in biology, the order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). ... -1...

Oligochaete worm

The Oligochaeta (singular Oligochaete, IPA /ˈɒlɪgoʊˌkiːt/) is a subclass in the phylum Annelida. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 764 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (800 × 628 pixel, file size: 149 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Oligochaete worm. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 764 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (800 × 628 pixel, file size: 149 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Oligochaete worm. ... Articles with similar titles include the NATO phonetic alphabet, which has also informally been called the “International Phonetic Alphabet”. For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... In biological taxonomy, a phylum (Greek plural: phyla) is a taxon in the rank below kingdom and above class. ... Classes and subclasses Class Polychaeta (paraphyletic?) Class Clitellata    Oligochaeta - Earthworms and others    Acanthobdellida    Branchiobdellida    Hirudinea - Leeches Class Myzostomida Class Archiannelida (polyphyletic) Class Echiura *Some authors consider the subclasses under Clitellata to be classes The annelids, collectively called Annelida, are a large phylum of animals, comprising the segmented worms, with about...

Common characteristics

The oligochaetes are a group that consists of terrestrial earthworms and species that live in freshwater environments. Earthworms range in size from a few centimetres up to 2-3 metres in length such as the Australian native giant Gippsland earthworm. Native earthworm species are often eradicated from natural areas as people clear native vegetation and introduced species become more dominant in these disturbed habitats. Introduced earthworms are most common in disturbed environments such as suburban gardens and farmland paddocks. Families   Acanthodrilidae   Ailoscolecidae   Alluroididae   Almidae   Criodrilidae   Eudrilidae   Exxidae   Glossoscolecidae   Lumbricidae   Lutodrilidae   Megascolecidae   Microchaetidae   Ocnerodrilidae   Octochaetidae   Sparganophilidae Earthworm is the common name for the largest members of the Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author) in the phylum Annelida. ... Binomial name Megascolides australis McCoy, 1878 The giant Gippsland earthworm (Megascolides australis), is one of Australias 1000 native earthworm species. ...

Life Cycle

Earthworms are hermaphrodites, which means that each animal has both male and female reproductive organs in the same body. Earthworms lay their eggs in a cocoon that is then deposited in the soil. On hatching the young worms resemble small adults and will grow continually until they reach maturity. They are well-segmented Annelids, most with a spacious coelom that is used as a hydroskeleton. The name means "few-bristled". Their setae (chaetae) or "bristles" are generally few in number and they lack the parapodia of the polychaeta. They have external fertilization (though internal in some members of the African family Eudrilidae), but copulate and store sperm in a receptacle called a spermatheca. Like the leeches, they have a clitellum which secretes a "cocoon" or capsule into which both eggs and sperm are deposited and which acts as an incubator for the embryonic worms. They lack a trochophore larval stage. The 1st-century BC sculpture The Reclining Hermaphrodite, in the Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme in Rome A hermaphrodite is an organism that possesses both male and female sex organs during its life. ... Classes and subclasses Class Polychaeta (paraphyletic?) Class Clitellata*    Oligochaeta - earthworms, etc. ... By the broadest definition, a body cavity is any fluid filled space in a multicellular organism. ... A hydrostatic skeleton or hydroskeleton is a structure found in many soft-bodied animals consisting of a fluid-filled cavity, the coelom, surrounded by muscles. ... Look up seta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Parapodia (Gr. ... Orders Amphinomida Capitellida Chaetopterida Cirratulida Cossurida Ctenodrillidae Eunicida Flabelligerida Magelonida Myzostomida Nerillida Opheliida Orbiniida Orweniida Phyllodocida Pisionidae Polygordiida Protodrilida Psammodrilidae Sabellida Spionida Spintheridae Sternaspida Terebellida The Polychaeta or Polychaetes are a class of annelid worms, generally marine, with a pair of fleshy protrusions on each body segment called parapodia that... Eudrilid earthworms are restricted to Africa (Ethiopian Region) as natives. ... The spermatheca is a part of the female reproductive tract in insects, some molluscs, and certain other invertebrates. ... For other uses, see Leech (disambiguation). ... In earth worms and other annelids, the Clitellum is a thickened glandular section of the body wall that secretes a viscid sac in which the eggs are deposited. ... trochophore A - episphere B - hyposphere 1 - ganglia 2 - apical tuft 3 - prototroch 4 - metatroch 5 - nephridium 6 - anus 7 - protonephridia 8 - gastrointestinal tract 9 - buccal opening 10 - blastocoele A trochophore (or trocophore) is a type of larva with several bands of cilia. ...

This taxon contains the terrestrial megadrile earthworms (some of which are semi- or fully aquatic) and freshwater or semi-terrestrial microdrile forms including the tubificids, pot worms and ice worms (Enchytraeidae), blackworms (Lumbriculidae) and several interstitial marine worms. Most are detritus feeders, some genera are predaceous e.g. (Agriodrilus and Phagodrilus). Families   Acanthodrilidae   Ailoscolecidae   Alluroididae   Almidae   Criodrilidae   Eudrilidae   Exxidae   Glossoscolecidae   Lumbricidae   Lutodrilidae   Megascolecidae   Microchaetidae   Ocnerodrilidae   Octochaetidae   Sparganophilidae Earthworm is the common name for the largest members of the Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author) in the phylum Annelida. ... Subfamilies Phallodrilinae Limnodriloidinae Rhyacodrilinae Tubificinae Phallodrilinae Limnodriloidinae Rhyacodrilinae Tubificinae The Tubificidae are a family of clitellate oligochaete worms like the sludge worm, Tubifex tubifex. ... Ice worm refers to any of a number of species of worm that live in glacial ice, such as Mesenchytraeus solifugus, M. harrimani, M. maculatus, and M. obscurus. ... The Enchytraeidae are a microdrile oligochaete family and include both terrestrial species known as potworms that live in highly organic environments and iceworms such as Mesenchytraeus solifugus that live in ice fields. ... Binomial name Lumbriculus variegatus Lumbriculus variegatus, sometimes known as blackworm (or even California blackworm), is a type of oligochaete that lives in shallow water marshes, ponds, and swamps, feeding on microorganisms and organic material. ... The lumbriculidae are a family of microdrile oligochaetes common in fresh-water environments. ... Interstitial is a generic term for referring to the space between other structures or objects. ...

The (sub-)families of oligochaetes

Randiellidae Erséus & Strehlow 1986, Tubificidae Vejdovsky 1884 (including Naidinae Ehrenberg 1831), Narapidae Righi 1983, Opistocystidae, Dorydrilidae Cook 1971, Parvidrilidae Erséus 1999, Phreodrilidae Beddard 1891, Propappidae Coates 1986, Haplotaxidae Michaelsen 1900, Tiguassuidae Brinkhurst 1988, Lumbriculidae Vejdovsky 1884, Enchytraeidae Vejdovsky 1879, Moniligastridae Claus 1880, Alluroididae Michaelsen 1900, Syngenodrilidae Smith and Green 1919, Glossoscolecidae Michaelsen 1900, Tumakidae Righi 1995, Ailoscolecidae Bouché 1969 (including Komarekionidae Gates 1974), Sparganophilidae Michaelsen 1918, Microchaetidae Michaelsen 1900, Lumbricidae Claus 1876 (including Diporodrilinae Bouché 1970, Eiseniinae Omodeo 1956, Spermophorodrilinae Omodeo & Rota 1989, Postandrilinae Qiu & Bouché, 1998, Allolobophorinae Kvavadze, 2000 and Helodrilinae Kvavadze, 2000), Kynotidae Brinkhurst & Jamieson 1971, Hormogastridae Michaelsen 1900 (including Vignysinae Bouché 1970 and Xaninae Diaz Cosin et al. 1989), Lutodrilidae McMahan 1978, Criodrilidae Vejdovsky 1884 (including Biwadrilidae Brinkhurst & Jamieson 1971), Almidae Duboscq 1902, Ocnerodrilidae Beddard 1891 (including Malabariinae Gates 1966), Acanthodrilidae Claus, 1880 (including Diplocardiinae Michaelsen 1900), Octochaetidae Michaelsen 1900 (including Benhamiinae Michaelsen 1895/7), Exxidae Blakemore 2000, Megascolecidae Rosa 1891 (including Pontodrilinae Vejdovsky 1884, Plutellinae Vejdovsky 1884 and Argilophilinae Fender & McKey-Fender, 1990) and Eudrilidae Claus 1880. The Enchytraeidae are a microdrile oligochaete family and include both terrestrial species known as potworms that live in highly organic environments and iceworms such as Mesenchytraeus solifugus that live in ice fields. ... Common genera Lumbricus Eisenia Eiseniella Allolobophora Aporrectodea Bimastos Dendrobaena Dendrodrilus (and more) The Lumbricidae is a family of earthworms which includes most of the well-known earthworm species. ... A notable peculiarity of the subfamily Alminae is a tendency to extensions of the body wall in the vicinity of or including the male pores. ... Genera See text. ... Eudrilid earthworms are restricted to Africa (Ethiopian Region) as natives. ...

Bibliography

• Blakemore, R.J. (2005). Whither Octochaetidae? – its family status reviewed. In: Advances in Earthworm Taxonomy II. Eds. A.A. & V.V. Pop. Proceedings IOTM2, Cluj University Press. Romania. Pp. 63-84. http://www.oligochaeta.org/ITOM2/IOTM2.htm.
• Blakemore, R.J. (2006). Revised Key to Earthworm Families (Ch. 9). In: A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World – 2nd Edition (2006). Eds.: N. Kaneko & M.T. Ito. COE Soil Ecology Research Group, Yokohama National University, Japan. CD-ROM Publication. Website: http://bio-eco.eis.ynu.ac.jp/eng/database/earthworm/.
• Erséus, C. and Källersjö, M. (2003). 18S rDNA phylogeny of basal groups of Clitellata (Annelida). Zoologica Scripta: 33(2): 187-196.
• Jamieson, B.G.M., Tillier, S., Tillier, A., Justine, J.-L., Ling, E., James, S., McDonald, K. and Hugall, A.F. (2002). Phylogeny of the Megascolecidae and Crassiclitellata (Annelida, Oligochaeta): combined versus partitioned analysis using nuclear (28S) and mitochondrial(12S, 16S) rDNA. Zoosystema 24(4): 707-734.
• Jamieson, B.G.M. (2006). Non-leech Clitellata. (with contributions by Marco Ferraguti). Pp. 235-392. In: Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Annelida. Series Editor B.G.M. Jamieson. Volume 4. Eds. G. Rouse and F. Pleijel. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Jersey, Plymouth, U.K. ISBN 1-57808-313-3.
• Michaelsen, W. (1900). Das Tierreich 10: Vermes, Oligochaeta. Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin. Pp. xxix+575, figs. 1-13.
• Siddall, M.E., Apakupakul, K, Burreson, E. M., Coates, K. A., Erséus, C, Gelder, S. R., Källersjö, M, & Trapido-Rosenthal, H. (2001). Validating Livanow's Hypothesis: Molecular Data Agree that Leeches, Branchiobdellidans and Acanthobdella peledina form a Monophyletic Group of Oligochaetes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 21: 346-351. http://research.amnh.org/~siddall/pub/livanow.pdf.
• Stephenson, J. (1930). The Oligochaeta. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Pp. 978.

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