Oliguria and anuria are the decreased or absent production of urine, respectively. The decreased production of urine may be a sign of dehydration, renal failure or urinary obstruction/urinary retention. The term symptom (from the Greek syn = con/plus and pipto = fall, together meaning co-exist) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. ... In medicine, a sign is a feature of disease as detected by the doctor during physical examination of a patient. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following codes are used with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Dehydration (hypohydration) is the removal of water (hydro in ancient Greek) from an object. ... Renal failure is the condition in which the kidneys fail to function properly. ... Urinary retention also known as ischuria is a lack of ability to urinate. ...

Definition

Oliguria is defined as a urine output that is less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants, less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children, and less than 300 mL/day in adults.^[1]

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiologic mechanisms causing oliguria can be categorized globally in three different categories:

• Prerenal: in response to hypoperfusion of the kidney (e.g. as a result of dehydration by poor oral intake, diarrhea, massive bleeding or sepsis)
• Renal: due to kidney damage (severe hypoperfusion, rhabdomyolysis, medication)
• Postrenal: as a consequence of obstruction of the urine flow (e.g. enlarged prostate, tumour compression urinary outflow, expanding hematoma or fluid collection)

In medicine, shock (hypoperfusion) is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by inability of the body to supply enough oxygen to meet tissue requirements. ... Dehydration (hypohydration) is the removal of water (hydro in ancient Greek) from an object. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a generally unpleasant condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαρροή = leakage; literally meaning to run through). Acute infectious... Minor traumatic bleeding from the head Bleeding is the loss of blood from the body. ... Sepsis (in Greek Σήψις, putrefaction) is a serious medical condition, resulting from the immune response to a severe infection. ... In medicine, shock (hypoperfusion) is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by inability of the body to supply enough oxygen to meet tissue requirements. ... Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of skeletal muscle due to injury, either mechanical, physical or chemical. ... Oral medication A medication is a licenced drug taken to cure or reduce symptoms of an illness or medical condition. ... BPH redirects here, It can also refer to the Break Permitted Here character in the C1 control code set. ... Hematoma on an elbow, nine days after a blood sample was taken Hematoma on a forearm, one day after repeated shocks A hematoma, or haematoma, is a collection of blood, generally the result of hemorrhage. ...

Postoperative oliguria

Patients usually have decrease in urine output after a major operation that may be a normal physiological response to:

• fluid/ blood loss – decreased glomerular filtration rate secondary to hypovolemia and/or hypotension
• response of adrenal cortex to stress -increase in aldosterone (Na and water retention) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized from cholesterol by the enzyme aldosterone synthase. ... Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior part of the pituitary gland. ...

Oliguria in infants

Oliguria, when defined as less than 1 mL/kg/h, in infants is not considered to be a reliable sign of renal failure.^[2] A human infant An infant or baby is an extremely young person. ...

References

1. ^ Klahr S, Miller S (1998). "Acute oliguria.". N Engl J Med 338 (10): 671-5. PMID 9486997. Free Full Text.
2. ^ Arant B (1987). "Postnatal development of renal function during the first year of life.". Pediatr Nephrol 1 (3): 308-13. PMID 3153294.