Olivier LeCour Grandmaison (September 19, 1960, Paris) is a French historian. He is a professor of political science at the Evry-Val d'Essonne University and also teach at the Collège International de Philosophie, and mainly works on colonialism issues. President of the October 17, 1961 Association Against Oblivion (which advocates official recognition of the crimes committed by the Fifth Republic during the 1961 Paris massacre), he is best known for his book Coloniser, Exterminer - Sur la guerre et l'Etat colonial (2005). September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région ÃŽle-de-France Département Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land... A historian is someone who writes history, and history is a written accounting of the past. ... Political science is the field of the social sciences concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. ... Évry is a city in France, préfecture (capital) of the Essonne département. ... The French département of Essonne is part of the région of ÃŽle-de-France. ... The Collège International de Philosophie (Ciph), located in Paris Ve arrondissement, is an open university co-founded in 1983 by Jacques Derrida, François Châtelet, Jean-Pierre Faye and Dominique Lecourt in an attempt to re-think the teaching of philosophy in France, and to liberate it from... See colony and colonisation for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism. ... October 17 is the 290th day of the year (291st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (the link is to a full 1961 calendar). ... The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on October 5, 1958. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

"Colonize, Exterminate" (2005)

In this book, he shows how techniques and concepts forged during the New Imperialism period at the end of the 19th century were then used for the Holocaust. He thus underlines how both Tocqueville and Michelet openly talked of "extermination" about the colonization of Western United States and the Indian Removal period ^[1]. Hence, he quotes Tocqueville himself, in 1841, about the French conquest of Algeria: The term New Imperialism refers to the policy and ideology of imperial colonial expansion adopted by Europes powers and, later, Japan and the United States, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; approximately from the Franco-Prussian War to World War I (c. ... Concentration camp inmates during the Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germanys systematic genocide (ethnic cleansing) of various ethnic, religious, national, and secular groups during World War II. Early elements include the Kristallnacht pogrom and the T-4 Euthanasia Program established by Hitler that killed some 200,000 people. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Jules Michelet (August 21, 1798 - February 9, 1874) was a French historian. ... Extermination is the act of killing with the intention of eradicating demographics within a population. ... If you have been redirected here after viewing any statistical information, note that as defined by the Census Bureau, the western United States includes 13 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. ... Indian Removal was a nineteenth century policy of the government of the United States that sought to relocate American Indian (or Native American) tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. ... // French rule in Algeria, 1830–1962 Most of Frances actions in Algeria, not least the invasion of Algiers, were propelled by contradictory impulses. ...

"In France I have often heard people I respect, but do not approve, deplore [the army] burning harvests, emptying granaries and seizing unarmed men, women and children. As I see it, these are unfortunate necessities that any people wishing to make war on the Arabs must accept... I believe the laws of war entitle us to ravage the country and that we must do this, either by destroying crops at harvest time, or all the time by making rapid incursions, known as raids, the aim of which is to carry off men and flocks" ^[2]

"Whatever the case, continued Tocqueville, we may say in a general manner that all political freedoms must be suspended in Algeria" ^[3] According to LeCour Grandmaison, "De Tocqueville thought the conquest of Algeria was important for two reasons: first, his understanding of the international situation and France’s position in the world, and, second, changes in French society." ^[4] Tocqueville, who despised the July monarchy (1830-1848), believed that war and colonization would "restore national pride, threatened, he believed, by "the gradual softening of social mores" in the middle classes. Their taste for "material pleasures" was spreading to the whole of society, giving it "an example of weakness and egotism"." Applauding the methods of General Bugeaud, Tocqueville went as far as saying that "war in Africa" had became a "science": "war in Africa is a science. Everyone is familiar with its rules and everyone can apply those rules with almost complete certainty of success. One of the greatest services that Field Marshal Bugeaud has rendered his country is to have spread, perfected and made everyone aware of this new science" ^[4]. Thus, LeCour Grandmaison shows that the techniques employed during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62) by the French army were rooted in past history. Political freedom is the right, or the capacity, of self-determination as an expression of the individual will. ... The July Monarchy was established in France with the reign of Louis Philippe of France. ... Thomas Robert Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Duke of Isly (October 15, 1784 - June 10, 1849), was a marshal of France. ... Combatants FLN (1954-62) MNA (1954-62) France (1954-62) FAF (1960-61) OAS (1961-62) Commanders Messali Hadj Ferhat Abbas Ahmed Ben Bella Pierre Mendès-France General Jacques Massu General Maurice Challe Charles de Gaulle Bachaga Said Boualam Commander Pierre Lagaillarde General Raoul Salan Strength 40,000 400...

According to LeCour Grandmaison, history of warfare is not limited to the history of technical progress of weapons, but should englobe the "juridical, administrative and conceptual arsenal" which accompanies it: "We can only understand the extreme violences of the 1848 civil war - most of the times qualified as "bloody repression" - if we replace them in a longer genealogy, by the way exterior, and brought back to what was experimented before, most notably during the Algerian war [that is, the invasion of Algeria starting in 1830]" ^[5] In the same interview, LeCour Grandmaison, basing himself on texts from Zola, Victor Hugo, Lamartine, but also Darwin, André Gide, Albert Londres, Jules Verne, Maupassant, Foucault, Barthes, Joseph Conrad, etc., distinguish criticisms of the abuses of colonialism and criticisms of the principle itself of colonization. He goes as far as showing how even Marx and Engels were not immune to this racialist ideology of the 19th century, as these authors also considered the colonization as inevitable and qualified, as did all their contemporaries, non-European people as "primitives" and "barbarians". It wasn't until the Third International that the socialist movement really opposed itself to colonialism and supported national liberation movements ^[6]. For other uses of War, see War (disambiguation). ... Panthéon, Paris|Panthéon]] behind), Paris, June 1848. ... mile Zola (April 2, 1840 - September 29, 1902) was an influential French novelist, the most important example of the literary school of naturalism, and a major figure in the political liberalization of France. ... Victor-Marie Hugo (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, playwright, essayist, visual artist, statesman and human rights campaigner, recognized as the most influential Realist writer of the 19th century. ... Alphonse de Lamartine (October 21, 1790 - February 28, 1869) was a French writer, poet and politician. ... Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist who achieved lasting fame by producing considerable evidence that species originated through evolutionary change, at the same time proposing the scientific theory that natural selection is the mechanism by which such change occurs. ... André Gide in 1893 Gide redirects here, for other people named Gide, see Gide (disambiguation) André Paul Guillaume Gide (November 22, 1869 – February 19, 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in literature in 1947. ... Albert Londres (1884 - 1932) was a French journalist. ... Jules Verne. ... Henri-René-Albert-Guy de Maupassant (IPA: ɡi də mopasɑ̃) (August 5, 1850 - July 6, 1893) was a French writer. ... Michel Foucault (IPA pronunciation: ; English-speakers pronunciation varies) (October 15, 1926 – June 25, 1984) was a French philosopher. ... Roland Barthes Roland Barthes (November 12, 1915 – March 25, 1980) was a French literary critic, literary and social theorist, philosopher, and semiotician. ... Joseph Conrad. ... Marx is a common German surname. ... The term Engels could refer to more than one thing: Friedrich Engels, German socialist Engels, Russia, formerly known as Pokrovsk This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Racialism is an emphasis on race or racial considerations[1]. Sometimes racialism refers merely to the somewhat less controversial belief in the existence and significance of racial categories. ... Primitive is a subjective label used to imply that one thing is less sophisticated or less advanced than some other thing. ... // Barbarian is a perjorative term for an uncivilized, uncultured person, either in a general reference to a member of a nation or ethnos perceived as having an inferior level of civilization, or in an individual reference to a brutal, cruel, insensitive person whose behaviour is unacceptable in the purportedly civilized... The term Third International has two well-established meanings: For the unabridged dictionary, see Websters Third New International Dictionary. ... Socialism is a social and economic system (or the political philosophy advocating such a system) in which the economic means of production are owned and controlled collectively by the people. ... Wars of national liberation were those conflicts fought by indigenous military groups against an imperial power in an attempt to remove that powers influence. ...

State racism

After Michel Foucault, LeCour Grandmaison has spoken of a "state racism" under the French Third Republic, notable for example with the 1881 Indigenous Code applied in Algeria. Answering to the question "Isn't it excessive to talk about a "state racism" under the Third Republic?", he answered: State racism is a concept used by French philosopher Michel Foucault to designate the reappropriation of the historical and political discourse of race struggle, In the late seventeenth centruy. ... The French Third Republic, (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) (1870/75-10 July 1940) was the governing body of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy Regime. ...

"No, if we can recognize "state racism" as the vote and implementation of discriminatory measures, grounded on a combination of racial, religious and cultural criteria, in those territories. The 1881 Indigenous Code is a monument of this genre [monument du genre] ! Considered by contemporary prestigious jurists as a "juridical monstruosity", this code planned special offenses and penalties for "Arabs". It was then extended to other territories of the empire. On one hand, a state of rule of law for a minority of French and Europeans located in the colonies. On the other hand, a permanent state of exception for the "indigenous" people. This situation lasted until 1945." ^[1] Map of the first (light blue) and second (dark blue — plain and hachured) French colonial empires France had colonial possessions, in various forms, since the beginning of the 17th century until the 1960s. ... The rule of law is the principle that governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written, publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedure. ... ... The word indigenous is an adjective derived from the Latin word indigena, meaning native, belonging to, aboriginal; and has several applications: Indigenous peoples, communities and cultures native or indigenous to a territory; Indigenous (band), a Native American blues-rock band; In biology, indigenous means native to a place or biota...

February 23, 2005 law

Thus, it comes as no wonder that Olivier LeCour Grandmaison was part of the historians who harshly criticized the February 23, 2005 law voted by the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), which demanded to teachers to teach the "positive values" of the French presence abroad, "in particular in North Africa". The law was not only accused of interfering with the autonomy of the University toward the state, but also of being an obvious case of historical revisionism ^[7]. Confronted with intense criticisms, both from historians and the French left-wing and from abroad (e.g. president of Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika and Négritude writer Aimé Césaire), president Jacques Chirac finally had the controversial law repealed in 2006. The February 23, 2005 French law on colonialism was an act passed by the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) conservative majority, which imposed to high-school teachers to teach the positive values of colonialism to their students (article 4). ... The Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un Mouvement Populaire), initially named the Union for the Presidential Majority (Union pour la Majorité Présidentielle), and more usually known from its French acronym as simply the UMP, is the main French conservative political party of the right-wing. ... Historical revisionism is the attempt to change commonly held ideas about the past. ... Abdelaziz Bouteflika (عبد العزيز بوتفليقة) (born March 2, 1937) is the President of Algeria (since 1999). ... Négritude is a literary and political movement developed in the 1930s by a group that included the future Senegalese President Léopold Sédar Senghor, Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, and Léon Damas. ... Aimé Fernand David Césaire (born June 20, 1913) is a Martinican author and politician. ... Jacques René Chirac (born November 29, 1932 in Paris) is a French politician and the current President of the French Republic. ...

References

1. ^ ^a b (French) Olivier LeCour Grandmaison. "Le négationnisme colonial", Le Monde, February 2, 2005.
2. ^ (English) Olivier LeCour Grandmaison. "Torture in Algeria: Past Acts That Haunt France - Liberty, Equality and Colony", Le Monde diplomatique, June 2001. (quoting Alexis de Tocqueville, Travail sur l’Algérie in Œuvres complètes, Paris, Gallimard, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 1991, pp 704 and 705.
3. ^ (French) Olivier LeCour Grandmaison (2001). Tocqueville et la conquête de l'Algérie. La Mazarine.
4. ^ ^a b (English) Olivier LeCour Grandmaison. "Torture in Algeria: Past Acts That Haunt France - Liberty, Equality and Colony", Le Monde diplomatique, June 2001.
5. ^ (French) "L’art militaire dans tous ses états", L'Humanité, January 18, 2006.
6. ^ (French) "Les guerres et l’État colonial français", L'Humanité, December 28, 2004.
7. ^ (French) Olivier LeCour Grandmaison. "Le colonialisme a la peau dure", Libération, March 30, 2005. Retrieved on May 1, 2006.

Le Monde is a French daily evening newspaper with a circulation in 2002 of 389,200. ... The monthly publication Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed Le Diplo by its French readers) offers well-documented analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs. ... The Pléiade was a group of 16th-century French poets whose principal members were Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay and Jean-Antoine de Baïf. ... The monthly publication Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed Le Diplo by its French readers) offers well-documented analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs. ... LHumanité (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was the only French newspaper owned by a political party. ... LHumanité (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was the only French newspaper owned by a political party. ... Libération (affectionately known as Libé) is a French newspaper founded in Paris in 1973 by Jean-Paul Sartre, Pierre Victor alias Benny Lévy and Serge July in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968. ...

Bibliography

• (French) (with C. Wihtol de Wenden), Les Citoyennetés en Révolution (1789-1794), PUF, 1992 (thesis - preface of Madeleine Rebérioux)
• (French) Les étrangers dans la cité. Expériences européennes, Paris, La Découverte, 1993
• (French) Le 17 octobre 1961 - Un crime d’État à Paris, collectif, Éditions La Dispute, 2001.
• (French) Haine(s) - Philosophie et Politique, PUF, 2002 (preface by Etienne Balibar) (article on this book)
• (French) Coloniser, Exterminer - Sur la guerre et l'Etat colonial, Fayard, 2005, ISBN 35251692005 (Table of contents)

PUF (Presses universitaires de France) are the largest French university publishing houses, founded in 1921 by several professors. ... Éditions Gallimard is the second most important French publisher, and probably the most respected. ... Étienne Balibar is a French philosopher, who first rose to prominence as one of Louis Althussers pupils at the École Normale Supérieure, particularly as a participant in Althussers seminar on Marxs Capital. ...

Some articles

• (English) Olivier LeCour Grandmaison. "Torture in Algeria: Past Acts That Haunt France - Liberty, Equality and Colony", Le Monde diplomatique, June 2001.
• (English) Cohen, William B. 1941. "The Algerian War and the Revision of France's Overseas Mission", Muse Project.
• (French) Olivier LeCour Grandmaison. De Tocqueville aux massacres d'Algériens en octobre 1961.
• (French) "17 Octobre 1961, Olivier La Cour-Grandmaison : le silence n’est plus de mise", L'Humanité, October 17, 2001.
• (French) "Méthodes de guerre (Coloniser, Exterminer)", L'Humanité, February 12, 2005.
• (French) "Le Cour Grandmaison, Haine et politique", L'Humanité, March 10, 2003.
• (French) "Entretien avec Olivier LeCour Grandmaison", El Watan, March 19, 2005.

The monthly publication Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed Le Diplo by its French readers) offers well-documented analysis and opinion on politics, culture, and current affairs. ... LHumanité (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was the only French newspaper owned by a political party. ... LHumanité (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was the only French newspaper owned by a political party. ... LHumanité (Humanity), formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF), was the only French newspaper owned by a political party. ... El-Watan (Arabic, The Homeland), is an Algerian newspaper started on October 8, 1990, as Algeria moved from a one-party state towards democracy (a process that was impeded by the outbreak of the Algerian Civil War). ...

See also

• Colonialism
• French rule in Algeria
• Paris massacre of 1961
• Sven Lindqvist, a Swedish author who also demonstrated links between colonialism and the Holocaust