The Umayyad dynasty (Banu Umayyah), deriving its name from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of Muawiyah I, was the first great dynasty of the Muslim Caliphate, 661–750. This person is among the Sahabas ancestors Umayya ibn Abd Shams is whom the clan of Banu Umayyad is named. ... Muˤāwiyya I, or Muˤāwiyya ibn AbÄ«-Sufyān (Arabic: ). (602 - May 6, 680) was the fifth Muslim Caliph and founder of the Umayyad Dynasty of Islamic caliphs. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... The Caliphate (Arabic خلافة) is the theoretical federal government that would govern the Islamic world under Islamic law, ruled by a Caliph as head of state. ... Events Caliph Ali Ben Abu Talib is assassinated. ... Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM...

Origins

Most Historians consider the dynasty to begin with Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan, because Muawiyah was the first to assert the Umayyads' right to rule on a dynastic principle. Caliph Uthman before him was also a descendent of Umayya, and during his time had been criticised for placing members of his family within political positions; however since he never declared an heir he cannot be considered the founder of a dynasty.

The Umayya and Islamic Prophet Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor Abd-Munaf. One son of Abd-Munaf was Hashim, whose son was Abdul Muttalib, whose son was Abdullah, whose son was Muhammad. Another son of Abd Munaf was Abd-Shams, whose son was Umayya. The clans of Hashim and Umayya both belonged to the Quraish tribe named after an ancestor of Abd-Munaf. The Umayyads thereby claimed to be the "people of the House"; which claim was countered by the Alids and (later) the band of brothers, whose relations to the Prophet were closer. In religion, a prophet is a person who has directly encountered God, of whose intentions he can then speak as if he were a formal representative of God. ... For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (name). ... For other persons named Muhammad, see Muhammad (name). ... Quraish (Arabic: ‎ translit: ) is the Meccan tribe that the Islamic prophet Muhammad belonged to before he received the revelations of Islam. ...

The Umayyad clan had bitter rivalry with the Hashim clan (from which came the Abbasid clan), especially as Abu Sufian was the most determined and bitterest enemy of Muhammad, and sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion, by waging a series of battles. But at last, Abu Sufian embraced Islam, and so did his son Muawiyah, and they provided much needed political and diplomatic skills for the management and expansion of the fast growing Islamic empire. Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid (Arabic: العبّاسيّون, AbbāsÄ«yÅ«n) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. ... Islam (Arabic:  ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Muawiyah's personal dynasty, the "Sufyanids", reigned only from CE 661 to CE 683, when his son Yazid died with no credible heirs. The Umayyads and their supporters then rallied around the "Marwanids" descended from Marwan, 684-750. After that the Abbasids took over the Near East and killed nearly all Umayyads there. Some Sufyanid pretenders occasionally rebelled in Syria, although these were generally not accepted as genuine members of the family. 'Abd al-Rahman of the Marwanids survived in the Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia), and later proclaimed his family as the Umayyad Caliphate revived. The Common Era (CE), sometimes known as the Current Era or as the Christian Era, is the period of measured time beginning with the year 1 on the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Caliph Ali Ben Abu Talib is assassinated. ... Events Umayyad caliph Yazid I (680 - 683) succeeded by Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683 - 684) End of the reign of Pacal the Great, ruler of Maya state of Palenque Births Emperor Mommu of Japan Bilge Khan, emperor of the Gokturks I Sin, Chinese astronomer Deaths Pope Leo II Tang Gao... Events Wu Ze Tian took power in China. ... Events Last Umayyad caliph Marwan II (744-750) overthrown by first Abbasid caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Bold textItalic textLink title GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM GARY CANT SWIM... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Moorish Ambassador to Queen Elizabeth I of England The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including present day Spain and Portugal) as well as the Maghreb and western Africa, whose culture is often called Moorish. ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ...

The Abbasids where the complete opposite of

"Na'ila, Uthman's wife, sent Muawiyah Uthman's blood-stained shirt and told him erroneously that she thought Ali was involved."^[1]

Muawiyah then marched his army of 70,000 against Ali demanding that the murderers of his uncle be executed or handed over to Muawiyah. This was the beginning the First Fitna or Islamic civil war in 657. The Syrian side called Ali's party for arbitration claiming that if they fight amongst one another than the Byzantines would take the opportunity to attack the Muslims.^[2] The two sides agreed to the conciliation procedure, resulting in an arbitration that many of Ali's partisans saw as unfair, this group broke away from Ali's force and formed the khajarites, believing that the fate of the muslim Umma shouldn't rest on arbitration but on the will of god. The Khajarites assassinated Ali in 661 but failed in their attempt on Muawiyah, Muawiyah was then free to be declared Caliph, and move his capital to Damascus. Syria remained the Umayyad power base to the end of its existence in the Near East. For other uses of the name, see Uthman (name). ... Muawiyah I (602 - May 6, 680), early Muslim leader and founder of the great Umayyad Dynasty of caliphs. ... The First Fitna, 656–661 CE, followed the assassination of the caliph Uthman ibn Affan, continued during the brief caliphate of Ali ibn Abu Talib, and was ended, on the whole, by Muawiyas assumption of the caliphate. ... Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered around its capital in Constantinople. ... Caliph is the title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... Damascus at sunset Damascus ( translit: Also commonly: الشام ash-Shām) is the largest city of Syria and is also the capital. ...

The reign of the Umayyads saw great expansion. Muslim armies pushed across North Africa and Iran, through the late 600s, expanding the borders of the empire from the Iberian Peninsula, in the west, to what is today Pakistan, in the east. Forces led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad crossed Gibraltar and established Muslim power in the Iberian peninsula, while other armies established power far away in Sind, in Northern India.  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent. ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Tariq ibn Ziyad or Taric ben Zeyad (d. ... Sindh (Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. ... The Indo-Gangetic Plain is a rich, fertile and ancient land encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh. ...

Mistreatment of the Mawali(non-Arab) Muslims as subordinate to Arabs led to uprisings. These uprisings, coupled with the increased resistance of the foes of the Umayyads, the Franks under Charles Martel in France, the Byzantines in Anatolia, the Turkic Khanate in Transoxiana, and the newly invigorated Hindu principalities in India, exhausted the Syrian corps used as the backbone of the Umayyad army. These uprisings, especially the Great Berber Revolt of 740, left the stage open for rival factions to take power. Mawali is a term in ancient Arabic used to address non-Arab Muslims. In the second half of the sixth century, the Malawi were considered the third class in society with the Sayyids at the top followed by the free tribesmen. ... For other uses, see Franks (disambiguation). ... For the 13th century titular King of Hungary, see Charles Martel dAnjou. ... Byzantine Empire at its greatest extent c. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. ... For the Star Trek character see Khan Noonien Singh. ... Map showing modern Transoxiana. ... The Great Berber Revolt of 122—25/740—43 took place during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and marked the first successful secession from the caliphate. ...

The Umayyads were overthrown in the east by the Abbasid dynasty after their defeat in the Battle of the Zab in 750, following which most of the clan was massacred by the Abbasids. An Umayyad prince, Abd ar-Rahman I, took over the Muslim territory in Al-Andalus (Hispania) and founded a new Umayyad dynasty there. This dynasty ended in 1031. Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire. ... Combatants Abbasids Umayyad Caliphate Commanders Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah Marwan II The Battle of the Zab took place on the banks of the Great Zab river in what is now Iraq on January 25, 750. ... Abd ar-Rahman I (Arabic: عبد الرحمان) (ruled 756-788) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly three centuries. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Roman theater at Mérida; the statues are replicas Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... The interior of the Great Mosque in Córdoba, now a Christian cathedral. ...

Legacy

Sunni view

Sunnis believe that disputes that occurred between the Companions of the Prophet do not act as permission to censure or speak ill of them. This view is borne out of the numerous Quranic verses and Prophetic Hadith which indicate that Allah was pleased with the entire generation of Companions and the impermissibility of reviling them.

As a result, while the commonly established view is that Ali was correct in his judgements during the period of his dispute with Muawiyah, Sunnis also believe that Muawiyah was only exercising his own judgement. Sunnis stress that though Muawiyah erred in his reasoning, he acted sincerely and not from selfish ambition.^[3] Regarding the actual period of his rule, Sunnis generally praise Muawiyah's excellence as a leader.^[4]

Sunni opinions of the Umayyad dynasty after Muawiyah are typically dim, viewing many of the rulers as common sinners and causes of great tribulation in the Ummah. For example, in the section concerning Quran 60:17 ^[5] in the exegesis by al-Suyuti entitled Dur al-Manthur, the author writes that there exist traditions which describe the Umayyads as "the cursed tree". There are some exceptions to this -- Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is commonly praised as one of the greatest Muslim rulers after the four Rightly Guided Caliphs. Umma (Arabic: ‎) is an Arabic word meaning community or nation. ... A tafsir ( (Arabic: تفسير )tafsīr, also transliterated tafseer, Arabic explanation) is Quranic exegesis or commentary. ... Imam Al-Suyuti (849-911 ah) is a respected early scholar of Ahl Al-Sunna Wal-Jamaa. ... An editor has expressed a concern that the subject of the article does not satisfy the notability guideline or one of the following guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Biographies, Books, Companies, Fiction, Music, Neologisms, Numbers, Web content, or several proposals for new guidelines. ... Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (c. ... The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: ) is a term used in Sunni Islam and in general around the world to refer to the first four caliphs who are seen as being model leaders. ...

Shi'a view

The Shi'a view is shortly expressed in the Shi'a book "Sulh al-Hasan" ^[6]:

Mu'awiya designed an Umayyad policy. The Umayyad rules after him followed that policy. They (i.e., the Umayyads) wanted to make themselves lords. They wanted to show the people that they had all laudable qualities. So generosity, clemency, cleverness, bravery, and eloquence belonged to them, not to the people. In other words the Umayyads wanted to denote that these qualities were some of their special talents. The Umayyads did their best to fix this intentional policy. Thus they made a false history that was full of a series of fabricated traditions, made- up stories, various lies, and baseless claims. Moreover, they ordered the hireling preachers and the teachers of the schools in all Muslim countries to study the Umayyad hopes including false praise or fake slander.^[7]

Lists

History of Greater Iran Empires of Persia - Kings of Persia Zayandeh Rud Civilizaiton Sialk prehistoric civilization (7500-1000) BCE Jiroft civilization (Aratta) (3000–... BCE) Proto-Elamite civilization (3200–2800 BCE) Elamite dynasties (2800–550 BCE) Kingdom of Mannai (10th–7th c. BCE) Median Empire (728–550 BCE) Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BCE) Seleucid Empire (330–150 BCE) Parthian Empire (248 BCE– 224 CE) Sassanid Empire (224–651) Patriarchal Caliphate (637–651) Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) Tahirid dynasty (821–873) Alavid dynasty (864–928) Saffarid dynasty (861–1003) Samanid dynasty (875–999) Ziyarid dynasty (928–1043) Buwayhid dynasty (934–1055) Ghaznavid Empire (963–1187) Ghori dynasty (1149–1212) Seljukid Empire (1037–1194) Khwarezmid dynasty (1077–1231) Ilkhanate (1256–1353) Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393) Chupanid dyansty (1337–1357) Jalayerid dynasty (1339–1432) Timurid Empire (1370–1506) Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1407–1468) Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508) Safavid Empire (1501–1722/1736) Hotaki Ghilzai dynasty (1722–1729) Afsharid dynasty (1736–1802) Modern period: File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... History of Iran and Greater Iran (also referred to as the Iranian Cultural Continent by the Encyclopedia Iranica)—- consisting of the modern nations Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, and surrounding regions which is one of the worlds oldest continuous major civilizations. ... The Persian Empire was a series of historical empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau (Irān - Land of the Aryans[1]) and beyond. ... REDIRECT Template:History of ICC The following is a comprehensive list of all Persian Empires and their rulers: // The Elamites were a people located in Susa, in what is now Khuzestan province. ... The 5500 year old skeletons and other unearthed artifacts here are preserved and off access to visitors. ... The Jiroft Kingdom or Jiroft Civilization (تمدن جيرفت) is a relatively recent and ongoing multinational archeological project that aims to uncover an unknown civilization in a series of newly discovered sites in Irans Kerman Province, located at 28° 48 N latitude and 57° 46 E Longitude, known as Jiroft or Halilrud... Silver cup from Marvdasht, Fars, with Proto-Elamite inscription on it. ... Elam (Persian: تمدن ایلام) is one of the oldest recorded civilizations. ... The Mannaeans (or Mannai, Mannae, Biblical Minni) were an ancient people of unknown origin, who lived in the territory of present-day Iranian Azerbaijan around the 10th to 7th century BC. At that time they were neighbours of the empires of Assyria and Urartu, as well as other small buffer... Medea (Medea Proper), ca. ... The Achaemenid Empire (Old Persian: Hakhāmanishiya, هخامنشیان also frequently, the Achaemenid Persian Empire.) (559 BC–338 BC) was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Greater Iran. ... The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Greats dominion. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Empire (Persian: ‎ Sasanian) is the name used for the fourth Iranian dynasty, and the second Persian Empire (226 - 651). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Islamic conquest of Afghanistan. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid (Arabic: العبّاسيّون, AbbāsÄ«yÅ«n) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. ... The Tahirid dynasty ruled the northeastern Persian region of Khorasan between AD 821-873. ... The Alavids (سلسله علویان طبرستان in Persian) were a Shia emirate based in Tabaristan of Iran. ... The Saffarid dynasty of Persia ruled a short-lived empire centred on Seistan, a border district between modern-day Afghanistan and Iran, between 861-1003. ... The Samanids (875-999) (in Persian: Samanian) were a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and eastern Iran, named after its founder Saman Khoda. ... The tomb of Ghaboos ebne Voshmgir, built in 1007AD, rises 160 ft from its base. ... The Buwayhids or Buyyids or Ä€l-i Buyeh, were a Yazdani tribal confederation from Daylam, a region on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. ... The Ghaznavid Empire (سلسله غزنویان in Persian) was a state in the region of todays Afghanistan that existed from 962 to 1187. ... The Ghurids (or Ghoris) were rulers from Ghor in Central Afghanistan. ... The Seljuqs (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuk, sometimes also Seljuq Turks; in modern Turkish Selçuklular; in Persian سلجوقيان SaljÅ«qiyān; in Arabic سلجوق SaljÅ«q, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa) were a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. ... The Khwarezmid dynasty also known as the Shahs of Khwarezm (in Persian: Khwarezmshahian) was a Muslim Iranian state in the 11th century in Khwarezmia that lasted until the Mongol invasion in 1220. ... Khanates of Mongolian Empire: Il-Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ... The Muzaffarids were a Sunni Arab family that came to power in Iran following the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 14th century. ... The Chupanids, also known as the Chobanids, (سلسله امرای چوپانی, Amir Chupani), were descendants of a Mongol family that came to prominence in 14th century Persia. ... The Jalayirids were a Mongol dynasty which ruled over Iraq and western Persia after the breakup of the Mongol Khanate of Persia (or Ilkhanate) in the 1330s. ... Flag of the Timurid Empire according to the Catalan Atlas c. ... The Karakoyunlu or the Black Sheep Turkomans (Azeri-Turkish: Qaraqoyunlular/Karakoyunlular) were a Turkoman tribal federation that ruled what is today Azerbaijan, including present-day northwestern Iran and Iraq from 1375 to 1468. ... Flag of the Ak Koyunlu (Colours are speculative) The Akkoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Azeri-Turkish: AÄŸqoyunlular/Akkoyunlular) were a Turkoman tribal federation that ruled present-day Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq and western Iran from 1378 to 1508. ... The Safavid Empire at its 1512 borders. ... The Hotaki dynasty (1709-1736) was founded by Afghans (Pashuns) from the Ghilzai clan. ... Tomb of Nader Shah Afshar, a popular tourist attraction in Mashad. ... Afghanistan Durrani Empire (1748-1823) British & Russian influence (1826-1919) Independence & civil war (1919-1929) Barakzai rule (1929-1973) Republic of Afghanistan (1973-1978) Communists (1978-1992) Civil war, Taliban, US-Invasion (1992-...) Azerbaijan Independent Khanates (1722-1813) Russian Azerbaijan (1813-1917) Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920) Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1936-1991) Republic of Azerbaijan (1991-...) Bahrain Portuguese rule (1521-1602) British Treaty (1820-1971) Kingdom of Bahrain (1971-...) Iran Zand dynasty (1750–1794) Qajar dynasty (1781–1925) Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979) Islamic Revolution (1979) Provisional Government of Iran (1979) Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–...) Iraq Ottoman Empire (1632_1919) The Iraqi Monarchy (1920-1958) The Republic (1958-2003) Republic of Iraq (2004-...) Tajikistan Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1920) part of Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1929) Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929-1991) Republic of Tajikistan (1991-...) Uzbekistan Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1920) Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924-1991) Independence (1991) Republic of Uzbekistan (1991-...)
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The Durrani Empire was a state in present day Afghanistan. ... // The Rise of Dost Mohammad It was not until 1826 that the energetic Dost Mohammad was able to exert sufficient control over his brothers to take over the throne in Kabul, where he proclaimed himself amir. ... Reign of King Amanullah, 1919-1929 Amanullah Khan reigned in Afghanistan from 1919, achieving full independence from the British Empire shortly afterwards. ... // Reign of Mohammed Nadir Shah, 1929-1933 Mohammed Nadir Shah quickly abolished most of Amanullah Khans reforms, but despite his efforts to rebuild an army that had just been engaged in suppressing a rebellion, the forces remained weak while the religious and tribal leaders grew strong. ... Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan[1] (July 18, 1909 – April 28, 1978), son of Sardar Mohammed Aziz Khan and grandson of Sardar Mohammed Yusuf Khan was an Afghan statesman and President of the Republic of Afghanistan from 1973 until his assassination in 1978 as a result of a revolution led by... This article is about Communist rule in Afghanistan (1978-1992), which is separate, although slightly so, from the Soviet war in Afghanistan. ... // The Islamic State of Afghanistan After the Soviets withdrew completely from Afghanistan in February 1989, fighting between the communist backed government and mujahideen continued. ... Azerbaijan or Azarbeijan (Azerbaijani: Azerbaycan, Azerbeycan) is historically and geographically Eurasian and stretches from the Caucasus region, which is adjacent to the Caspian Sea, to the Zagros in Iran. ... Azerbaijan or Azarbeijan (Azerbaijani: Azerbaycan, Azerbeycan) is historically and geographically Eurasian and stretches from the Caucasus region, which is adjacent to the Caspian Sea, to the Zagros in Iran. ... Motto: None Anthem: AzÉ™rbaycan Respublikasının DövlÉ™t Himni March of Azerbaijan Map of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic from 1919 to 1920. ... State motto: Бүтүн өлкәләрин пролетарлары, бирләшин! Workers of the world, unite! Official language None. ... // The Dilmun Era The history of Bahrain goes back more than five thousand years to its role as the centre of the ancient civilisation of Dilmun, which dominated the trade routes between Sumeria and the Indus Valley. ... // The Dilmun Era The history of Bahrain goes back more than five thousand years to its role as the centre of the ancient civilisation of Dilmun, which dominated the trade routes between Sumeria and the Indus Valley. ... Vakeel mosque, Shiraz. ... The Qajar dynasty ( ) (Persian: ‎ - or دودمان قاجار - Qâjâr) was the ruling family of Persia from 1781 to 1925. ... The Pahlavi dynasty(سلسله پهلوی) of Iran began with the crowning of Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1925 and ended with the Iranian Revolution of 1979, and the subsequent collapse of the ancient tradition of Iranian monarchy. ... Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. ... The Interim Government of Iran (1979-1980) was the first government established in Iran after the Islamic Revolution. ... Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI... This article includes an overview from prehistory to the present in the region of the current state of Iraq in Mesopotamia. ... This article includes an overview from prehistory to the present in the region of the current state of Iraq in Mesopotamia. ... The Emirate of Bukhara (1747-1920) was a state in Central Asia, with its capital in Bukhara and was a Russian protectorate from 1868. ... State motto: Uzbek: Бутун дунё пролетарлари, бирлашингиз! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Tashkent Official language None. ... State motto: Пролетарҳои ҳамаи мамлакатҳо, як шавед! Official language None. ... State motto: Пролетарҳои ҳамаи мамлакатҳо, як шавед! Official language None. ... The Emirate of Bukhara (1747-1920) was a state in Central Asia, with its capital in Bukhara and was a Russian protectorate from 1868. ... State motto: Uzbek: Бутун дунё пролетарлари, бирлашингиз! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Tashkent Official language None. ...

Caliphs

Umayyad Caliphs at Damascus

• Muawiyah I ibn Abi Sufyan, 661–680
• Yazid I ibn Muawiyah, 680–683
• Muawiyah II ibn Yazid, 683–684
• Marwan I ibn Hakam, 684–685
• Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, 685–705
• al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik, 705–715
• Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik, 715–717
• Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, 717–720
• Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik, 720–724
• Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, 724–743
• al-Walid II ibn Yazid II, 743–744
• Yazid III ibn al-Walid, 744
• Ibrahim ibn al-Walid, 744
• Marwan II ibn Muhammad (ruled from Harran in the Jazira) 744–750

Damascus at sunset Damascus ( translit: Also commonly: الشام ash-Shām) is the largest city of Syria and is also the capital. ... Muˤāwiyya I, or Muˤāwiyya ibn Abī-Sufyān (Arabic: ). (602 - May 6, 680) was the fifth Muslim Caliph and founder of the Umayyad Dynasty of Islamic caliphs. ... Yazid Ibn Muawiyah Ibn Abu Sufyan (July 23, 645 - 683) (Arabic: يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان) was the second Sunni Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty of Caliphs. ... Muāwiyya II or Muāwiyya ibn Yazīd ([[معاوية بن يزيد ، معاوية الثاني) (684 - 661) was an Umayyad caliph for about four months after the death of his father Yazīd. ... Marwan ibn al-Hakam (623 - 685) was an Umayyad caliph who took over the dynasty after Muawiya II gave up the title in 684. ... Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (646-705) (Arabic: عبد المالك بن مروان ) was an Umayyad caliph. ... Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (Arabic: ) or Al-Walid I (668 - 715) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 705 - 715. ... Suleiman bin Abd al-Malik (c. ... Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (c. ... Yazid bin Abd al-Malik or Yazid II (687 - 724) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 720 until his death in 724. ... Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (691–743) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 723 until his death in 743. ... Walid ibn Yazid or Walid II (d. ... Yazid ibn Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik or Yazid III (701 - 744) (Arabic: يزيد ابن الوليد ابن عبد الملك) was an Umayyad caliph. ... Ibrahim ibn Al-Walid was an Umayyad caliph. ... The Califate in 750 From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923 Courtesy of The General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan or Marwan II (750-688) (Arabic: مروان ابن محمد ابن مروان) was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 744 until 750 when he was killed. ... Harran, also known as Carrhae, is a district of Şanlıurfa Province in the southeast of Turkey, near the border with Syria, 24 miles (44 kilometres) southeast of the city of Şanlıurfa, at the end of a long straight road across the roasting hot plain of Harran. ... Al-Jazira (Arabic, الجزيرة) is the traditional Arabic name for the region of northeastern modern-day Syria and northwestern modern-day Iraq. ...

Umayyad Emirs of Cordoba

• Abd ar-Rahman I, 756–788
• Hisham I, 788–796
• al-Hakam I, 796–822
• Abd ar-Rahman II, 822–852
• Muhammad I of Córdoba, 852-886
• Al-Mundhir, 842 - 888
• Abdallah ibn Muhammad, 888–912
• Abd ar-Rahman III, 912–929

Abd ar-Rahman I (Arabic: عبد الرحمان) (ruled 756-788) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly three centuries. ... Hisham I was the second Umayyad emir of Cordoba, ruling from 788 to 796. ... Al-Hakam Ibn Hisham Ibn Abd-ar-Rahman I was an Umayyad Emir of Cordoba. ... Abd-ar-rahman II (822 - 852) was one of the weaker of the Spanish Umayyads. ... Muhammad I was the Umayyad Emir of Córdoba from 852-886. ... Al-Mundhir (Arabic: المنذر ), (c. ... Abdallah ibn Muhammad, of the Umayyad dynasty, was Emir of Cordoba from 888 to 912. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ...

Umayyad Caliphs at Cordoba

• Abd ar-Rahman III, as caliph, 929–961
• Al-Hakam II, 961–976
• Hisham II, 976–1008
• Mohammed II, 1008–1009
• Suleiman, 1009–1010
• Hisham II, restored, 1010–1012
• Suleiman, restored, 1012–1017
• Abd ar-Rahman IV, 1021–1022
• Abd ar-Rahman V, 1022–1023
• Muhammad III, 1023–1024
• Hisham III, 1027–1031

The interior of the Great Mosque in Córdoba, now a Christian cathedral. ... Abd-ar-Rahman III, Emir and Caliph of Cordoba (912 - 961) was the greatest and the most successful of the princes of the Ummayad dynasty in Spain. ... Al-Hakam II was Caliph of Cordoba, in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd_ar_rahman III (al_Nasir). ... Hisham II was the third Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Mohammed II was the fourth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Suleiman II was the fifth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Hisham II was the third Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Suleiman II was the fifth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty. ... Abd ar-Rahman IV Mortada was the Caliph of Cordoba in the Umayyad dynasty in Spain, succeeding Suleiman II, in 1017. ... In the agony of the Umayyad dynasty in Spain, two princes of the house were proclaimed Caliph of Cordoba for a very short time, Abd-ar-Rahman IV Mortada (1017), and Abd-ar-Rahman V Mostadir (1023-1024). ... Muhammad III was an Umayyad Caliph of Cordoba. ... Hisham III was the last Umayyad ruler in Spain, and the last person to hold the title Caliph of Cordoba. ...

Umayyad Sahaba

• Marwan ibn al-Hakam
• Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan
• Abu Sufiyan ibn Harb

In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (Arabic: ‎ companions) were the companions of Muhammad. ... Marwan ibn al-Hakam (623 - 685) was an Umayyad caliph who took over the dynasty after Muawiya II gave up the title in 684. ... Muˤāwiyya I, or Muˤāwiyya ibn Abī-Sufyān (Arabic: ). (602 - May 6, 680) was the fifth Muslim Caliph and founder of the Umayyad Dynasty of Islamic caliphs. ... Abu Sufiyan ibn Harb was the leader of the Banu Abd Shams clan of the Quraish tribe, and was the chieftain of the entire Quraish tribe, making him one of, if not the most powerful men in Mecca during the lifetime of Muhammad. ...

Umayyad Taba'een

• Yazid bin Muawiyah
• Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

The Tabaeen (or Followers) are the generation of Muslims that came after the Sahaba. ... Yazid Ibn Muawiyah Ibn Abu Sufyan (July 23, 645 - 683) (Arabic: يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان) was the second Sunni Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty of Caliphs. ... Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (646 - 705) was an Umayyad caliph. ...

See also

• Umayya ibn Abd Shams
• History of Islam
• Caliphate
• Martyrs of Cordoba

This person is among the Sahabas ancestors Umayya ibn Abd Shams is whom the clan of Banu Umayyad is named. ... The History of Islam involves the history of the Islamic faith as a religion and as a social institution. ... The Caliphate (Arabic خلافة) is the theoretical federal government that would govern the Islamic world under Islamic law, ruled by a Caliph as head of state. ... // Historical Background In 711 CE, a Moorish army from North Africa invaded Visigoth Christian Spain. ...

Images

• muslimphotos.net: High-res photos from the Ummayad mosque

References

1. ^ page 18, Mu'awiya: Restorer of the Muslim Faith by Aisha Bewley, Dar Al Taqwa Ltd. 2002
2. ^ ibid. 22 Bewley uses a Shi'a account of the battle and the reconcilliation as narrated by Nasr b. Muzahim which is based on the earlier history of Abu Mikhnaf
3. ^ http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=4072&CATE=1
4. ^ http://www.bewley.virtualave.net/muawiya.html
5. ^ http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/017.qmt.html
6. ^ http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/sulh_al-hasan/
7. ^ [1] Chapter 24

External links

• Ummayad Lineage Chart
• Ummayads
• Umayyads - First caliphate dynasty