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An ombudsman is an official, usually (but not always) appointed by the government, who is charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints reported by individual citizens. The term arose from its use in Sweden, with the Parliamentary ombudsman instituted in 1809 to safeguard the rights of citizens by establishing a supervisory agency independent of the executive branch. The word ombudsman and its specific meaning has since been adopted in to English as well as other languages, and ombudsmen has been instituted by other governments and organizations such as the European Union. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wiktionary logo Wiktionary is a sister project to Wikipedia intended to be a free wiki dictionary (including thesaurus and lexicon) in every language. ...
1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law. ...
The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...
The origin of the word is found in Old Norse and the word umbuds man, meaning representative. The first preserved use in Swedish is from 1552. It is also used in the other Scandinavian languages such as the Icelandic "umboðsmaður", the Norwegian "ombudsmann" and the Danish "ombudsmand". This is the approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century. ...
The first ombudsmen flourished in China during Qin Dynasty (221 BC) and in Korea during the Choseon Dynasty. The Romans also grappled with the problem, but it was the example of the second Muslim Caliph, Umar (634-644) and the concept of Qadi al-Qadat (developed in the Muslim world), which influenced the Swedish King, Charles XII. In 1713, fresh from self exile in Turkey, Charles XII created the Office of Highest Ombudsman. The Scandinavians subsequently moulded the Office into its contemporary form. The Qin Dynasty (ç§¦æœ Pinyin QÃn, Wade-Giles Chin; 221 BC - 207 BC) was preceded by the Zhou Dynasty and followed by the Han Dynasty in China. ...
Korea refers to South Korea and North Korea together, which were a unified country until 1948. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ...
For other uses of the name, see Umar (disambiguation). ...
In the Islamic world, Qadi Arabic قاضى is a judge. In countries where Sharia, the traditional law interpreted from the Quran or the Hadith, is the law, qadi refers to a judge according to the Sharia. ...
Carl XII, Karl XII or Carolus Rex, (June 17, 1682 – November 30, 1718), the Alexander of the North, nicknamed in Turkish as Demirbaş Şarl (Charles the Habitue), was a King of Sweden from 1697 until his death in 1718. ...
An ombudsman need not be appointed by government; they may work for a corporation, a newspaper, an NGO, or even for the general public. Such an ombudsman obviously does not carry any governmental powers or sanction abilities. A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an organization that is not part of a government and was not founded by states. ...
Government ombudsmen
Sweden In 1713 King Charles XII of Sweden, preoccupied with fighting the Great Northern War, was residing in Bendery and had not set foot in Sweden in over a // Events April 11 - War of the Spanish Succession: Treaty of Utrecht June 23 - French residents of Acadia given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia Canada first Orrery built by George Graham Ongoing events Great Northern War (1700-1721) War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713...
Carl XII, Karl XII or Carolus Rex, (June 17, 1682 – November 30, 1718), the Alexander of the North, nicknamed in Turkish as Demirbaş Şarl (Charles the Habitue), was a King of Sweden from 1697 until his death in 1718. ...
The Great Northern War was the war fought between a coalition of Russia, Denmark-Norway and Saxony-Poland (from 1715 also Prussia and Hanover) on one side and Sweden on the other side from 1700 to 1721. ...
Tighina, or Tigina, is a city in Moldova. ...
- Swedish Ombudsman for Equal Opportunities, or Jämställdhetsombudsmannen (JämO)
- Swedish Ombudsman for Children, or Barnombudsmannen. Observes matters affecting the rights and interests of children and young people.
- Swedish Disability Ombudsman, or Handikappombudsmannen. Monitors issues relating to the rights and interests of persons with disabilities.
- Swedish Ombudsman against Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation, or Ombudsmannen mot diskriminering på grund av sexuell läggning (HomO)
- Swedish Ombudsman against Ethnic Discrimination, or Ombudsmannen mot etnisk diskriminering
The Director-General of the Swedish Consumer Agency is also designated as a Consumer Ombudsman. The Swedish Ombudsman against Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation (Ombudsmannen mot diskriminering på grund av sexuell läggning), normally referred to as HomO, is the Swedish office of the ombudsman against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation. ...
Swedish Consumer Agency (Konsumentverket) is a Swedish government agency that answers to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Affairs. ...
Czech Republic The Czech Ombusdman is known as Veřejný ochránce práv (Public Defender of Rights)..
European Union The European Ombudsman was established by the Maastricht treaty, the treaty establishing the European Union. The current European Ombudsman, holding office since 1 April 2003, is P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, former national ombudsman of Greece. The European Ombudsman (or sometimes Euro-Ombudsman) is an ombudsman for the European Union. ...
The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht between the members of the European Community and entered into force on 1 November 1993, under the Delors Commission. ...
Nikiforos Diamandouros is a Greek academic and since 2003 the European Ombudsman. ...
Finland In Finland the office of Parliamentary Ombudsman, modelled after the Swedish Ombudsman, was established by the Constitution of 1919. The Ombudsman is appointed by the Parliament, and has the task of ensuring that all government departments and officials follow the law. The Parliamentary Ombudsman shares many duties with the Chancellor of Justice. The Ombudsman has wide ranging oversight and investigative powers. She or he has access to all government facilities, documents and information systems and can order a police investigation if necessary. If the Ombudsman determines that a government official has not acted in accordance with the law she or he can advice on the proper application of the law, reprimand the official or in the extreme case order the criminal prosecution of the official. Partly because of the prosecutorial powers the Ombudsman enjoys considerable respect and her or his legal opinions are usually strictly followed. Her or his legal interpretations carry a lot of weight in the absence of a court precedent. The Chancellor of Justice (Justitiekanslern) is a government official charged with representing the Swedish government in various legal matters. ...
There are also special ombudsmen for gender equality, children's welfare, rights of ethnic minorities, and consumer protection, operating under the auspices of various ministries and other government agencies. Also, every health care provider in Finland is legally obliged to have a patients' rights ombudsman.
Greece The Greek Ombudsman is called Citizen's Advocate and is an Independent Authority. Currently, the Citizen's Advocate is Prof. Georgios Kaminis. The Advocate is assisted by five Assistant Advocates, which coordinate the activities of the Advocate's office in the five "theme circles" (areas) in which the office has authority: i) civil rights, ii) social protection, iii) quality of life, iv) state-citizen relationships and v) children's rights.
Iceland The post of umboðsmaður Alþingis was set up under the terms of law number 13/1987 in 1987, dealing with complaints against the government. In 1997 law number 85/1997 his authority was expanded to local government levels. The Ombudsman is appointed by Alþingi. Umboðsmaður Alþingis is appointed by the Alþingi to oversee investigation of complaints against government departments and local governments. ...
1987 (MCMLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
1997 (MCMXCVII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Althing (Modern Icelandic Alþingi; Old Norse Alþing) is the national parliament: literally, the all-thing (or General Assembly) of Iceland. ...
Ireland The Office of Ombudsman was set up under the terms of The Ombudsman Act, 1980. The Ombudsman, who is appointed by the President of Ireland upon the nomination of both Houses of the Oireachtas, deals with complaints against Government Departments, local authorities, health boards and An Post. The President of Ireland (Irish: Uachtarán na hÉireann) is the head of state of the Republic of Ireland. ...
The Houses of the Oireachtas is the official and constitutionally correct name for the two Houses of Parliament of Ireland - Dáil Éireann (House of Representatives) and Seanad Éireann (The Senate). ...
A small An Post post box attached to a telephone/electricity pole. ...
Italy The Italian Ombusdman is known as Avvocato Generale dello Stato (Attorney General of the Republic).
New Zealand The post of Ombudsman was established in New Zealand in 1962, with the aegis of investigation of complaints against government departments. In 1975 the post was expanded, with a Chief Ombudsman and several (number unspecified) of other ombudsmen. New Zealands Chief Ombudsman is appointed by the Governor-General of New Zealand to oversee investigation of complaints against government departments, and report, with recommendations, to parliament. ...
New Zealand also has a Banking Ombudsman however this a non-government industry group.
Philippines The Office of the Ombudsman of the Philippines is empowered by the 1987 Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas to safeguard the government and government-related institutions and corporations from corruption and dispense justice in the case of such offenses. The Philippine Ombudsman is an ombudsman responsible for investigating and prosecuting government officials in the Philippines who are allegedly guilty of crimes. ...
The Constitution of the Philippines (Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas in Filipino) is the supreme law of the Philippines. ...
Poland Polish Ombudsman is called the Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich. List of the Polish Ombudsmen: Ewa ÅÄ™towska - November 19, 1987 - February 12, 1992 Tadeusz ZieliÅ„ski - February 13, 1992 - May 7, 1996 Adam ZieliÅ„ski - May 8, 1996 - June 29, 2000 Andrzej Zoll - from June 30, 2000 Official site Categories: Poland-related stubs | Politics of Poland ...
Romania The Romanian Ombusdman is known as Avocatul Poporului' (People's Advocate).
Spain The Spanish laws translate "ombudsman" as defensor del pueblo ("People's defender"). There is a general Defensor del Pueblo for issues with the Spanish administration, and regional ones for the autonomous communities of Spain, for instance: Autonomous communities of Spain. ...
The Spanish Defensor can start processes at the Constitutional Court. Geographically, one of the most important features of Galicia is the presence of many fjord-like indentations on the coast, estuaries that were drowned with rising sea levels after the ice age. ...
The Basque Country (Euskal Herria in Basque) straddles the western Pyrenees mountains that define the border between France and Spain, extending down to the coast of the Bay of Biscay. ...
Capital Zaragoza Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 4th 47 719 km² 9,4% Population – Total (2003) – % of Spain – Density Ranked 11th 1 217 514 2,9% 25,51/km² Demonym – English – Spanish Aragonese aragonés Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation – Congress seats – Senate...
Capital Barcelona Official languages Spanish and Catalan In Val dAran, also Aranese. ...
Motto: Dominator Hercules Fundator AndalucÃa por sÃ, para España y la humanidad (Andalusia for herself, for Spain, and for humanity) Capital Seville Area – Total – % of Spain Ranked 2nd 87 268 km² 17,2% Population – Total (2003) – % of Spain – Density Ranked 1st 7 478 432 17,9% 85,70...
Ukraine In the Ukraine a post of Ombudsman is held Nina Karpachova since 1998. Recently, Ukraine installed staff of ombudsmans dedicated to childrens' rights, including world's youngest ombudsman, 14-year-old Ivan Cherevko.
United Kingdom In the United Kingdom a post of Ombudsman is attached to the Westminster Parliament with additional posts at the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Assembly and other government institutions. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative institution in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories (it alone has parliamentary sovereignty). ...
The Scottish Parliament (PÃ rlamaid na h-Alba in Gaelic, Scots Pairlament in Scots) is the national unicameral legislature of Scotland. ...
The National Assembly for Wales (or NAW) (Welsh: Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru) was established in 1998, following a 1997 referendum in which a small majority of voters (but not the electorate) voted in favour of the Labour Governments plans for devolution. ...
About UK Ombudsman Services The main UK Ombudsman is known as the Parliamentary Comissioner for Administration (PCA). The Creation of the post of the UK PCA was spurred on by the 1954 Crichel Down affair. The position was created, and his or her powers are documented in, the Parlaimentry Comissioner Act 1967, the most notable section of which is s4 and Schedule 2, which constrain his (currently her) powers. Amongst other things, the ombudsman cannot investigate Crime, national security, foreign affairs, the armed forces and other civil services. However, the office of the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman emphasises that it looks into complaints "that government departments, their agencies and some other public bodies in the UK - and the NHS in England - have not acted properly or fairly or have provided a poor service". The first UK Ombudsman was Sir Alan Marre, a career civil servant who later became chairman of Age Concern and the post is currently held by Ann Abraham (since 2002). She is a former director of the National Association of Citizen's Advice Bureaux. Age Concern is the name of a number of charitable organizations specifically concerned with the needs and concerns of old people. ...
The Citizens Advice Bureau (CAB) is an operating name of The National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux, (and also the name by which it is principally known), a United Kingdom registered charity which is partially funded by public funding. ...
The Ombudsman's process Those seeking the assistance of the PCA generally find the process to be difficult. Firstly, all complaints have to go through an MP - this is known as the "MP filter", which checks they are legitimate. In many cases, the MP attempts to solve the problem themselves, though the effectiveness of this can be called into question. Secondly, the Ombudsman rejects nearly 50% of his recived applications (once that have passed through the filter) at first instance. Finally, the ombudsman will not investigate complaints where recourse to an alternate remedy (tribunal, internal complaints etc) exists. This can be extremely offputting if you wish to complain - most people do not want to get involved in this process.If you can plough through all this, complaint resolution normally takes about 40 weeks.
The Ombudsman's Powers The Ombudsman's powers are completely non-binding upon any authority. He or she may publish a report, but that is all the coercion he can give. Usually, this does exert enough moral power to make an authority change its decision. The Ombudsman does not exist to complain about the merits of a decision. For example, in 1996 those suffering "planning blight" on their houses due to the creation of the Channel Tunnel were eventually awarded compensation without admission of fault or liability. Channel Tunnel. ...
Finally, the Ombudsman's decision may be challenged by Judicial Review if he fails to consider whether the complaint is suitable for judicial resolution. This happens rarely, but does occour. For example, in R v PCA, Ex Parte Dyer [1994], a complaint was addressed, but the plaintiff considered the remedy inadequate. The House of Lords however, ruled that the plaintiff should be satisfied with the remedy obtained.
List of all Ombudsman Services in the United Kingdom - Estate Agents Ombudsman
- Financial Ombudsman Service
- Financial Services Ombudsman Scheme for the Isle of Man
- Health Service Ombudsman - England
- Health Service Ombudsman - Wales
- Housing Ombudsman Service (HOS)
- Independent Police Complaints Commission
- Legal Services Ombudsman
- Local Government Ombudsman - England
- Local Government Ombudsman - Wales
- Northern Ireland Ombudsman
- Northern Ireland Police Ombudsman
- Parliamentary Ombudsman
- Welsh Administration Ombudsman
- Pensions Ombudsman
- Removals Industry Ombudsman Scheme
- Scottish Legal Services Ombudsman
- Scottish Public Services Ombudsman
- Telecommunications Ombudsman (OTELO)
Shortcomings The impartiality of some UK Ombudsman services has been questioned. In particular the Local Government Ombudsmen - whose senior staff are recruited from the ranks of local government officials and whose appointment process is vetted by the Local Government Association - have been accused of bias and of merely acting as a rubber stamp.
United States The US Navy implemented an ombudsmen program in 1970 under direction of Admiral Elmo Zumwalt. Through the Navy Ombudsman Program, communication between the spouses of active duty and the command is kept open, thereby improving the quality of life for everyone involved. The Navy command ombudsman is a volunteer position, with no special favors bestowed upon them. The purpose of this program is to ensure the dependents of active duty military have a channel of resources for their needs and quality of life. A command ombudsman can guide you to the help you may need, before, during or after a deployment. The Navy Ombudsman undergoes almost constant training, and is bound by confidentiality in most cases, the exception being any hint of child abuse. An ombudsman meets with department heads aboard a naval installation to find out the latest news, and pass it on, including news on ship deployments, cutting down on potentially harmful gossip.
New York City The New York Public Advocate has an Ombudsman team that investigates and responds to telephone and written complaints/queries regarding city agency services, providing information and referrals. The Public Advocate of New York is an independently elected citywide official, next in line to the Mayor, who is an ombuds[wo]man meant to cut through government red tape. ...
Non-governmental ombudsmen Many private companies also have an ombudsman (or a ombudsman department). Like the government official, they receive complaints and resolve them. Though they are not legally independent, they are part of a company's customer service strategy. Some companies treat their ombudsman very seriously and the ombudsman is very independent. Customer service is the set of behaviors that a business undertakes during its interaction with its customers. ...
Newspaper ombudsman are especially valuable to newspapers by promoting journalistic integrity to their readers. There is an international Organization of News Ombudsmen. The press in Sweden is self-regulated through the Public Press Ombudsman (Allmänhetens Pressombudsman) and the Swedish Press Council (Pressens Opinionsnämnd). // The Organization of New Ombudsman Or ONO for short, is a nonprofit corporation that was formed in 1980. ...
See also The tone of this article is inappropriate for an encyclopedia. ...
A bully pulpit is a public office of sufficiently high rank that it provides the holder with an opportunity to speak out and be listened to on any matter; the American presidency is a bully pulpit. Thought of as an executive check on legislative powers. ...
The Government Agencies in Sweden are state controlled organizations who act independently to carry out the policies of the Swedish Government. ...
Inspector General is a fact finding officer whose responsibility is to investigate charges of corruption, fraud, waste and abuse and other complaints regarding government officials. ...
A Lawspeaker (Old Swedish: laghmaþer or laghman, Norwegian: lagmand, Icelandic: lög(sögu)maðr) was a unique Scandinavian legal office. ...
The Peter Principle is a theory originated by Dr. Laurence J. Peter. ...
The term straw man or man of straw can have many different meanings. ...
External links - JPGMOnline.com - 'The role of the ombudsman in biomedical journals', Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Vol 48, No 4, pp 292-296, 2002
- OmbudsmanWatch.org - 'Local Government Ombudsman Watch' (United Kingdom)
- POGO.org - 'EPA Ombudsman Resigns: Accountability in Handling of Superfund Sites Threatened', Project on Government Oversight (April 22, 2002)
- Transparency.org - 'What is an Ombudsman'
The Project on Government Oversight describes itself as a politically-independent, nonprofit watchdog that strives to promote a government that is accountable to the citizenry. ...
Governmental ombudsmen
Australian government ombudsmen - COmb.gov.au - 'Commonwealth Ombudsman Australia: Assisting the Australian community by resolving complaints and fostering good government administration'
- Omb-HCSCC.nt.gov.au - 'Ombudsman for the Northern Territory'
- OmbO.nsw.gov.au - New South Wales Ombudsman
- Ombudsman.sa.gov.au - The Ombudsman South Australia Office: providing free, impartial, informal and timely resolution of complaints to promote fairness, openness and good public administration in South Australia'
- ombudsman/home.html - Tasmanian Ombudsman: investigates complaints and conducts Freedom of Information reviews in respect of government agencies.
Canadian government ombudsmen - GNB.ca - 'The New Brunswick Ombudsman's Office: one central mission: to ensure that all New Brunswick citizens are treated with administrative fairness by government and its agencies.
- HOA.gov.nl.ca - 'Newfoundland and Labrador Citizens' Representative'
- Gov.ns.ca - 'Nova Scotia Office of the Ombudsman: If you feel you have been treated unfairly by a provincial or municipal government body, or you have a complaint about a Nova Scotia government service...'
Chilean ombudsman
Czech government ombudsman
European Parliament Ombudsman - Euro-Ombudsman.eu.int - 'The European Ombudsman Homepage
- EuroParl.org.uk - Constitution of the European Union Article III-335 (provisions establishing EU ombudsman)
The European Ombudsman (or sometimes Euro-Ombudsman) is an ombudsman for the European Union. ...
Hong Kong government Ombudsman - Ombudsman.gov.hk - 'Office of the Ombudsman', Hong Kong
- The Office of the Ombudsman of Hong Kong : an evaluation from the perspectives of street-level bureaucrats, the public and members of the Legislative Council
New Zealand government ombudsmen New Zealands Chief Ombudsman is appointed by the Governor-General of New Zealand to oversee investigation of complaints against government departments, and report, with recommendations, to parliament. ...
Philippine government ombudsman The Philippine Ombudsman is an ombudsman responsible for investigating and prosecuting government officials in the Philippines who are allegedly guilty of crimes. ...
Swedish government ombudsmen - BO.se - 'Barnombudsmannen' (Ombudsman for Children)
- DO.se - 'Ethnic Discrimination Ombudsman'
- HomO.se - 'Office of the Ombudsman against Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation'
- JAMOmbud.se - 'Equal Opportunities Ombudsman (Jämställdhetsombudsmannen)'
- JO.se - 'Parliamentary Ombudsmen: The Ombudsmen of Justice (JO)'
- KonsumentVerket.se - 'The Swedish Consumer Agency (Konsumentverket)'
- Po-Pon.org - 'Instruction for the Office of the Press Ombudsman' (Swedish Press Ombudsman)
The Swedish Ombudsman against Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation (Ombudsmannen mot diskriminering på grund av sexuell läggning), normally referred to as HomO, is the Swedish office of the ombudsman against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation. ...
Ukrainian government ombudsman Verkhovna Rada. ...
United Kingdom government ombudsmen - Financial-Ombudsman.org.uk - 'The Financial Ombudsman Service: provides consumers with a free, independent service for resolving disputes with financial firms'
- IHOS.org.uk - 'Housing Ombudsman Service: An independent service dealing with complaints against landlords & agents, and other housing disputes'
- IPCC.gov.uk - 'Independent Police Complaints Commission'
- LGO.org.uk - 'Commissioner for Local Administration in England: Local Government Ombudsmen's Home Page'
- NI-Ombudsman.org.uk - Northern Ireland Ombudsman's Office
- OLSO.org - 'Office of the Legal Services Ombudsman'
- Ombudsman.org.uk - 'Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman: Making complaints a positive experience
- Ombudsman.gov.ie - '(Irish) Office of the Ombudsman'
- Ombudsmanwatch.org 'Local Government Ombudsman complaints body'
- Ombudsman-Wales.org - 'Public Services Ombudsman for Wales'
- Pensions-Ombudsman.org.uk - 'The Pensions Ombudsman: investigates and decides complaints and disputes about the way that pension schemes are run'
- OTelO.org.uk - 'Office of the Telecommunications Ombudsman: We are an Ombudsman Service for public communication providers and their customers'
- ScottishOmbudsman.org.uk - 'Scottish Public Services Ombudsman'
United States government ombudsmen - Ombudmhmr.state.mn.us - 'State of Minnesota Office of the Ombudsman for Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities'
- Ombudsman.state.hi.us - 'State of Hawaii Office of the Ombudsman: independently and impartially investigates complaints against state and county agencies and employees'
- StaffWeb.legis.state.ia.us - 'Office of Citizens' Aide Ombudsman, Des Moines, Iowa'
Non-governmental ombudsmen - OEA.co.uk - 'Ombudsman for Estate Agents Scheme: A free, fair and independent service for buyers and sellers of residential property in the UK'
Ombudsman associations - BIOA.org.uk - 'British and Irish Ombudsman Association' (BIOA)
- NewsOmbudsman.org - 'Organization of News Ombudsmen' (ONO)
- UAlberta.ca - 'International Ombudsman Institute: Ombudsman Web Resources'
- USOmbudsman.org - 'The United States Ombudsman Association: Promoting and supporting fairness, accountability, and equity in government through the public sector ombudsman'
- UVA.nl - 'The European Network of Ombudsmen in Higher Education' (ENOHE), Universiteit van Amsterdam
- Ombuds-TOA.org - 'The Ombudsman Association (TOA), the largest non-profit, international association of professional organizational ombudspeople in the world'
- UCOA.org - 'University and College Ombuds Association' (UCOA)
From Athenaeum Illustre to University In January 1632 two internationally acclaimed scientists, Caspar Barlaeus and Gerardus Vossius, held their inaugural speech in the Athenaeum Illustre - the illustrious school - which had its seat in the 14th-century Agnietenkapel. ...
Ombudsman directories - UAlberta.ca - International Ombudsman Institute (international directory of ombudsmen)
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