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Op art, also known as optical art, is a genre of visual art, especially painting, that makes use of optical illusions. Op art is also known as geometric abstraction and hard-edge abstraction, although the preferred term for it is perceptual abstraction. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ...
Image File history File links Riley,_Movement_in_Squares. ...
Image File history File links Riley,_Movement_in_Squares. ...
Bridget Louise Riley CH CBE (born April 24, 1931 in London) is an English painter who is one of the foremost proponents of op art, art that exploits the fallibility of the human eye. ...
Year 1961 (MCMLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Just What Is It That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, So Appealing? (1956) is one of the earliest works to be considered pop art. ...
Plop art is a derogatory term for public art sculptures made for corporate office plazas, the spaces in front of government buildings, and other public areas, including parks. ...
This article is about the philosophical concept of Art. ...
For other uses , see Painting (disambiguation). ...
An optical illusion. ...
"Optical Art is a method of painting concerning the interaction between illusion and picture plane, between understanding and seeing."[1] Op art works are abstract, with many of the better known pieces made in only black and white. When the viewer looks at them, the impression is given of movement, hidden images, flashing and vibration, patterns, or alternatively, of swelling or warping.
Historical context
Op Art is derived from the constructivist practices of the Bauhaus. This German school, founded by Walter Gropius, stressed the relationship of form and function within a framework of analysis and rationality. Students were taught to focus on the overall design, or entire composition, in order to present unified works. When the Bauhaus was forced to close in 1933, many of its instructors fled to the United States where the movement took root in Chicago and eventually at the Black Mountain College in Asheville, North Carolina, where Anni and Josef Albers would come to teach. Tatlin Tower. ...
For the British gothic rock band, see Bauhaus (band). ...
Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (May 18, 1883 – July 5, 1969) was a German architect and founder of Bauhaus. ...
Nickname: Motto: Urbs in Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: , Country State Counties Cook, DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area - City 234. ...
This article is in need of attention. ...
Not to be confused with Ashville. ...
Annelise Albers (née Fleischmann) (1899 - May 9, 1994) was a German-American textile artist and printmaker. ...
Josef Albers (born March 19, 1888 in Bottrop, Westphalia (Germany) - died March 26, 1976 in New Haven, Connecticut), was a German artist and educator whose work, both in Europe and in the United States, formed the basis of some of the most influential and far-reaching art education programs of...
Origin of "Op" The term first appeared in print in Time magazine in October 1964,[2] though works which might now be described as "op art" had been produced for several years previously. For instance, Victor Vasarely's painting, Zebras (1938), is made up entirely of curvilinear black and white stripes that are not contained by contour lines. Consequently, the stripes appear to both meld into and burst forth from the surrounding background of the composition. Also the early black and white Dazzle panels of John McHale installed at the This is Tomorrow exhibit in 1956 and his Pandora series at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in 1962 demonstrate proto-op tendencies. Victor Vasarely (Vásárhelyi Győző) (9 April 1906, Pécs - 15 March 1997, Paris) was a French Hungarian-born artist often acclaimed as the father of Op-art. ...
In mathematics, curvature refers to a number of loosely related concepts in different areas of geometry. ...
John McHale (born Maryhill, Glasgow 1922, died Houston,Texas 1978) was an artist, a founder member of the Institute of Contemporary Arts, and a founder of the Independent Group, which was a British movement that originated Pop Art which grew out of a fascination with American mass culture and post...
This is Tomorrow was an seminal art exhibition in August 1956 at the Whitechapel Art Gallery. ...
External view of the entrance to the ICA from the Mall. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1739 KB) Vasarely szobra a pálosok előtt Source: photo taken by myself in 2005; Váradi Zsolt File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Op...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1739 KB) Vasarely szobra a pálosok előtt Source: photo taken by myself in 2005; Váradi Zsolt File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Op...
An optical illusion. ...
Victor Vasarely (Vásárhelyi Győző) (9 April 1906, Pécs - 15 March 1997, Paris) was a French Hungarian-born artist often acclaimed as the father of Op-art. ...
The Responsive Eye In 1965, an exhibition called The Responsive Eye, created by William C. Seitz was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The works shown were wide ranging, encompassing the minimalism of Frank Stella and the smooth plasticity of Alexander Liberman, alongside the masters of the movement: Victor Vasarely and Bridget Riley. The exhibition focused on the perceptual aspects of art, which result both from the illusion of movement and the interaction of color relationships. The exhibition was enormously popular with the general public, though less so with the critics.[3]Critics dismissed Op art as portraying nothing more than trompe l'oeil, or tricks that fool the eye. Regardless, Op art's popularity with the public increased, and Op art images were used in a number of commercial contexts. Bridget Riley tried to sue an American company, without success, for using one of her paintings as the basis of a fabric design. This article is about the museum in New York City. ...
Frank Stella La scienza della pigrizia (The Science of Laziness) 1984, oil, enamel and alkyd paint on canvas, etched magnesium, aluminum and fiberglass, National Gallery of Art Washington DC Frank Stella (born May 12, 1936) is an American painter and printmaker. ...
Olympic Iliad, a Liberman sculpture at the Seattle Center in Seattle, Washington. ...
Victor Vasarely (Vásárhelyi Győző) (9 April 1906, Pécs - 15 March 1997, Paris) was a French Hungarian-born artist often acclaimed as the father of Op-art. ...
Bridget Louise Riley CH CBE (born April 24, 1931 in London) is an English painter who is one of the foremost proponents of op art, art that exploits the fallibility of the human eye. ...
[[: Le Image:Mural de Narbonne. ...
Bridget Louise Riley CH CBE (born April 24, 1931 in London) is an English painter who is one of the foremost proponents of op art, art that exploits the fallibility of the human eye. ...
How op works
Black & white and the figure-ground relationship Op art is a perceptual experience related to how vision functions. It is a dynamic visual art, stemming from a discordant figure-ground relationship that causes the two planes to be in a tense and contradictory juxtaposition. Op Art is created in two primary ways. The first, and best known method, is the creation of effects through the use of pattern and line. Often these paintings are black and white, or otherwise grisaille. Such as in Bridget Riley's famous painting, Current (1964), on the cover of The Responsive Eye catalogue, black and white wavy lines are placed close to one another on the canvas surface, creating such a volatile figure-ground relationship that causes one's eyes to hurt. Another reaction that occurs is that the lines create after images of certain colors due to how the retina receives and processes light. As Goethe demonstrates in his treatise Theory of Colours, at the edge where light and dark meet color arises because lightness and darkness are the two central properties in the creation of color. In visual perception, figure-ground refers to humans ability to separate elements based upon contrast. ...
The Baptism of Christ, one of Andrea del Sartos gray monochrome frescoes in the Chiostro dello Scalzo, Florence (1511-26). ...
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (pronounced [gø tə]) (August 28, 1749–March 22, 1832) was a German writer, politician, humanist, scientist, and philosopher. ...
Theory of Colours (original German title, Zur Farbenlehre) is a book published by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1810. ...
Color Bridget Riley later produced works in full color, and other Op artists have worked in color as well, although these works tend to be less well known. Josef Albers taught the two primary practioners of the "Color Function" school at Yale in the 1950s: Richard Anuszkiewicz and Julian Stanczak. Often, colorist work is dominated by the same concerns of figure-ground movement, but they have the added element of contrasting colors which have different effects on the eye. Anuszkiewicz is a good example of this type of painting. In his "temple" paintings, for instance, the juxtaposition of two highly contrasting colors provokes a sense of depth in illusionistic three-dimensional space so that it appears as if the architectural shape is invading the viewer's space. Although Riley has gained international fame, the fact is she conceives of the work, but does not execute them herself. Bridget Louise Riley CH CBE (born April 24, 1931 in London) is an English painter who is one of the foremost proponents of op art, art that exploits the fallibility of the human eye. ...
Josef Albers (born March 19, 1888 in Bottrop, Westphalia (Germany) - died March 26, 1976 in New Haven, Connecticut), was a German artist and educator whose work, both in Europe and in the United States, formed the basis of some of the most influential and far-reaching art education programs of...
YALE (Yet Another Learning Environment) is an environment for machine learning experiments and data mining. ...
Richard Anuszkiewicz (born May 23, 1930, Erie, Pennsylvania) is one of the worlds most eminent living artists. ...
Julian Stanczak (born in Borownica, Poland on November 5, 1928) is an American painter and printmaker. ...
 Intrinsic Harmony, by Richard Anuszkiewicz, 1965 Stanczak's compositions tend to be the most complex of all of the color function practitioners. Taking his cue from Albers and his influential book Interaction of Color, Stanczak deeply investigates how color relationships work. "Stanczak created various spatial experiences with color and geometry; the latter is far easier to discuss. Color has no simple systematized equivalent. Indeed, there may be no way to describe it that is both meaningful and accurate. Descriptions of it (the color wheel or color solids, for example) are all necessary distortions. While color derives from the electromagnetic scale that corresponds to the magnitudes of energy expressed by musical pitch, in fact, the neurological occidentals by which we experience color make it seem multidimensional, while musical pitch (not timbre, volume, or duration) is experienced as a linear relationship...Stanczak's 'gift is for layering. He arranges transparent patterns upon patterns so that you see through them as gauziest screens, each one seeming to fold as if it moves.'"[4] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Color interaction There are three major classes of the interaction of color: simultaneous contrast, successive contrast, and reverse contrast (or assimilation). (i) Simultaneous contrast may take place when one area of color is surrounded by another area of a different color. In general, contrast enhances the difference in brightness and/or color between the interacting areas...Such contrast effects are mutual, but if the surround area is larger and more intense than the area it encloses, then the contrast is correspondingly out of balance, any may appear to be exerted in one direction only. (ii) In successive contrast, first one color is viewed and then another. This may be achieved either by fixing the eye steadily on one color and then quickly replacing that color with another, or by shifting fixation from one color to another. (iii) In reverse contrast (sometimes called the assimilation of color or the spreading effect) the lightness of white or the darkness of black may seem to spread into neighboring regions. Similarly, colors may appear to spread into or become assimilated into neighboring areas. All such effects tend to make neighboring areas appear more alike, rather than to enhance their differences as in the more familiar simultaneous contrast, hence the term reverse contrast (Jameson and Hurvich, 1975). Note that in the interaction of color the constituent colors retain much of the own identity even though they may be altered somewhat by contrast. [5] Exhibitions Recent Op Art exhibitions: - Optic Nerve: Perceptual Art of the 1960s, Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, Ohio, February 16, 2007 - June 17, 2007
- Op Art, Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt, Germany, February 17 - May 20, 2007
- The Optical Edge, The Pratt Institute of Art, New York, March 8 - April 14, 2007.
- L'oeil Moteur, art optique et cinetique 1960-1975, Musee D'Art Moderne et Contemporain, Strasbourg, France, 13 May 2005 - 25 September 2005.
Additionally, Bridget Riley has had several international exhibitions in recent years (e.g. Dia Center, New York, 2000; Tate Britain, London, 2003; Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, 2004).
Photographic Op art Although being relatively mainstream, photographers have been slow to produce Op art. Whereas in painting Victor Vasarely and Bridget Riley were producing large amounts of art and the same can be said for many digital artists, such as Kitaoka. One of the primary reasons for this is the difficulty in finding effective subject matter. Another reason is that in order to produce Op art in the media of photography the images would need to be quite extreme, which would go against the nature of most photographers. However Laszlo Moholy-Nagy produced photographic Op art and taught the subject in the Bauhaus. One of his lessons consisted of making his students produce holes in cards and then photographing them. Noorali Hirani is currently producing Op art in this way. Victor Vasarely (Vásárhelyi Győző) (9 April 1906, Pécs - 15 March 1997, Paris) was a French Hungarian-born artist often acclaimed as the father of Op-art. ...
Bridget Louise Riley CH CBE (born April 24, 1931 in London) is an English painter who is one of the foremost proponents of op art, art that exploits the fallibility of the human eye. ...
Digital artist - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
László Moholy-Nagy (probably July 28, 1895 – November 24, 1946) was a Hungarian painter and photographer as well as professor in the Bauhaus school. ...
For the British gothic rock band, see Bauhaus (band). ...
Artists known for their op art Fountain in Dizengoff square, Tel Aviv, Israel fountains at the La Défense district in Paris For other uses of the term Agam, see Agam. ...
A Minimalist, Abstract, Systems, Fundamental and Geometric painter Allen worked prolifically from 1960 to 1999. ...
Richard Anuszkiewicz (born May 23, 1930, Erie, Pennsylvania) is one of the worlds most eminent living artists. ...
Carlos Cruz-Diez (born August 17, 1923) is a Venezuelan artist, who is most notable for his innovative use of colours. ...
John McHale (born Maryhill, Glasgow 1922, died Houston,Texas 1978) was an artist, a founder member of the Institute of Contemporary Arts, and a founder of the Independent Group, which was a British movement that originated Pop Art which grew out of a fascination with American mass culture and post...
Youri Messen-Jaschin is an artist of Latvian origin, born in Arosa, Switzerland, in 1941. ...
Julio le Parc is a modern Latin American kinetic artist born in 1928 and active mainly in Argentina. ...
Bridget Louise Riley CH CBE (born April 24, 1931 in London) is an English painter who is one of the foremost proponents of op art, art that exploits the fallibility of the human eye. ...
Julian Stanczak (born in Borownica, Poland on November 5, 1928) is an American painter and printmaker. ...
Jesús Rafael Soto Jesús Rafael Soto (June 5, 1923 in Ciudad BolÃvar, Venezuela - January 14, 2005 in Paris, France) was a Venezuelan artist. ...
Günther Uecker photographed by Lothar Wolleh Günther Uecker White Field 1964, painted nails on painted canvasboard, Museum of Modern Art New York City Günther Uecker, also known as Guenther Uecker, is a German sculptor, op artist and installation artist. ...
Victor Vasarely (Vásárhelyi Győző) (9 April 1906, Pécs - 15 March 1997, Paris) was a French Hungarian-born artist often acclaimed as the father of Op-art. ...
Op art in fashion See Mary Quant. Mary Quant OBE FCSD (born February 11, 1934 in Kent, England) is an English fashion designer, one of the many designers who took credit for inventing the miniskirt and hot pants. ...
See also Maurits Cornelis Escher (June 17, 1898 – March 27, 1972), usually referred to as M. C. Escher, was a Dutch graphic artist. ...
An optical illusion. ...
Examples of visually ambiguous patterns. ...
In psychology and the cognitive sciences, perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information. ...
[[: Le Image:Mural de Narbonne. ...
Two famous undecidable figures, the Penrose triangle and devils pitchfork. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
The Craik-OBrien-Cornsweet illusion, also known as the Craik-Cornsweet illusion and the Cornsweet illusion, was discovered by Tom Cornsweet in the late sixties. ...
The brightness of any luminant stimulus varies, often quite markedly, as a function of the context in which it is presented. ...
Squares A and B are the same color. ...
Lilac chaser is a visual illusion, also known as Very cool illusion. ...
References - ^ John Lancaster. Introducing Op Art, London: BT Batsford Ltd, 1973, p. 28.
- ^ Jon Borgzinner. "Op Art", Time, October 23, 1964.
- ^ [http://www.coolhunting.com/archives/2006/02/moma_1965_the_r.php Responsive Eye catalog, accessed online August 27, 2007
- ^ Harry Rand. Decades of Light, The Poetry/Rare Books Collection, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 1990, p. 40, 42.
- ^ Floyd Ratliff. "The Theory of Color and the Practice of Painting," in Color Function Painting: The Art of Josef Albers, Julian Stanczak and Richard Anuszkiewicz, Wake Forest University, 1996, p. 8.
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