In many jurisdictions and situations, incumbents have structural advantages over challengers during elections. The timing of elections may be determined by the incumbent instead of on a set schedule. For most political offices, the incumbent often has greater name recognition due to their previous work in the office. Incumbents also have easier access to campaign finance. Incumbents also have access to government resources (such as the franking privilege) that can often be indirectly used to boost a campaign. An election (especially for a legislature) in which no incumbent is running is often called an open seat; because of the lack of incumbency advantage, these are often amongst the most hotly-contested races in any election.
Incumbency is an especially powerful force within political parties. In the United States, incumbents traditionally win their party's nomination to run for office. Unseating an incumbent president, senator or other figure during a primary election is very difficult. In particular, barring major scandal or controversy, about 90% of congressional incumbents win re-election to their seats. However, shifts in congressional districts due to reapportionment or other longer-term factors may make it more or less likely for an incumbent to win re-election over time. For example, a Democratic incumbent in historically conservativeTexas would have a less likely chance of winning than a Democratic incumbent in liberalNew York City, because Texas has shifted away from the Democratic party in terms of voting.
In countries such as Canada, where nomination systems are also used, it is also difficult to remove an incumbent within the party.
An empty seat is a seat on a bus that is not occupied and is not paid for by the Board.
Permission to access an openseat is for the current school year only provided that the seat is not needed for a student who is eligible for transportation.
Full openseats / wing guided valves have been available for years, however their performance as a general rule have never been on a par with web seats / stem guided valves.
As with all full openseats, the symmetrical load to the fluid end does prevent out of round seat tapers and washed out fluid ends; also suction seats can be removed without disturbing the discharge seat on valve over valve fluid ends.
Web seats tend to be significantly more out-of-round that full openseats because when heat treated the webs result in different shrinkage rates when the seats are quenched.
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