The Open Shortest Path first (OSPF) protocol is a hierarchical interior gateway protocol (IGP) for routing in Internet Protocol, using a link-state in the individual areas that make up the hierarchy. A computation based on Dijkstra's algorithm is used to calculate the shortest path tree inside each area. The latest version, Version 3, defined in RFC 2740 (OSPFv3 1999)^[1], supports IPv6 only, while OSPF version 2 supports IPv4. (OSPFv2 1998)^[2]. In computing and telecommunications, the transport layer is the second highest layer in the four and five layer TCP/IP reference models, where it responds to service requests from the application layer and issues service requests to the Internet layer. ... The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ... User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ... The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a message-oriented transport layer protocol that is currently under development in the IETF. Applications that might make use of DCCP include those with timingconstraints on the delivery of data such that reliable in-order delivery, when combined with congestion control, is likely... In the field of computer networking, the IETF Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN) working group defined the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as a transport layer protocol in 2000. ... The Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP), described in RFC 2205, is a Transport layer protocol designed to reserve resources across a network for an integrated services Internet. ... Network congestion avoidance is a process used in computer networks to avoid congestion. ... The network layer is the third layer out of seven in the OSI model and the third layer out of five in the TCP/IP model. ... The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. ... Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth iteration of the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. ... Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a network layer for packet-switched internetworks. ... Is Is is Yeah Yeah Yeahs third EP, to be released on July 24, 2007. ... IPsec (IP security) is a suite of protocols for securing Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and/or encrypting each IP packet in a data stream. ... In computer networking, the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is the standard method for finding a hosts hardware address when only its network layer address is known. ... Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is a network layer protocol used to obtain an IP address for a given hardware address (such as an Ethernet address). ... This article is chiefly about the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) for the Internet Protocol, but also discusses some other routing information protocols. ... The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. ... The ICMP for IPv6 (Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6) is an integral part of the IPv6 architecture and must be completely supported by all IPv6 implementations. ... The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a communications protocol used to manage the membership of Internet Protocol multicast groups. ... The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the core routing protocol of the Internet. ... The data link layer is layer two of the seven-layer OSI model as well as of the five-layer TCP/IP reference model. ... IEEE 802. ... The IEEE 802. ... Wi-Fi (IPA: ) is the common name for a popular wireless technology used in home networks, mobile phones, video games and more. ... Official WiMax logo WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology aimed at providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. ... Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a cell relay, packet switching network and data link layer protocol which encodes data traffic into small (53 bytes; 48 bytes of data and 5 bytes of header information) fixed-sized cells. ... Dynamic synchronous Transfer Mode , or DTM for short, is a network protocol. ... Token-Ring local area network (LAN) technology was developed and promoted by IBM in the early 1980s and standardised as IEEE 802. ... Ethernet is a large, diverse family of frame-based computer networking technologies that operate at many speeds for local area networks (LANs). ... In computer networking, fiber-distributed data interface (FDDI) is a standard for data transmission in a local area network that can extend in range up to 200 km (124 miles). ... In the context of computer networking, frame relay consists of an efficient data transmission technique used to send digital information quickly and cheaply. ... General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and IS-136 mobile phones. ... Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only, abbreviated as EV-DO or EVDO and often EV, is one telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access. ... High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is a collection of mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of existing UMTS protocols. ... High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) is a bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ... In computing, the Point-to-Point Protocol, or PPP, is commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. ... The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a method for implementing virtual private networks. ... In computer networking, the Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a tunneling protocol used to support virtual private networks (VPNs). ... ISDN redirects here. ... ARCNET (also CamelCased as ARCnet, an acronym from Attached Resource Computer NETwork) is a local area network (LAN) protocol, similar in purpose to Ethernet or Token Ring. ... Link Layer Topology Discovery (LLTD) is a licensed data link layer protocol for network topology discovery and quality of service diagnostics, developed by Microsoft as part of their Windows Rally set of technologies. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... The Ethernet physical layer is the physical layer component of the Ethernet standard. ... RS-232 (also referred to as EIA RS-232C or V.24) is a standard for serial binary data interchange between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data communication equipment). ... Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), are two closely related multiplexing protocols for transferring multiple digital bit streams using lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) over the same optical fiber. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Optical fibers An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber designed to guide light along its length. ... Coaxial Cable For the weapon, see coaxial weapon. ... 25 Pair Color Code Chart 10BASE-T UTP Cable Twisted pair cabling is a common form of wiring in which two conductors are wound around each other for the purposes of cancelling out electromagnetic interference known as crosstalk. ... A set of routing protocols that are used within an autonomous system are referred to as interior gateway protocols (IGP). ... The Internet Protocol (IP) is a data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. ... A link-state routing protocol is one of the two main classes of routing protocols used in packet-switched networks for computer communications. ... Dijkstras algorithm, conceived by Dutch computer scientist Edsger Dijkstra in 1959,[1] is a graph search algorithm that solves the single-source shortest path problem for a graph with non negative edge path costs, outputting a shortest path tree. ... A shortest path tree is a tree, in Graph Theory, that is constructed so that the distance between a root node and all other nodes is minimum. ... Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a network layer for packet-switched internetworks. ...

A link state database (LSDB) is constructed as a tree-image of the network topology, and identical copies of the LSDB are periodically updated on all routers in each OSPF-aware area (region of the network included in an OSPF area type - see "Area types" below). By convention, area 0 represents the core or "backbone" region of an OSPF-enabled network, and other OSPF area numbers may be designated to serve other regions of an enterprise (large, business) network - however every additional OSPF area must have a direct or virtual connection to the backbone OSPF area. The backbone area has the identifier 0.0.0.0. Inter-area routing goes via the backbone. For other uses of topology, see topology (disambiguation). ... This article is about a computer networking device. ...

OSPF is perhaps the most widely-used IGP in large enterprise networks; IS-IS is more common in large service provider networks. The most widely-used exterior gateway protocol (EGP) is BGP. The OSPF Protocol can operate (communicate with other routers about "best-path" routes to save in their LSDBs) securely, optionally using a cleartext password or using MD5 to authenticate peers before forming adjacencies, and before accepting link-state advertisements (LSA). A natural successor to the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), it was classless - or able to use Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) - from its inception. Multicast extensions to OSPF, the Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) protocols, have been defined but these are not widely used at present. Is Is is Yeah Yeah Yeahs third EP, to be released on July 24, 2007. ... The Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) is a routing protocol for the Internet originally specified in 1982 by Eric C. Rosen of Bolt, Beranek and Newman, and David L. Mills. ... The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the core routing protocol of the Internet. ... In cryptography, MD5 (Message-Digest algorithm 5) is a widely used cryptographic hash function with a 128-bit hash value. ... Link-state advertisement (LSA) is a description of a routers local routing topology that the router distributes to all other routers in the process of reliable flooding. ... This article is chiefly about the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) for the Internet Protocol, but also discusses some other routing information protocols. ... Warning! This Article contains disinformation. ... In computer networking, the Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) protocol is a multicast routing protocol used to support multicasting on a large internetwork so that routers are able to share their information about host group memberships. ...

Routers in the same broadcast domain or at each end of a point-to-point telecommunications link form adjacencies when they have detected each other. This detection occurs when a router "sees" itself in a hello packet. This is called a two way state and is the most basic relationship. The router in ethernet or frame relay select a designated router (DR) and a backup designated router (BDR) which act as a hub to reduce traffic between routers. OSPF uses both unicast and multicast to send "hello packets" and link state updates. Multicast addresses 224.0.0.5 (all SPF/link state routers) and 224.0.0.6 (all Designated Routers) are reserved for OSPF. In contrast to the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) or the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), OSPF does not use TCP or UDP but uses IP directly, via IP protocol 89. OSPF handles its own error detection and correction, therefore negating the need for TCP or UDP functions. A broadcast domain is a logical network segment in which any computer or other device connected to the network can directly transmit to any other in the domain without having to go through a routing device, provided that they share the same subnet and gateway address and are in the... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In computer networks, unicast is the sending of information packets to a single destination. ... Multicast is sometimes also (incorrectly) used to refer to a multiplexed broadcast. ... In computer networking a multicast address is an identifier for a group of hosts that have joined a multicast group. ... This article is chiefly about the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) for the Internet Protocol, but also discusses some other routing information protocols. ... The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the core routing protocol of the Internet. ...

Area types

An OSPF network is divided into areas, which have 32-bit area identifiers commonly, but not always, written in the dotted decimal format of an IP address. Area identifiers are not IP addresses and may duplicate, without conflict, any IP address. While most OSPF implementations will right-justify an area number written in other than dotted decimal format (e.g., area 1), it is wise always to use dotted decimal formats. Most implementations would expand area 1 to the area identifier 0.0.0.1, but some have been known to expand it as 1.0.0.0.

These are logical groupings of routers whose information may be summarized towards the rest of the network. Several "special" area types are defined:

Backbone area

The backbone area (also known as area zero or area 0.0.0.0) forms the core of an OSPF network. All other areas are connected to it, and inter-area routing happens via routers connected to the backbone area and to their own non-backbone areas. It is the logical and physical structure for the 'OSPF domain' and is attached to all nonzero areas in the OSPF domain. Note that in OSPF the term Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR) is historic, in the sense that many OSPF domains can coexist in the same Internet-visible autonomous system, RFC1996 (ASGuidelines 1996, p. 25) ^[3].

The backbone area is responsible for distributing routing information between nonbackbone areas. The backbone must be contiguous, but it does not need to be physically contiguous; backbone connectivity can be established and maintained through the configuration of virtual links.

All OSPF areas must connect to the backbone area. This connection, however, can be through a virtual link. For example, assume area 0.0.0.1 has a physical connection to area 0.0.0.0. Further assume that area 0.0.0.2 has no direct connection to the backbone, but this area does have a connection to area 0.0.0.1. Area 0.0.0.2 can use a virtual link through the transit area 0.0.0.1 to reach the backbone. To be a transit area, an area has to have the transit attribute, so it cannot be stubby in any way.

Stub area

A stub area is an area which does not receive external routes except the default route, but does receive inter-area routes. This kind of area is useful when, for example, all Internet access goes through autonomous system border routers (ASBRs) [Note: ASBR is an ancient term as written in the "Backbone area" section!] in Area 0.0.0.0, but there are multiple paths to other nonzero areas in the OSPF domain.

All routers in the area need to agree they are stub, so that they do not generate types of LSA not appropriate to a stub area. The Type 3 LSA for the default route is the only external that should enter the area, and none of its routers may generate externals.

Stub areas do receive inter-area (IA) routes, advertised with Type 3 and Type 4 LSAs. If the stub area has more than one area border router (ABR), the information on other non-backbone areas allows the routers in the stub area to pick the best route to another area.

Stub areas do not have the transit attribute and thus cannot be traversed by a virtual link.

Stub areas receive default routes as type 3 network summary LSAs.

Totally stubby area

A totally stubby area (TSA), which is a nonstandard but useful extension by Cisco ^[4], is similar to a stub area, however this area does not allow summary routes in addition to the external routes, that is, inter-area (IA) routes are not summarized into totally stubby areas. The only way for traffic to get routed outside of the area is a default route which is the only Type-3 LSA advertised into the area. When there is only one route out of the area, fewer routing decisions have to be made by the route processor, which lowers system resource utilization.

Occasionally, it is said that a TSA can have only one ABR. This is not true. If there are multiple ABRs, as might be required for high availability, routers interior to the TSA will send non-intra-area traffic to the ABR with the lowest intra-area metric (the "closest" ABR).

An area can simultaneously be not-so-stubby and totally stubby. This is done when the practical place to put an ASBR, as, for example, with a newly acquired subsidiary, is on the edge of a totally stubby area. In such a case, the ASBR does send externals into the totally stubby area, and they are available to OSPF speakers within that area. In Cisco's implementation, the external routes can be summarized before injecting them into the totally stubby area. In general, the ASBR should not advertise default into the TSA-NSSA, although this can work with extremely careful design and operation, for the limited special cases in which such an advertisement makes sense.

By declaring the totally stubby area as NSSA, no external routes from the backbone, except the default route, enter the area being discussed. The externals do reach area 0.0.0.0 via the TSA-NSSA, but no routes other than the default route enter the TSA-NSSA. Routers in the TSA-NSSA send all traffic to the ABR, except to routes advertised by the ASBR.

Not-so-stubby area

A not-so-stubby area (NSSA) is a type of stub area that can import autonomous system (AS) external routes and send them to the backbone, but cannot receive AS external routes from the backbone or other areas. The NSSA is a non-proprietary extension of the existing stub area feature that allows the injection of external routes in a limited fashion into the stub area. In the Internet, an autonomous system (AS) is a collection of IP networks and routers under the control of one entity (or sometimes more) that presents a common routing policy to the Internet. ...

Cisco also implements a proprietary version of a NSSA called a NSSA totally stubby area. It takes on the attributes of a TSA, meaning that type 3 and type 4 summary routes are not flooded into this type of area. It is also possible to declare an area both totally stubby and not-so-stubby, which means that the area will receive only the default route from area 0.0.0.0, but can also contain an autonomous system border router (ASBR) that accepts external routing information and injects it into the local area, and from the local area into area 0.0.0.0. Cisco redirects here. ...

Redistribution into an NSSA area creates special type of LSA known as TYPE 7, which can exist only in an NSSA area. An NSSA ASBR generates this LSA, and an NSSA ABR router translates it into type 5 LSA which gets propagated into the OSPF domain.

Path Preference

OSPF uses path cost as its basic routing metric, which was defined by the standard not to equate to any standard value such as speed, so the network designer could pick a metric important to the design. In practice, it is determined by the speed (bandwidth) of the interface addressing the given route, although that tends to need network-specific scaling factors now that links faster than 100 Mbit/s are common. (Cisco uses a metric like 10^8/bandwidth. So, a 100Mbps link will have a cost of 1, a 10Mbps a cost of 10 and so on. But for links faster than 100Mbps, the cost would be <1 ! )

Metrics, however, are only directly comparable when of the same type. There are four types of metrics, with the most preferred type listed in order below. An intra-area route is always preferred to an inter-area route regardless of metric, and so on for the other types.

1. Intra-area
2. Inter-area
3. External Type 1, which includes both the external path cost and the sum of internal path costs to the ASBR that advertises the route,
4. External Type 2, the value of which is solely that of the external path cost

Traffic Engineering

OSPF-TE is an extension to OSPF extending the idea of route preference to include traffic engineering (RFC 3630, ^[5]). The Traffic Engineering extensions to OSPF add dynamic properties to the route calculation algorithm. The properties are:

• Maximum Reservable bandwidth
• Unreserved bandwidth
• Available bandwidth

These fields are distributed between network nodes via the TLV fields of an opaque LSA. Link-state advertisement (LSA) is a description of a routers local routing topology that the router distributes to all other routers in the process of reliable flooding. ...

OSPF-TE is commonly used within MPLS and GMPLS networks, as a means to determine the topology over which MPLS paths can be established. MPLS then uses its own path setup and forwarding protocols, once it has the full IP routing map. MPLS is a common abbreviation for Multiprotocol Label Switching. ... ASTN (Automatic Switched Transport Network) allows traffic paths to be set up through a switched network automatically. ...

Other Extensions

RFC3717^[6] documents work in optical routing for IP based on "constraint-based" extensions to OSPF and ISIS.

OSPF router types

OSPF defines the following router types:

• Area border router (ABR)
• Autonomous system border router (ASBR)
• Internal router (IR)
• Backbone router (BR)

The router types are attributes of an OSPF process. A given physical router may have one or more OSPF processes. For example, a router that is connected to more than one area, and which receives routes from a BGP process connected to another AS, is both an ABR and an ASBR.

Each router has a router identifier, customarily written in the dotted decimal format (e.g.: 1.2.3.4) of an IP address. The way in which the router ID is determined is implementation-specific. The router ID, however, does not have to be a valid IP address or any IP address present in the routing domain, although it frequently will be advertised within the domain for troubleshooting purposes. Do not assume, until it is known how it is configured, that the router ID is anything more than a 32-bit number (e.g., 255.254.253.252 is legal as a router ID).

Do not confuse router types with designated router (DR), or backup designated router (BDR), which is an attribute of a router interface.

Area border router

An ABR is a router that connects one or more OSPF areas to the main backbone network. It is considered a member of all areas it is connected to. An ABR keeps multiple copies of the link-state database in memory, one for each area to which that router is connected.

Autonomous system boundary router

An ASBR is a router that is connected to more than one AS and that exchanges routing information with routers in other ASs. ASBRs typically also run a non-IGP routing protocol (e.g., BGP), or use static routes, or both. An ASBR is used to distribute routes received from other ASs throughout its own AS. The border gateway protocol (BGP) is one of the core routing protocols in the Internet. ...

Internal router

An IR is a router that has only OSPF neighbor relationships with routers in the same area.

Backbone router

Backbone Routers: These are routers that are part of the OSPF backbone. By definition, this includes all area border routers, since those routers pass routing information between areas. However, a backbone router may also be a router that connects only to other backbone (or area border) routers, and is therefore not part of any area (other than Area 0).

Note that: an area border router is always a backbone router, but a backbone router is not necessarily an area border router.

Designated router

A designated router (DR) is the router interface elected among all routers on a particular multiaccess network segment, generally assumed to be broadcast multiaccess. Special techniques, often vendor-dependent, may be needed to support the DR function on nonbroadcast multiaccess (NBMA) media. It is usually wise to configure the individual virtual circuits of a NBMA subnet as individual point-to-point lines; the techniques used are implementation-dependent.

Do not confuse the DR with an OSPF router type. A given physical router can have some interfaces that are designated (DR), others that are backup designated (BDR), and others that are non-designated. If no router is DR or BDR on a given subnet, the BDR is first elected, and then a second election is held if there is more than one BDR. The router winning the second election becomes DR, or, if there is no other BDR, designates itself DR. The DR is elected based on the following default criteria:

• If the priority setting on a OSPF router is set to 0, that means it can NEVER become a DR or BDR (Backup Designated Router).
• When a DR fails and the BDR takes over, there is another election to see who becomes the replacement BDR.
• The router sending the Hello packets with the highest priority wins the election.
• If two or more routers tie with the highest priority setting, the router sending the Hello with the highest RID (Router ID) wins. NOTE: a RID is the highest logical (loopback) IP address configured on a router, if no logical/loopback IP address is set then the Router uses the highest IP address configured on its active interfaces. (e.g. 192.168.0.1 would be higher than 10.1.1.2).
• Usually the router with the second highest priority number becomes the BDR.
• The priority values range between 0 - 254, with a higher value increasing its chances of becoming DR or BDR.
• IF a HIGHER priority OSPF router comes online AFTER the election has taken place, it will not become DR or BDR until (at least) the DR and BDR fail.
• If the current DR 'goes down' the current BDR becomes the new DR and a new election takes place to find another BDR. If the new DR then 'goes down' and the original DR is now available, it then becomes DR again, but no change is made to the current BDR.

DR's exist for the purpose of reducing network traffic by providing a source for routing updates, the DR maintains a complete topology table of the network and sends the updates to the other routers via multicast. All routers in an area will form a slave/master relationship with the DR. They will form adjacencies with the DR and BDR only. Every time a router sends an update, it sends it to the DR and BDR on the multicast address 224.0.0.6. The DR will then send the update out to all other routers in the area, to the multicast address 224.0.0.5. This way all the routers do not have to constantly update each other, and can rather get all their updates from a single source. The use of multicasting further reduces the network load. DRs and BDRs are always setup/elected on Broadcast networks (Ethernet). DR's can also be elected on NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multi-Access) networks such as Frame Relay or ATM. DRs or BDRs are not elected on point-to-point links (such as a point-to-point WAN connection) because the two routers on either sides of the link must become fully adjacent and the bandwidth between them cannot be further optimized.

Backup designated router

A backup designated router (BDR) is a router that becomes the designated router if the current designated router has a problem or fails. The BDR is the OSPF router with second highest priority at the time of the last election.

OSPF Hello Packet

OSPF in broadcast and non broadcast multiple access topologies

OSPF in broadcast multiple access topologies

Neighbor adjacency is formed dynamically using multicast hello packets to 224.0.0.5. A DR and BDR are elected normally, and function normally.

OSPF in NBMA topologies

As described in RFC 2328, has defined the following two official modes for OSPF in NBMA topologies:

• nonbroadcast
• point-to-multipoint

Cisco has defined the following three additional modes for OSPF in NBMA topologies:

• point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast
• broadcast
• point-to-point

Miscellaneous

Applications

OSPF was the first widely deployed routing protocol that could converge a network in the low seconds, and guarantee loop-free paths. It has a great many features that allow the imposition of policies about the propagation of routes that it may be appropriate to keep local, for load sharing, and for selective route importing more than IS-IS. IS-IS, in contrast, can be tuned for lower overhead in a stable network, the sort more common in ISP than enterprise networks. There are some historical accidents that made IS-IS the preferred IGP for ISPs, but ISP's today may well choose to use the features of the now-efficient implementations of OSPF^[7], after first considering the pros and cons of ISIS in service provider environments^[8]. Is Is is Yeah Yeah Yeahs third EP, to be released on July 24, 2007. ...

As mentioned, OSPF can provide better load-sharing on external links than other IGPs. When the default route to an ISP is injected into OSPF from multiple ASBRS as a Type I external route and the same external cost specified, other routers will go to the ASBR with the least path cost from its location. This can be tuned further by adjusting the external cost.

In contrast, if the default route from different ISPs is injected with different external costs, as a Type II external route, the lower-cost default becomes the primary exit and the higher-cost becomes the backup only.

RFC history

• 1989, October - First put forward as a proposed standard as RFC 1131.
• 1994, The OSPF NSSA Option, RFC 1587.
• 1994, March - Multicast extensions to OSPF proposed as RFC 1584.
• 1997, July - OSPF version 2, as proposed in RFC 2178
• 1998, April - OSPF version 2, updated in RFC 2328, standard 54.
• 1999, December - OSPFv3 - OSPF for IPv6, RFC 2740.
• 2003, January - The OSPF NSSA Option updated, RFC 3101
• 2005, October - Prioritized Treatment of Specific OSPF Version 2 Packets and Congestion Avoidance, RFC 4222
• 2006, December - OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base, RFC 4750
• 2007, May - OSPF Version 3 Management Information Base, draft state

An Internet standard is a specification for an innovative internetworking technology or methodology, which the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) ratified as an open standard after the innovation underwent peer review. ...

Implementations

• 6WINDGate, commercial embedded open-source routing modules from 6WIND including OSPFv2 and OSPFv3
• Vyatta, a commercial open-source router / firewall.
• GNU Zebra, a GPL routing suite for Unix-like systems supporting OSPF
• Quagga, a fork of GNU Zebra for Unix-like systems
• OpenBGPD, includes an OSPF implementation
• XORP, a routing suite implementing RFC2328 (OSPFv2) and RFC2740 (OSPFv3) for both IPv4 and IPv6
• BIRD (http://bird.network.cz) implements RFC2328 OSPF
• GateD project included an RFC1583 OSPF implementation (UMD OSPF by University of Maryland).

Vyatta manufacturers open source software routers and firewalls. ... Zebra is a routing software package that provides TCP/IP based routing services with routing protocols support such as RIP, OSPF and BGP. Zebra also supports special BGP Route Reflector and Route Server behavior. ... GPL redirects here. ... Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ... Quagga is a free software routing suite, providing implementations of OSPF (v2 & v3), RIP (v1, v2 & v3) and BGP (v4) for Unix platforms, particularly FreeBSD, GNU/Linux, Solaris and NetBSD. Quagga is a fork of the GNU Zebra project (inactive since 2003) which was developed by Kunihiro Ishiguro. ... Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. ... OpenBPGD is a Unix system daemon that implements the Border Gateway Protocol version 4. ... XORP, or Extensible Open Router Platform, is a project to create open source routing system. ...

References

1. ^ Coltun, R.; D. Ferguson, J Moy (December 1999). OSPF for IPv6. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
2. ^ Moy, J. (April 1998). OSPF Version 2. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
3. ^ Hawkinson, J; T. Bates (March 1996). Guidelines for creation, selection, and registration of an Autonomous System. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
4. ^ What Are OSPF Areas and Virtual Links?,Cisco Document ID: 13703,December 2005
5. ^ Katz, D; D. Yeung (September 2003). [Traffic Engineering (TE) Extensions to OSPF Version 2 http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3630.txt]. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
6. ^ Rajagopalan, B; J. Luciani & D. Awduche (March 2004). [IP over Optical Networks: A Framework http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3717.txt]. Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
7. ^ [|Berkowitz, Howard] (1999), “OSPF Goodies for ISPs”, North American Network Operators Group NANOG 17, Montreal, OSPFforISPs 
8. ^ Katz, Dave (2000), “OSPF and IS-IS: A Comparative Anatomy”, North American Network Operators Group NANOG 19, Albuquerque, OSPFvsISIS 

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Further reading

• Andrew Colton, OSPF for Cisco Routers http://www.amazon.com/OSPF-Cisco-Routers-CCIE-Library/dp/0972286217/
• William R. Parkhurst, Cisco OSPF Command and Configuration Handbook. ISBN 978-1-58705-071-8
• John T. Moy, OSPF: Anatomy of an Internet Routing Protocol.
• Jeff Doyle, Jennifer Carroll, Routing TCP/IP, Volume 1, 2nd Edition http://www.ciscopress.com/bookstore/product.asp?isbn=1587052024

See also

• Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
• IS-IS
• Mesh networking
• Routing
• Routing Information Protocol

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol based on their original IGRP. EIGRP is a balanced hybrid IP routing protocol, with optimizations to minimize both the routing instability incurred after topology changes, as well as the use of bandwidth and processing power in the router. ... Is Is is Yeah Yeah Yeahs third EP, to be released on July 24, 2007. ... Image showing mesh network layout Mesh networking is a way to route data, voice and instructions between nodes. ... This article is about routing in computer networks. ... This article is chiefly about the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) for the Internet Protocol, but also discusses some other routing information protocols. ...

External links

• IETF OSPF Working Group
• OSPF Basics
• Design and Implementation of OpenOSPFD (Paper)
• Design and Implementation of OpenOSPFD (Presentation)
• Cisco OSPF
• Cisco OSPF Areas and Virtual Links
• OSPF Tutorial
• Summary of OSPF v2
• IS-IS and OSPF difference discussion (Vishwas Manral, Manav bhatia and Yasuhiro Ohara)
• Data Communication Lectures of Manfred Lindner - Part OSPF Fundamentals
• Data Communication Lectures of Manfred Lindner - Part OSPF Areas