This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. WikiProject Free Software or the Free Software Portal may be able to help recruit one. If a more appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly.

The logo of the Open Source Initiative

Open source software (OSS) began as a marketing campaign for free software.^[1] OSS can be defined as computer software for which the human-readable source code is made available under a copyright license (or arrangement such as the public domain) that meets the Open Source Definition. This permits users to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. It is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open source software is the most prominent example of open source development and often compared to user generated content.^[2] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting open source software. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with minimal restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. ... Software redirects here. ... Source code (commonly just source or code) is any series of statements written in some human-readable computer programming language. ... Not to be confused with copywriting. ... To licence or grant licence is to give permission. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Open Source Definition is used by the Open Source Initiative to determine whether or not a software license can be considered open source. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

History

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007)

Main article: Open source movement

The free software movement was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that the term free software be replaced by open source software (OSS) as an expression which is less ambiguous and more comfortable for the corporate world.^[3] Software developers may want to publish their software with an open source license, so that anybody may also develop the same software or understand how it works. Open source software generally allows anyone to make a new version of the software, port it to new operating systems and processor architectures, share it with others or market it. The aim of open source is to let the product be more understandable, modifiable, duplicatable,reliable or simply accessible, while it is still marketable. The open source movement is an offshoot of the free software movement that advocates open source software as an alternative label for free software, primarily on pragmatic rather than philosophical grounds. ... The free software movement, also known as the free software philosophy, began in 1983 when Richard Stallman announced the GNU Project. ... Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with minimal restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. ... An open-source license is a copyright license for computer software that makes the source code available under terms that allow for modification and royalty-free redistribution. ...

The Open Source Definition, notably, presents an open source philosophy, and further defines a boundary on the usage, modification and redistribution of open source software. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be prohibited by copyright. These include rights on usage, modification and redistribution. Several open source software licenses have qualified within the boundary of the Open Source Definition. The most prominent example is the popular GNU General Public License (GPL). While open source presents a way to broadly make the sources of a product publicly accessible, the open source licenses allow the authors to fine tune such access. The Open Source Definition is used by the Open Source Initiative to determine whether or not a software license can be considered open source. ... A software license is a legal agreement which may take the form of a proprietary or gratuitous license as well as a memorandum of contract between a producer and a user of computer software. ... Not to be confused with copywriting. ... GPL redirects here. ...

The "open source" label came out of a strategy session held in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscape's January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator (as Mozilla). A group of individuals at the session included Todd Anderson, Larry Augustin, John Hall, Sam Ockman, Christine Peterson and Eric S. Raymond. They used the opportunity before the release of Navigator's source code to clarify a potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the word "free" in English. The 'open source' movement is generally thought to have begun with this strategy session. Many people, nevertheless, claimed that the birth of the Internet, since 1969, started the open source movement, while others do not distinguish between open source and free software movements. Location in Santa Clara County and the state of California Coordinates: , Country State County Santa Clara Government  - Mayor Yoriko Kishimoto[1] Area  - City 25. ... Netscape Communications Corporation was the publisher of the Netscape Navigator web browser as well as many other internet and intranet client and server software products. ... Netscape Navigator, also known as Netscape, was a proprietary web browser that was popular during the 1990s. ... Mozilla was the official, public, original name of Mozilla Application Suite by the Mozilla Foundation, nowadays called SeaMonkey suite. ... Eric S. Raymond (FISL 6. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... Also: 1969 (number) 1969 (movie) 1969 (Stargate SG-1) episode. ...

The Free Software Foundation (FSF), started in 1985, intended the word 'free' to mean "free as in free speech" and not "free as in free beer" with emphasis on the positive freedom to distribute rather than a negative freedom from cost. Since a great deal of free software already was (and still is) free of charge, such free software became associated with zero cost, which seemed anti-commercial. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ...

The Open Source Initiative (OSI) was formed in February 1998 by Eric S. Raymond and Bruce Perens. With at least 20 years of evidence from case histories of closed development versus open development already provided by the Internet, the OSI presented the 'open source' case to commercial businesses, like Netscape. The OSI hoped that the usage of the label "open source," a term suggested by Peterson of the Foresight Institute at the strategy session, would eliminate ambiguity, particularly for individuals who perceive "free software" as anti-commercial. They sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to register "open source" as a service mark for the OSI, but that attempt was impractical by trademark standards. Meanwhile, thanks to the presentation of Raymond's paper to the upper management at Netscape (Raymond only discovered when he read the Press Release, and was called by Netscape CEO Jim Barksdale's PA later in the day), Netscape released its Navigator source code as open source, with favorable results. The Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting open source software. ... Bruce Perens is a leader in the Open Source and Free Software community. ... This article reads like an advertisement, and therefore is not neutral in tone. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Trademark. ... “(TM)” redirects here. ...

Philosophy

In his 1997 essay The Cathedral and the Bazaar,^[4] open source evangelist Eric S. Raymond suggests a model for developing OSS known as the Bazaar model. Raymond likens the development of software by traditional methodologies to building a cathedral, "carefully crafted by individual wizards or small bands of mages working in splendid isolation".^[4] He suggests that all software should be developed using the bazaar style, which he described as "a great babbling bazaar of differing agendas and approaches." The Cathedral and the Bazaar (abbreviated CatB) is an essay by Eric S. Raymond on software engineering methods, based on his observations of the Linux kernel development process and his experiences managing an open source project, fetchmail. ... An open-source evangelist is a person who promotes open-source software. ... Eric S. Raymond (FISL 6. ...

In the Cathedral model, development takes place in a centralized way. Roles are clearly defined. Roles include people dedicated to designing (the architects), people responsible for managing the project, and people responsible for implementation. Traditional software engineering follows the Cathedral model. Fred P. Brooks in his book The Mythical Man-Month advocates this sort of model. He goes further to say that in order to preserve the architectural integrity of a system, the system design should be done by as few architects as possible. Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr. ... Book cover The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering is a book on software project management by Fred Brooks, whose central theme is that Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later. ...

The Bazaar model, however, is different. In this model, roles are not clearly defined. Gregorio Robles^[5] suggests that software developed using the Bazaar model should exhibit the following patterns:

Users should be treated as co-developers

The users are treated like co-developers and so they should have access to the source code of the software. Furthermore users are encouraged to submit additions to the software, code fixes for the software, bug reports, documentation etc. Having more co-developers increases the rate at which the software evolves. Linus's law states that, "Given enough eyeballs all bugs are shallow." This means that if many users view the source code they will eventually find all bugs and suggest how to fix them. Note that some users have advanced programming skills, and furthermore, each user's machine provides an additional testing environment. This new testing environment offers that ability to find and fix a new bug.

Early releases

The first version of the software should be released as early as possible so as to increase one's chances of finding co-developers early.

Frequent integration

New code should be integrated as often as possible so as to avoid the overhead of fixing a large number of bugs at the end of the project life cycle. Some open source projects have nightly builds where integration is done automatically on a daily basis.

Several versions

There should be at least two versions of the software. There should be a buggier version with more features and a more stable version with fewer features. The buggy version (also called the development version) is for users who want the immediate use of the latest features, and are willing to accept the risk of using code that is not yet thoroughly tested. The users can then act as co-developers, reporting bugs and providing bug fixes.

High modularization

The general structure of the software should be modular allowing for parallel development.

Dynamic decision making structure

There is a need for a decision making structure, whether formal or informal, that makes strategic decisions depending on changing user requirements and other factors. Cf. Extreme programming.

Most well known OSS products follow the Bazaar model as suggested by Eric Raymond. These include projects such as Linux, Firefox, Apache, the GNU Compiler Collection, and Perl to mention a few. Linus Law can refer to two notions, both named after Linus Torvalds. ... Extreme Programming (or XP) is a software engineering methodology, the most prominent of several agile software development methodologies, prescribing a set of daily stakeholder practices that embody and encourage particular XP values (below). ... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... Firefox may refer to: Firefox (novel), written by Craig Thomas, published in 1978 Firefox (film), the 1982 movie starring Clint Eastwood, based on the novel Firefox (arcade game), the laserdisc arcade game based on the movie Mozilla Firefox, a web browser The Red Fox or the Red Panda, based on... The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to simply as Apache, is a web server notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web. ... The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of programming language compilers produced by the GNU Project. ... For other uses, see Perl (disambiguation). ...

Licensing

This section does not cite any references or sources. (November 2007) Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Main article: Open source license

Open source licenses define the privileges and restrictions a licensor must follow in order to use, modify or redistribute the open source software. Open source software includes software with source code in the public domain and software distributed under an open source license. An open-source license is a copyright license for computer software that makes the source code available under terms that allow for modification and royalty-free redistribution. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...

Examples of open source licenses include Apache License, BSD license, GNU General Public License, GNU Lesser General Public License, MIT License, Eclipse Public License and Mozilla Public License. The Apache License (Apache Software License previous to version 2. ... The BSD license is a permissive license and is one of the most widely used free software licenses. ... GPL redirects here. ... The GNU Lesser General Public License (formerly the GNU Library General Public License) or LGPL is a free software license published by the Free Software Foundation. ... The MIT License, also called the X License or the X11 License, originated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is a license for the use of certain types of computer software. ... The Eclipse Public License (EPL) is a license for free software. ... -1...

The proliferation of open source licenses is one of the few negative aspects of the open source movement because it is often difficult to understand the legal implications of the differences between licenses.

Open source versus closed source

This section does not cite any references or sources. (November 2007) Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Main article: Comparison of open source and closed source

The debate over open source vs. closed source (alternatively called proprietary software) is sometimes heated. For the specific comparison of the open source Linux operating system with the closed source Windows Operating system please see Comparison of Windows and Linux Open source (or free software) and closed source (or proprietary software) are two approaches to the control, exploitation and commercializing of computer software. ... The text below is generated by a template, which has been proposed for deletion. ... Proprietary software is software with restrictions on copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor. ...

One source of conflict is related to economics: Making money through traditional methods, such as sale of the use of individual copies and patent royalty payment (generally called licensing), is more difficult and in many ways against the very concept of open source software.

Some closed-source advocates see open source software as damaging to the market of commercial software. This is one of the many reasons, as mentioned above, that the term free software was replaced with open source — because many company executives could not believe in a product that did not participate economically in a free-market or mixed-market economy. In addition, if something goes wrong there is the difficult question of who is liable.

The counter to this argument is the use of open source software to fuel the market for a separate product or service. For example:

• Providing support and installation services; similar to IT Security groups, Linux Distributions, and Systems companies.
• Using the software as a stepping stone to sell a higher-end product or service; e.g., OpenOffice.org vs. StarOffice.
• Cost avoidance / cost sharing: many developers need a product, so it makes sense to share development costs (X Window System and the Apache web server)

Another major argument is software defects and security: This is an argument that applies to all open products not just open source software. OpenOffice. ... StarOffice is Sun Microsystems proprietary office suite software package. ... “X11” redirects here. ...

Since Open Source software is open, all of the defects and security flaws are easily found. Closed-source advocates argue that this makes it easier for a malicious person to discover security flaws. Further, that there is no incentive for an open-source product to be patched. Open-source advocates argue that this makes it easier also for a patch to be found and that the closed-source argument is security through obscurity, which this form of security will eventually fail, often without anyone knowing of the failure. Further, that just because there is not an immediate financial incentive to patch a product, does not mean there is not any incentive to patch a product. Further, if the patch is that significant to the user, having the source code, the user can technically patch the problem themselves. These arguments are hard to prove. However, most studies show that open-source software does have a higher flaw discovery, quicker flaw discovery, and quicker turn around on patches. In cryptography and computer security, security through obscurity (sometimes security by obscurity) is to some a controversial principle in security engineering, which attempts to use secrecy (of design, implementation, etc. ...

Open source software versus free software

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007)

Main article: Alternative terms for free software

Critics have said that the term “open source” fosters an ambiguity of a different kind such that it confuses the mere availability of the source with the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute it. Developers have used the alternative terms Free/open source Software (FOSS), or Free/Libre/open source Software (FLOSS), consequently, to describe open source software which is also free software. From the early 90s onward, alternative terms for free software have come into common use, with much debate in the free software community. ... From the early 90s onward, alternative terms for free software have come into common use, with much debate in the free software community. ...

The term “Open Source” was originally intended to be trademarkable; however, the term was deemed too descriptive, so no trademark exists.^[6] The OSI would prefer that people treat Open Source as if it were a trademark, and use it only to describe software licensed under an OSI approved license.^[7] .

There have been instances where software vendors have labeled proprietary software as “open source” because it interfaces with popular OSS (such as Linux).^{[citation needed]} Open source advocates consider this to be both confusing and incorrect. OSI Certified is a trademark licensed only to people who are distributing software licensed under a license listed on the Open Source Initiative's list.^[8] Proprietary software is software with restrictions on copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor. ... The Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting open source software. ...

Open source software and free software are different terms for software which comes with certain rights, or freedoms, for the user. They describe two approaches and philosophies towards free software. Open source and free software (or software libre) both describe software which is free from onerous licensing restrictions. It may be used, copied, studied, modified and redistributed without restriction. Free software is not the same as freeware, software available at zero price. For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ... The term Freeware refers to gratis proprietary software with closed source. ...

The definition of open source software was written to be almost identical to the free software definition.^[9] There are very few cases of software that is free software but is not open source software, and vice versa. The difference in the terms is where they place the emphasis. “Free software” is defined in terms of giving the user freedom. This reflects the goal of the free software movement. “Open source” highlights that the source code is viewable to all and proponents of the term usually emphasize the quality of the software and how this is caused by the development models which are possible and popular among free and open source software projects. This article is about free software as defined by the Free Software Foundation. ... The free software movement, also known as the free software philosophy, began in 1983 when Richard Stallman announced the GNU Project. ...

Free software licenses are not written exclusively by the FSF. The FSF and the OSI both list licenses which meet their respective definitions of free software. open source software and free software share an almost identical set of licenses.^{[citation needed]} One exception is an early version of the Apple Public Source License, which was accepted by the OSI but rejected by the FSF because it did not allow private modified versions; this restriction was removed in later version of the license.^{[citation needed]} There are now new versions that are approved by both the OSI and the FSF. The Apple Public Source License is the open source license under which Apple Computers Darwin Project was released. ...

The Open Source Initiative believes that more people will be convinced by the experience of freedom.^{[citation needed]} The FSF believes that more people will be convinced by the concept of freedom. The FSF believes that knowledge of the concept is an essential requirement,^[10][9] insists on the use of the term free,^[10][9] and separates itself from the open source movement.^[10][9] The Open Source Initiative believes that free has three meanings: free as in beer, free as in freedom, and free as in unsellable.^{[citation needed]} The problem with the term “open source” is it says nothing about the freedom to modify and redistribute, so it is used by people who think that source access without freedom is a sufficient definition. This possibility for misuse is the case for most of the licences that make up Microsoft's “shared source” initiative. Shared source is Microsoft’s framework for sharing computer program source code with individuals and organizations. ...

Open source versus source-available

Although the OSI definition of "open source software" is widely accepted, a small number of people and organizations use the term to refer to software where the source is available for viewing, but which may not legally be modified or redistributed. Such software is more often referred to as source-available, or as shared source, a term coined by Microsoft in opposition to open source. Shared source is Microsoft’s framework for sharing computer program source code with individuals and organizations. ...

Michael Tiemann, president of OSI, had criticized^[11] companies such as SugarCRM for promoting their software as "open source" when in fact it did not have an OSI-approved license. In SugarCRM's case, it was because the software is so-called "badgeware"^[12] since it specified a "badge" that must be displayed in the user interface (SugarCRM has since switched to GPLv3^[13]). Another example is Scilab, which calls itself "the open source platform for numerical computation"^[14] but has a license^[15] that forbids commercial redistribution of modified versions. Because OSI does not have a registered trademark for the term "open source", its legal ability to prevent such usage of the term is limited, but Tiemann advocates using public opinion from OSI, customers, and community members to pressure such organizations to change their license or to use a different term. Michael Tiemann is Vice President, Open Source Affairs at Red Hat Inc. ... SugarCRM is a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software solution vendor. ... SugarCRM is a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software solution vendor. ... The Common Public Attribution License (CPAL) is a software licence which is a free software licence. ... SugarCRM is a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software solution vendor. ... The GNU logo The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL or simply GPL) is a widely used free software license, originally written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project. ... Scilab is a numerical computational package developed by INRIA and ENPC in France. ... “(TM)” redirects here. ...

Other software that has source code available, but which is not open source, includes the pine email client, and the Microsoft Windows Operating System.^{[citation needed]} Subgenera Subgenus Strobus Subgenus Ducampopinus Subgenus Pinus See Pinus classification for complete taxonomy to species level. ... Windows redirects here. ...

Pros and cons of open source software

Software experts and researchers on open source software have identified several advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage for business is that open source is a good way for business to achieve greater penetration of the market. Companies that offer open source software are able to establish an industry standard and, thus, gain competitive advantage. It has also helped build developer loyalty as developers feel empowered and have a sense of ownership of the end product^[16]. Moreover less costs of marketing and logistical services are needed for OSS. It also helps companies to keep abreast of all technology developments. It is a good tool to promote a companies’ image, including its commercial products^[17]. The OSS development approach has helped produce reliable, high quality software quickly and inexpensively. Besides, it offers the potential for a more flexible technology and quicker innovation. It is said to be more reliable since it typically has thousands of independent programmers testing and fixing bugs of the software. It is flexible because modular systems allow programmers to build custom interfaces, or add new abilities to it and it is innovative since open source programs are the product of collaboration among a large number of different programmers. The mix of divergent perspectives, corporate objectives, and personal goals speeds up innovation^[18]. Moreover free software can be developed in accord with purely technical requirements it does not require to think about commercial pressure that often degrade the quality of the software. Commercial pressures make traditional software developer pay more attention to customers requirements than to security requirements, since such features are somewhat invisible to the customer^[19].

It is sometimes said that the open source development process may not be well defined and the stages in the development process, such as system testing and documentation may be ignored. However this is only true for small (mostly single programmer) projects. Larger, successful projects do define and enforce at least some rules as they need them to make the team work possible.^[20][21] In the most complex projects these rules may be as strict as reviewing even minor change by two independent developers.^[22]

Not all OSS initiatives have been successful, for example, SourceXchange and Eazel^[23]. Software experts and researchers, who are not convinced by open source’s ability to produce quality systems, identify the unclear process, the late defect discovery and the lack of any empirical evidence as the most important problems (collected data concerning productivity and quality)^[24]. It is also difficult to design a commercially sound business model around the open source paradigm. Consequently, only technical requirements may be satisfied and not the ones of the market^[25]. In terms of security, open source may allow hackers to know about the weaknesses or loopholes of the software more easily than closed-source software. It is depended of control mechanisms in order to create effective performance of autonomous agents who participate in virtual organizations^[26].

Development tools

This section does not cite any references or sources. (January 2008) Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

In OSS development the participants, who are mostly volunteers, are distributed amongst different geographic regions so there is need for tools to aid participants to collaborate in source code development. Often these tools are also available as OSS.

Revision control systems such as Concurrent Versions System (CVS) and later Subversion (svn) are examples of tools that help centrally manage the source code files and the changes to those files for a software project. Revision control (also known as version control (system) (VCS), source control or (source) code management (SCM)) is the management of multiple revisions of the same unit of information. ... The Concurrent Versions System (CVS), also known as the Concurrent Versioning System, is an open-source version control system invented and developed by Dick Grune in the 1980s. ... In computing, Subversion (SVN) is a version control system (VCS) initiated in 2000 by CollabNet Inc. ...

Utilities that automate testing, compiling and bug reporting help preserve stability and support of software projects that have numerous developers but no managers, quality controller or technical support. Building systems that report compilation errors among different platforms include Tinderbox. Commonly used bugtrackers include Bugzilla and GNATS. Tinderbox is Mozillas detective tool, which allows developers to manage software builds and to correlate build failures on various platforms and configurations with particular code changes. ... A bugtracker is an issue tracking system that is designed especially to manage problems (software bugs) with computer programs. ... Bugzilla is a general-purpose bug-tracking tool originally developed and used by the Mozilla Foundation. ... GNATS is the GNU projects bug-tracking software. ...

Tools such as mailing lists, IRC, and instant messaging provide means of Internet communications between developers. The Web is also a core feature of all of the above systems. Some sites centralize all the features of these tools as a software development management system, including GNU Savannah, SourceForge, and BountySource. A mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients. ... This article is about Internet Relay Chat. ... // Instant messaging (IM) is a form of real-time communication between two or more people based on typed text. ... GNU Savannah is a project of the Free Software Foundation, which serves as a collaborative software development management system for Free Software projects. ... SourceForge is a collaborative revision control and software development management system. ... BountySource is a collaborative project management service for use by any Open Source Software with an OSI-approved license. ...

Projects and organizations

This article or section may contain poor or irrelevant examples. Articles should only contain pertinent examples. Please improve the article or discuss proposed changes on the talk page. You can edit the article to add more encyclopaedic text. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions.

• Apache Software Foundation
• Audacity
• Blender -- 3d modeling
• CodePlex
• Debian
• Drupal -- Content Management System
• Eclipse Foundation
• Fedora Project
• FreeBSD
• Freedesktop.org
• Free Software Foundation
• FUSE ESB, FUSE Message Broker, FUSE Services Framework and FUSE Mediation Router - Supported versions of Apache projects
• GIMP -- Image Editing similar to photoshop
• GNU
• Inkscape -- Vector tool similar to illustrator
• Java
• JBoss
• Joomla! -- Content Management System
• KnowledgeTree -- Document Management for Teams and Small to Medium-sized Organizations
• LibreSource
• Linux
• Macaulay2 -- algebraic geometry and commutative algebra
• Miranda IM -- multiprotocol IM
• Mozilla Foundation
• MySQL
• NetBSD
• OpenBSD
• Open-Xchange
• Open Market For Internet Content Accessibility
• OpenOffice.org -- Word processor, spreadsheet, presentation tool, database, equation editor
• OpenSees -- open system for earthquake engineering simulation
• OpenSuse
• Open Solutions Alliance
• Open Source Development Labs
• Open Source Initiative
• Open Source Geospatial Foundation
• PHP -- scripting language primarily for web applications
• Povray -- Ray Tracer
• Python
• Restore -- RESTORE is an open source project for heterogeneous system backup and restore.
• SAGE -- Magma computer algebra system
• Scribus -- Desktop publishing similar to pagemaker
• SourceForge -- Repository of open source software
• Subversion (software) -- version control
• Synfig -- 2d vector graphic and animation
• TYPO3 -- Enterprise Level Content Management System
• Ubuntu
• Zenoss
• Zimbra

Apache Software Foundation Logo The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) is a non-profit corporation (classified as 501(c)(3) in the United States) to support Apache software projects, including the Apache HTTP Server. ... This article is about the audio software. ... Blender is a free software 3D animation program. ... CodePlex is an open source project hosting website from Microsoft. ... Debian is a free operating system. ... Drupal (pronounced ) is a free and open source modular framework and content management system (CMS) written in the programming language PHP. Drupal, like many modern CMSs, allows the system administrator to create and organize content, customize the presentation, automate administrative tasks, and manage site visitors and contributors. ... The Eclipse Foundation leads the development of Eclipse, the open-source Java application platform and IDE. // In 2003–2004 the Eclipse Consortium, an unofficial consortium of software industry vendors led by IBM, founded The Eclipse Foundation, a not-for-profit legal entity to lead and develop Eclipse. ... The Fedora Project logo The Fedora Project is the community responsible for producing the Fedora Linux distribution, along with a variety of other projects. ... FreeBSD is a Unix-like free operating system descended from AT&T UNIX via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) branch through the 386BSD and 4. ... freedesktop. ... The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded in October 1985 by Richard Stallman to support the free software movement (free as in freedom), and in particular the GNU project. ... For other uses, see Gimp (disambiguation). ... GNU (pronounced ) is a computer operating system composed entirely of free software. ... Inkscape is a vector graphics editor application. ... Java language redirects here. ... JBoss (pronounced Jay Boss) is an open source Java EE-based application server implemented in Java. ... Joomla is a free, open source content management system for publishing content on the world wide web and intranets. ... KnowledgeTree is a commercial open source document management system. ... LibreSource is a versatile collaborative platform. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section can be improved by converting lengthy lists to text. ... Macaulay2 is a free computer algebra system developed by Daniel Grayson (UIUC) and Michael Stillman (Cornell) for computation in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry. ... Miranda Instant Messenger is a minimalist, open source multiprotocol instant messaging application, designed for Microsoft Windows. ... The Mountain View office shared by the Mozilla Foundation and the Mozilla Corporation The Mozilla Foundation (abbreviated MF or MoFo) is a non-profit organization that exists to support and provide leadership for the open source Mozilla project. ... MySQL (pronounced (IPA) , my S-Q-L[1]) is a multithreaded, multi-user SQL database management system (DBMS)[2] which has, according to MySQL AB, more than 10 million installations. ... NetBSD is a freely redistributable, open source version of the Unix-like BSD computer operating system. ... OpenBSD is a Unix-like computer operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley. ... Open-Xchange Server is a messaging and collaboration solution combining common free software packages, open standards and web services. ... OpenOffice. ... OpenSees is an object-oriented, open source software framework created at the University of California, Berkeley as part of the NSF-sponsored Pacific Earthquake Engineering (PEER) Center. ... openSUSE is a community project, sponsored by Novell, to develop and maintain a general purpose Linux distribution. ... The Open Solutions Alliance (OSA) is a nonprofit, vendor-neutral consortium dedicated to driving adoption of comprehensive open business solutions. ... Open Source Development Labs (OSDL) was founded in 2000 and has investment backing from Computer Associates, Fujitsu, Hitachi, HP, IBM, Intel, NEC and others. ... The Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting open source software. ... The Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo), is a non-profit non-governmental organization whose mission is to support and promote the collaborative development of open geospatial technologies and data. ... For other uses, see PHP (disambiguation). ... The Utah Teapot, rendered in POV-Ray. ... Python is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. ... Viewing a list of deleted pages Alphabetical: Special:Undelete (sysops only). ... Software for Algebra and Geometry Experimentation (SAGE) is a cross-platform computer algebra system written in Python, Pyrex, and C that is released under the GNU GPL. SAGE combines the following mathematics software into one package: GAP, GNU Scientific Library, Matplotlib, Maxima, Mwrank, NetworkX, NTL, Numerical Python, PARI, and Singular. ... Scribus is a free, open source desktop publishing (DTP) application. ... SourceForge is a collaborative revision control and software development management system. ... In computing, Subversion (SVN) is a version control system (VCS) initiated in 2000 by CollabNet Inc. ... Synfig is a free software / open-source 2D vector graphics and animation program created by Robert Quattlebaum. ... Not to be confused with Typo, which is an open source blogging engine. ... Zenoss is an open source network monitoring and systems management platform released under the GNU Public License (GPL) version 2. ... Zimbra Collaboration Suite (ZCS) is a groupware product created by Zimbra Inc. ...

See also

This article or section may contain poor or irrelevant examples. Articles should only contain pertinent examples. Please improve the article or discuss proposed changes on the talk page. You can edit the article to add more encyclopaedic text. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions.

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of

Open Source

• Open access
• Open content for non-programming open source projects.
• Open Design — the application of open source principles to creating material objects and solutions.
• Open publishing
• Open source games
• Openness — the philosophical term
• Open source advocacy
• Open source movement
• Open source software security
• List of open source software packages
• Open system
• Open standard
• Open format
• OpenDocument The new OASIS OpenDocument format (ODF) to create an open system for business & public sector documents.
• Free software
• Free and open source software organizations
• Shared software

Image File history File links Free_Software_Portal_Logo. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Wikibooks logo Wikibooks, previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks, is a wiki for the creation of books. ... Open access (OA) means immediate, free and unrestricted online access to digital scholarly material[1], primarily peer-reviewed research articles in scholarly journals. ... Open content, coined by analogy with open source, (though technically it is actually share-alike) describes any kind of creative work including articles, pictures, audio, and video that is published in a format that explicitly allows the copying of the information. ... Open Design is a term that applies to the investigation and potential of open source and the collaborative nature of the internet to create physical objects. ... Open publishing is a process of creating news or other content that is transparent to the readers. ... Open source games are computer games assembled out of, and are themselves, open-source software and open content. ... Openness is related to open source and is a philosophy that is being used as the basis of how various groups and organizations operate. ... Open-source advocacy is the practice of attempting to increase the awareness and improve the perception of open-source software. ... The open source movement is an offshoot of the free software movement that advocates open source software as an alternative label for free software, primarily on pragmatic rather than philosophical grounds. ... This is a list of open-source software packages: computer software licensed under an open-source license. ... Open systems are computer systems that provide either interoperability, portability, or freedom from proprietary standards, depending on users perspective. ... This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ... An open format is a published specification for storing digital data, usually maintained by a non-proprietary standards organization, and free of legal restrictions on use. ... Semi-official ODF logo Not to be confused with Open Document Architecture, an unrelated, earlier standard document file format. ... Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with minimal restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. ... Shared software is a different term used to describe free software and open source software, and possibly also software that is not formally covered by the definition of either, but that is in some other way shared rather than owned. ...

References

2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... World Book Encyclopedia is, according to its publisher in the United States, the number-one selling print encyclopedia in the world. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2000 (MM) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Russ Nelson (born 1958) is a computer programmer, who is a founding board member of the Open Source Initiative. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 203rd day of the year (204th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Eric S. Raymond (FISL 6. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 326th day of the year (327th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 203rd day of the year (204th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Russ Nelson (born 1958) is a computer programmer, who is a founding board member of the Open Source Initiative. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 203rd day of the year (204th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953), often abbreviated rms,[2] is an American software freedom activist, hacker,[3] and software developer. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 167th day of the year (168th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953), often abbreviated rms,[2] is an American software freedom activist, hacker,[3] and software developer. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 172nd day of the year (173rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 325th day of the year (326th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Era (or Anno Domini), in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

• Lui, K.M.; Chan, K.C.C. (2008). Software Development Rhythms: Harmonizing Agile Practices for Synergy. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-07386-5. 

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ...

Legal and economic aspects

• Benkler, Yochai (2002), “Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm." Yale Law Journal 112.3 (Dec 2002): p367(78) (in Adobe pdf format)
• v. Engelhardt, Sebastian (2008). "The Economic Properties of Software", Jena Economic Research Papers, Volume 2 (2008), Number 2008-045 (PDF). 
• Lerner, J. & Tirole, J. (2002): ‘Some simple economics on open source’, Journal Of Industrial Economics 50(2), p 197–234
• Välimäki, Mikko (2005). The Rise of Open Source Licensing: A Challenge to the Use of Intellectual Property in the Software Industry (PDF), Turre Publishing. 
• Polley, Barry (2007-12-11). "Open Source Discussion Paper – version 1.0" (PDF). New Zealand Ministry of Justice. Retrieved on 2007-12-12.
• Rossi, M. A. (2006): Decoding the free/open source software puzzle: A survey of theoretical and empirical contributions, in J. Bitzer P. Schröder, eds, ‘The Economics of Open Source Software Development’, p 15–55. (download an online version)

“PDF” redirects here. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 345th day of the year (346th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 346th day of the year (347th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• ComputerWorld article: Does the open-source development model work for business users?
• Anarchism Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright — Eben Moglen, Professor of Law and History at Columbia University
• source/scb/brief-open source-history.html Brief History of the Open Source Movement
• "the" definition of open source
• European Commission's Open Source Observatory — The EC's IDABC Open Source Observatory is the clearinghouse of information on the use of open source software by public administrations in Europe:
  • The European Parliament's IT department is testing the use of GNU/Linux distribution Ubuntu, OpenOffice, Firefox and other Open Source applications.
• source.html Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source" — Raymond's announcement of the term "open source", 8 February 1998
• Open Source at the Open Directory Project
• Open Source Initiative (OSI) — a list of available licenses
• Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution — an online book containing essays from prominent members of the open source community
• Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source" — a later essay from Richard Stallman
• Free / Open Source Research Community — Many online research papers
• January 2006 TPOSSCON talk: "How OSS Improves Society" Aaron Siego speaks at the 2nd Trans-Pacific Open Source Software Conference in Honolulu, Hawaii.
• Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)? Look at the Numbers! - large collection of related quantitative studies
• UK Parliament report on Open Source (PDF)
• "Lessons from Open Source", by Jan Shafer
• Whence The Source: Untangling the Open Source/Free Software Debate, essay on the differences between Free Software and Open Source, by Thomas Scoville
• Degrees of Openness article explaining the different aspects of openness in computer systems, written by Adrien Lamothe, on the O'Reilly Network.
• Open Source Software Software project.
• Differences between open source and free software as interpreted by Slackware
• Berry, D M (2004). The Contestation of Code: A Preliminary Investigation into the Discourse of the Free Software and Open Software Movement, Critical Discourse Studies, Volume 1(1).
• EU study on adopting FLOSS
• OSS Watch an advisory service for open source in UK higher and further education
• Decoding Liberation: The Promise of Free and Open Source Software by Samir Chopra and Scott Dexter
• E-996 Peruvian Letters

v • d • e Free and open source software General Common Unix Printing System · The Free Software Definition · GNU Project · List of applications · Open source · X Window System Free software Portal History Linux · Mozilla (Application Suite · Firefox · Thunderbird) Operating systems BSD · Darwin · GNU · Linux · Minix · OpenSolaris · ReactOS Development GCC · LLVM · PHP · Python · Perl · Java Window managers Blackbox · EDE · Enlightenment · Étoilé · Fluxbox · GNOME · IceWM · KDE · Openbox · ROX · Window Maker · Xfce Organizations Free Software Foundation (Europe, India, Latin America) · Linux Foundation · Mozilla Foundation · Open Source Initiative Licences Apache · BSD · GPL · LGPL · MIT · MPL · Permissive free software licences · License proliferation Challenges Binary blob · Digital rights management · Open source software security · Proprietary software · SCO-Linux controversies · Software patents and free software · Tivoization · Trusted Computing Other topics Alternative terms · Community · Movement · Comparison of open source and closed source · Free and open source software · Revolution OS