Operation Nemesis is the Armenian Revolutionary Federation code-name for the covert operation in the 1920s to assassinate the Turkish masterminds of the Armenian Genocide. It is named after the Greek goddess of divine retribution, Nemesis. The operation is also known as "The Armenian Nuremberg." Armenian Genocide photo. ... Contemporary political cartoon portraying Hamid as a butcher of the Armenians During the long reign of Sultan Hamid, unrest and rebellion occurred in many areas of the Ottoman Empire. ... The 1986 Ottoman Bank Takeover was the seizing of the Ottoman Bank in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire on August 26, 1896 by members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnak Party). ... The Adana massacre occurred in the city of Adana, in the Ottoman Empire, in April 1909. ... The 1908 Young Turk Revolution even though a popular constitutional movement, was a watershed in the history of the late Ottoman Empire. ... April 24 circular[1] on opposition was the most famous circular passed on April 24, 1915 by Talat Pasha (turkce: Dahiliye Nazırı Talat PaÅŸa) which authorized the governers of the Ottoman Empire to arrest the members of Armenian Revolutionary Federation, and Hentchak and collect the documents from the... the Tehcir Law Tehcir Law (Immigration law) of the parliament of 1912 of the Ottoman Empire was passed on May 27, 1915, begin to be enforced on June 1-1915 with the publication in the Takvim-I Vakayi until February 8-1916. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... The estimation of Armenian deaths between 1914 to 1923 during what is called the Armenian Genocide and what followed as the Turkish War of Independence is a subject of controversy. ... Suspended Bridge of Deir ez Zor over the Euphrates River Dayr az-Zawr, also spelled Deir ez Zor , Deir al-Zur and other variants (دير الزور in Arabic), in Armenian Ter Zor, means in English Brushwood Abbey is a city in eastern Syria on the Euphrates River and capital of Dayr az... Sivas is the provincial capital of Sivas Province in Turkey. ... Shows the Location of the Province MuÅŸ MuÅŸ (alternative transliteration: Mush) is a province in eastern Turkey. ... Diyarbakır (Ottoman Diyar-i Bekr دیاربکر land of the Bekr as derived from Arabic[1]; Kurdish Amed; Syriac ; Greek Amida; Armenian Ô±Õ´Õ«Õ¤ Amid) is a major city in southeastern Turkey situated on the banks of the River Tigris, and the seat of Diyarbakır Province. ... Erzurum (Ô¿Õ¡Ö€Õ«Õ¶ (Karin) in Armenian) is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. ... Traditional Trabzon country house Location of Trabzon Province within Turkey Trabzon, formerly known as Trebizond or Τραπεζούντα (Trapezoúnda; see also List of traditional Greek place names) in Greek, is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey (Lat (DMS) 41° 2 60N Long (DMS) 39° 43 37E). ... Defenders of Van in front of ARF flag Armenian militia (Armenian irregular units, or Armenian Cethes, Armenian: ), better known by Armenians as Fedayee is a term referring to Armenian guerrillas who voluntarily leave their families in order to fight for Armenians. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire members of Hunchaks (Social Democrat Hunchakian Party) Strength 2nd conflict: 69 grandes, 612 gun, 21 hand-gun, 70 horses Casualties Over 100 soldiers. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Armenian residents of Van Commanders Jevdet Bey Armenak Yekaryan Strength 12,000 1,500 Casualties  ? 12,000 ? (mass civilian casualties) The Van Resistance or Van Rebellion was a reaction of the Armenian population in the city of Van to the measures taken by its governor--Jevdet Bey. ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire Germany Armenian militia of ARF Commanders Megerdich Yotneghpayrian Casualties  ?  ? The Armenian resistance in Urfa during the Armenian genocide took place as a reaction to Turkish actions. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... New York Times headlines which observes that the entire Christian population of Trabzon was wiped out.[1] Pontian Greek Genocide (Greek: Γενοκτονία των Ελλήνων του Πόντου, Turkish: Pontus Rumları Soykırımı) is a controversial term used to refer to the persecutions, massacres, and other sufferings, including but not limited to the expulsions, deportations, and... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Ismail Enver Ä°smail Enver (اسماعيل انور) , known to Europeans during his political career as Enver Pasha (Turkish: Enver PaÅŸa) or Enver Bey was a Turkish military officer and a leader of the Young Turk revolution. ... Talat Pasha Mehmed Talat Pasha (Turkish: Mehmet Talat PaÅŸa) (1874-1921) was one of the leaders of the Young Turks, an Ottoman statesman, grand vizier (1917) , and leading member of the Sublime Porte from 1913 until 1918. ... Ahmed Djemal Pasha Ahmed Djemal Pasha (Turkish: Ahmet Cemal PaÅŸa) (May 6, 1872 - July 21, 1922) was born in Midilli. ... Foundation: 1890 Dissolved: 1918, Court Martialed Head: Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) (Turkish: Ä°ttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti) was a political organization during the dissolution period of the Ottoman Empire which came to power between 1908 and 1918. ... Special Organization was name given to a three member executive committee established by the Committee of Union and Progress of the Ottoman Empire. ... This article details the military of the Ottoman Empire. ... now. ... Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire is direct consequence of the World War I with the Ottomans involvement in the Middle Eastern theatre. ... Turkish Denial: To have genocide denied is to die twice — An advertisement for the Armenian Genocide Commemoration Holiday on 24th April, 2006 posted in The Times newspaper. ... The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) (Armenian: Hay Heghapokhakan Dashnaktsutiun Dashnaktsutiun, Dashnak, or Tashnak) is an Armenian political party founded in Georgia in 1890 by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian. ... The 1920s was a decade sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties, usually applied to America. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Armenian Genocide photo. ... Nemesis, by Alfred Rethel (1837) Nemesis (in Greek, Νέμεσις), also called Rhamnousia (the goddess of Rhamnous), at her sanctuary at Rhamnous, north of Marathon, in the Greek mythology was the spirit of divine retribution against those who succumb to hubris, vengeful fate personified as a remorseless goddess. ...

Background

After the end of World War I, the Ottoman military tribunal convened in Constantinople and condemend to death the principal perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide, who had been extradited to Malta by British authorities. However, the British placed no value on the sentence, and secretly released the criminals and enemies of humanity. The executioners of the Armenian people were moving freely in the streets of Berlin, Rome, Baku, Tbilisi, and other cities. Combatants Allied Powers: British Empire France Italy Russia United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Joseph Joffre Victor Emmanuel III Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Herbert Henry Asquith Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul... Map of Constantinople. ...

The verdict

At the Armenian Revolutionary Federation's 9th General Congress, which convened in Yerevan from September 27 to the end of October 1919, the issue of retribution against those responsible for the Armenian Genocide was on the agenda. Contrary to many of the Eastern Armenian delegates' vociferous objections, it was decided to deal with the reconciliation by Armenian force. Yerevan (Armenian: ÔµÖ€Õ¥Ö‚Õ¡Õ¶ or ÔµÖ€Ö‡Õ¡Õ¶; sometimes written as Erevan; former names include Erebuni and Erivan) (population: 1,088,300 (2004 estimate) [1]) is the largest city and capital of Armenia. ...

The leader of the Responsible Body for the work was Shahan Natalie, working with Grigor Merjanov. It is notable that ARF Bureau members, specifically Simon Vratsian, Ruben Ter Minasian, and Ruben Darbinian, worked to hinder Natalie's operation, but which went on any way. Order: 4th Prime Minister of Armenia Term: 25 November 1920 - 2 December 1920 Predecessor: Hamo Ohanjanyan Successor: Soviet control Simon Vratsian (1882 - 1969) was an Armenian political figure. ...

The "black list"

A "black list" contained about 200 criminals responsible for organizing the genocide of the Armenian people. For Shahan Natalie, the primary target was the anti-Armenian Talaat Pasha, whom Shahan called "Number One." The mission to kill Pasha was entrusted to Soghomon Tehlirian. The Armenians (Armenian: , Hayer) are a nation and an ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Mehmed Talat Pasha. ... Soghomon Tehlirian Soghomon Tehlirian (Սողոմոն Թեհլիրյան in Armenian) (1897–1960)was a native of Erzincan and Armenian Genocide survivor. ...

Indeed, Natalie's purpose was to turn Soghomon Tehlirian's trial into the political trial of those responsible for the Armenian Genocide. In his memoirs, Natalie revealed his orders to Tehlirian: "You blow up the skull of the Number One nation-murderer and you don't try to flee. You stand there, your foot on the corpse and surrender to the police, who will come and handcuff you."

Successful assassinations

• Talaat Pasha, one of the Ittihadist triumvirates and former prime minister, was assassinated on March 15, 1921, in Berlin by Soghomon Tehlirian. Having been arrested and put to trial, he was released with a 'not guilty' verdict by the German Court in June 1921.
• Pipit Jivanshir Khan, former internal affairs of Azerbaijan, rabid pan-Turanian, and organizer of Armenian massacres in Baku, was assassinated on July 18, 1921, in Constantinople, by Misak Torlakian. He was acquitted by the British forces in November of 1921.
• Said Halim Pasha, former prime minister, was assassinated on December 5, 1921, in Berlin, by Arshavir Shiragian. This operation was organized by Grigor Merjanov. Shiragian was not captured and returned to Constantinople.
• Behaeddin Shakir Bey, principal organizer and executor of the Ittihadist "Special Committe," was assassinated on April 17, 1922, in Berlin, by Aram Yerganian.
• Jemal Azmi, an anti-Armenian Ittihadist leader, was assassinated on April 17, 1922, in Berlin, by an agent code-named "T." who was aided by Aram Yerganian. Nicknamed "The Monster of Trebizond," Azmi was responsible for the drowning of 15,000 Armenians. A Turkish court-martial sentenced him to death in 1919, but the sentence was never executed.
• Jemal Pasha, a member of the Ittihadist triumvirate and defense minister, was assassinated on July 25, 1922, in Tbilisi, by Stepan Dzaghigian and Bedros D. Boghosian along with decoys and the help of Zareh Melik-Shahnazarian of Artsakh.
• Enver Pasha, the third member of the Ittihadist triumvirate, was assassinated in 1922 in Turkmenistan when he was leading the Basmaji-Hrosakayin Pan-Turanian movement. It is assumed that his killer was an Armenian soldier in the Red Army.
• Also executed were several Armenian spies and traitors, who denounced their kinsmen to Turkish authorities, and were responsible for their deaths.

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Mehmed Talat Pasha. ... The Three Pashas are the famous Pashas who enabled the Ottoman Empire to enter the WWI. Talat, along with Enver Pasha and Djemal Pasha formed a group called the three pashas. ... Soghomon Tehlirian Soghomon Tehlirian (Սողոմոն Թեհլիրյան in Armenian) (1897–1960)was a native of Erzincan and Armenian Genocide survivor. ... Said Halim Pasha (1863-1921), Ottoman Empire Grand Vizier from 1913-16. ... Behaeddin Shakir (d. ... Ahmed Djemal Pasha Ahmed Djemal Pasha (Turkish: Ahmet Cemal Paşa) (May 6, 1872 - July 21, 1922) was born in Midilli. ... Artsakh (Armenian - Արցախ, Azeri - Ərsak Russian - Арцах) is a historical Armenian name of the province of ancient Greater Armenia, that covered what is now mostly Nagorno-Karabakh. ... Ismail Enver Ismail Enver, known to Europeans during his political career as Enver Pasha ( Istanbul, November 22, 1881 - August 4, 1922) was a military officer and a leader of the Young Turk revolution in the closing days of the Ottoman Empire. ...

Position of the ARF Bureau

The ARF Bureau was against these assassinations, because having been ousted from the Democratic Republic of Armenia, it was filled with anti-Soviet sentiment and was playing Turkish-spirited politics, which this campaign of assassination hindered.

Bibliography

• Natalie, Shahan [1928] (2002). The Turks and Us (in English). Nagorno-Karabakh: Punik Publishing.

Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijani: Dağlıq Qarabağ or Yuxarı Qarabağ, literally mountainous black garden or upper black garden; Russian: Нагорный Карабах, translit. ...

Further Reading

• Shiragian, Arshavir (1976). The Legacy, Sonia Shiragian (in English), Boston, Massachusetts: Hairenik Press. LCC 76-49796.
• Avakian, Lindy V. (1989). The Cross and the Crescent. USC Press. ISBN 0943247063.

Boston is a town and small port c. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, the remainder of this article may require cleanup. ... The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. ...

See also

• Detailed story of Special Operation