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Operation Restore Hope
Part of the Somalian Civil War
Original plan of battle
Date December 3, 1992 - May 4, 1993. Location Somalia Result UN withdraw
Combatants
United States United Nations Pakistan Malaysia	Somalia
Commanders
Many	Mohamed Farrah Aidid

The United Nations intervention in Somalia (code-named Operation Restore Hope) was a United Nations–sanctioned United States military operation from 9 December 1992 to 4 May 1993. The operation planned to avert a growing humanitarian disaster in the increasingly lawless Republic of Somalia, which was suffering from severe famine, general chaos, and domination by a number of warlords following the collapse of Siad Barre's military government. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Early History The original settlers of the Somali region were ethnic Cushites from the fertile lakes of southern Ethiopia. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3268x2932, 70 KB) This image is a work of a U.S. Marine Corps Marine or employee, taken or made during the course of the persons official duties. ... December 3 is the 337th (in leap years the 338th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Nations. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Pakistan_(bordered). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Malaysia. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Somalia. ... General Mohamed Farrah Aidid (Somali: Maxamed Faarax Caydiid) (December 15, 1934 – August 1, 1996) was a controversial, charismatic and skillful Somali leader. ... The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict in Somalia that started in 1988. ... Combatants Somali National Army (SNA) under Siad Barre; after Barres exile and return forces later known as Somali National Front (SNF) Revolutionary groups: Somali National Movement image_flag = Flag of Somaliland. ... The downfall of Siad Barres government did not bring peace to the nation. ... Following the civil war and the ensuing anarchy, some factions managed to exert a degree of hegemonial authority over certain regions of Somalia where they maintained broad, clan-based support. ... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist Militias Alleged: Eritrea Foreign Jihadists ARPCT, comprising Various Warlords Transitional Federal Government Puntland Autonomous Region Rahanweyn Resistance Army Ethiopia[1] Alleged:  Uganda[2] Commanders Muhammad Ibraheem Bilal Hasan Hersi Turki Yusuf Siad Inda-Addeh Mukhtar Robow Adan Ayrow Barre Adan Shire Hirale (Jubaland), Abdi... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist militias Alleged:  Eritrea Foreign Mujahideen al-Qaeda South:  Ethiopia Transitional Government of Somalia  United States North:  Ethiopia Galmudug Puntland After the invasion: AMISOM Commanders Hassan Aweys Sharif Ahmed Hasan Hersi Adan Ayrow Barre Adan Shire Hirale Abdi Qeybdid (Galmudug) Adde Musa (Puntland) Meles Zenawi... Combatants Islamic Courts Union Pro-Islamist militias Popular Resistance Movement (PRM) Alleged: Foreign Mujahideen al-Qaeda  Ethiopia Transitional Government of Somalia Commanders Hassan Aweys Hasan Hersi Adan Ayrow Barre Adan Shire Hirale Meles Zenawi Strength 3,000–3,500 militia 10,000 militia 30,000 Ethiopian infantry Casualties Unknown Dozens... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Planning, calculating, or the giving or receiving of information. ... December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... Somalia (Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال, As-Sumal), formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic, is an African country that exists solely in a de jure capacity. ... A famine is a social and economic crisis that is commonly accompanied by widespread malnutrition, starvation, epidemic and increased mortality. ... Mohamed Siad Barre (Somali: Maxamed Siyaad Barre) (1919 – January 2, 1995) was the Head of State of Somalia from 1969 to 1991. ...

The operation was kicked off in the late hours of Dec 8, 1992, when elements of the 8th Psychological Operations Battalion (Airborne) attached to the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) conducted leaflet drops over the capital city of Mogadishu. Early the following morning the MEU performed an amphibious assault into the city of Mogadishu. The MEUSOC's ground combat element, Battalion Landing Team (BLT) 2/9, performed simultaneous raids on the Port of Mogadishu and Mogadishu International Airport, establishing a foothold for additional incoming troops. Echo and Golf Company assaulted the airport by helicopter and amphibious assault vehicles, while Fox Company secured the port with an economy of force rubber boat raid. Fox Company's raid on the port was the first large scale Combat Rubber Raid Craft (CRRC) raid since World War II. Elements of BLT 2/9 went on to secure the airport in Baidoa, and the port city of Kismayo.

After President Clinton was inaugurated in January 1993, in supporting the UN, he decided to reduce the number of US troops, which were to be replaced by UN troops, and to hand over the lead to the UN. By June 1993, only 1,800 US troops remained. William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ...

In May 1993, the UN officially took over, while a federalist government based on 18 autonomous regions was agreed upon by the leaders of Somalia's various armed factions. The UN renamed the mission to UNOSOM II. Political federalism is a political philosophy in which a group or body of members are bound together (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. ... Operation Restore Hope was an American military operation with the support of the United Nations which was formed to deliver humanitarian aid and restore order to the African nation of Somalia which was suffering from a severe famine, general anarchy, and domination by a number of warlords following the collapse...

The objective of UNOSOM II was to initiate nation building in Somalia, disarm the various factions, restore law and order, help the people to set up a representative government, and restore the infrastructure. UNOSOM II had a strength of 28,000 drawn from 26 countries, including the U.S. which operated under the military operation "Operation Continue Hope" from May 1993 to March 1994 when the last U.S. soldiers left the region. Nation-building refers to the process of constructing or structuring a nation using the power of the state, especially a foreign one. ... Representative democracy comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein voters choose (in free, secret, multi-party elections) representatives to act in their interests, but not as their proxies—i. ...

On June 5, 24 Pakistani troops were assassinated by Somalian millitia members while inspecting an arms weapons storage site. Warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid and his followers were convicted of being behind this massacre, and on June 12, US troops started attacking targets in Mogadishu related to Aidid, which lasted until June 16. June 5 is the 156th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (157th in leap years), with 209 days remaining. ... assassin, see Assassin (disambiguation) Jack Ruby assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald in a very public manner. ... Warlord is a term that refers to one who has de facto military control of a subnational area, due to armed forces which are personally obedient to — somewhat circularly — that warlord. ... General Mohamed Farrah Aidid (Somali: Maxamed Faarax Caydiid) (December 15, 1934 – August 1, 1996) was a controversial, charismatic and skillful Somali leader. ... June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ... June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. ...

On June 19, a $25,000 warrant was issued by US Admiral Howe for information leading to the arrest of Aidid, but he was never captured. He also requested a counter-terrorist rescue force after the killings of the Pakistani troops. June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... In law, a warrant can mean any authorization. ... Jonathan Howe is a retired four-star U.S. Navy Admiral, was the Special Representative to the UN Secretary General (Boutros Boutros-Ghali) for Somalia in the early 1990s. ... Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. ...

On July 12, a house where clan leaders were meeting was attacked by US AH-1 Cobra helicopters. Several buildings were destroyed and many Somalians died. When four western journalists wanted to investigate the scene, they were beaten to death by a Somalian mob. July 12 is the 193rd day (194th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 172 days remaining. ... The Bell AH-1 Cobra is an attack helicopter. ... A throng of people returning from a show of fireworks spill in to the street stopping traffic at the intersection of Fulton Street and Gold Street in Lower Manhattan. ...

On August 8, Task Force Ranger was deployed; composed of Delta and Ranger forces not under UN control and so able to conduct more aggressive operations. August 8 is the 220th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (221st in leap years), with 145 days remaining. ...

The hunt for Aidid and his lieutenants then began, leading to the Battle of Mogadishu, resulting in - according to U.S. estimates - the death of 500-1000 Somalian millitia and civilians, the death of 18 American soldiers, and 73 were wounded, and the death of one Malaysian soldier. The American Ranger and Delta force were rescued by the 10th Mountain Division, who were partly helped by UN troops, notably those of Malaysia and Pakistan. The book Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War and the movie Black Hawk Down are based on this battle. Combatants USSOF, UNOSOM II Somali National Alliance-affiliated militias Commanders William F. Garrison Mohamed Farrah Aidid Strength 160 2,000+ Casualties U.S. 18 killed 73 wounded 1 captured Malaysia 1 killed 7 wounded Pakistan 2 wounded Militia and civilians 1,000+ killed 3,000+ wounded Task Force Ranger achieved... The 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) is a light infantry division of the United States Army currently serving under the XVIII Airborne Corps. ... “Black Hawk Down” is an official phrase used on combat situations, by the United States military, to inform the crash of a Black Hawk helicopter. ... Black Hawk Down is a 2001 film by Ridley Scott, based on the book Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War by Mark Bowden. ...

After the Battle of Mogadishu the 1st Battalion, 64th Armored Regiment of the 24th Infantry Division based in Fort Stewart, Georgia was sent to restore and maintain order in Mogadishu. This group, known as Task Force Rogue, established Victory Base to the west of the city in October 1993. With their heavy tanks they maintained order and peace in the city until Bill Clinton decided to end the occupation of Somalia.

Background

Italian UN soldier with 50 caliber MG securing a checkpoint on a bridge in Beled Weyne, 1993

Egyptian soldiers served with the United Nations' peacekeeping mission Operation Restore Hope in Mogadishu, Somalia (January 1994).

In January 1991, the leader of Somalia, Mohammed Siad Barre, was overthrown by a coalition of opposing clans called the United Somalia Congress. After this revolution the coalition divided into two groups. One was led by Ali Mahdi Muhammad, who became president, and the other by Mohamed Farrah Aidid. In total there were four opposing groups: the United Somali Congress (USC), Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), and Somali Democratic Movement (SDM) which continued to fight over the domination of Somalia. In June 1991 these groups agreed to a ceasefire which ultimately failed to hold. A fifth group; the Somali National Movement (SNM) had already in June secessed the northwest of Somalia as the Somaliland Republic, with the leader of the SNM, Abdel-Rahman Ahmed Ali as president. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1091, 177 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Operation Restore Hope ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1600x1091, 177 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Operation Restore Hope ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ... Mogadishu (Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar; Arabic: ‎ ; Italian: ), is the largest city in Somalia, and its nominal capital. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Mohamed Siad Barre (Somali: Maxamed Siyaad Bare) (1919/1921? - January 2, 1995) was the self-proclaimed socialist president of Somalia from 1969 to 1991. ... Ali Mahdi Muhammad (born 1938) was president of Somalia from January (when Mohammed Farah Aidid removed the then president Mohamed Siad Barre) to November of 1991, but was not able in that time to exert control over the country. ... General Mohamed Farrah Aidid (Somali: Maxamed Faarax Caydiid) (December 15, 1934 – August 1, 1996) was a controversial, charismatic and skillful Somali leader. ... Somali Salvation Democratic Front (in Somali: Jabhadda Diimuqraadiga Badbaadinta Soomaaliyeed), formed in 1981 as the Democratic Front for Salvation of Somalia. ... The Somali Patriotic Movement is a political party and paramilitary organization in Somalia. ... Somali National Movement. ... Motto: لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله  (Arabic) Lā ilāhā illā-llāhu; muhammadun rasÅ«lu-llāhi  (transliteration) There is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah And also : Justice, Peace, Freedom, Democracy and Success for All Anthem: Saamo ku waar Capital Hargeisa (1941-1960, 1991 - present) Official languages Somali, Arabic...

In September 1991, severe fighting broke out in Mogadishu, which succeeded in the following months and spread throughout the country with over 20,000 people killed or injured by the end of the year. These wars led to the destruction of the agriculture of Somalia, which led to starvation in large parts of Somalia. Mogadishu (Somali: Muqdisho, popularly Xamar; Arabic: ‎ ; Italian: ), is the largest city in Somalia, and its nominal capital. ... A Somali rancher herds cattle in Kismayo. ...

The international community began to send food supplies to halt the starvation. However, vast amounts of food were hijacked and brought to local clan leaders. The hijacked food was routinely exchanged with other countries for weapons. An estimated 80% of the food was stolen. These factors led to even more starvation of which an estimated 300,000 people died and another 1.5 million suffering between 1991 and 1992. It has been suggested that World community be merged into this article or section. ... A female child during the Nigerian-Biafran war of the late 1960s, shown suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition. ... A clan is a group of people united by kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor. ...

In July 1992, after a ceasefire between the opposing clan factions, the United Nations (UN) sent 50 military observers to hold sight on the distribution of the food. 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... The foundation of the U.N. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. ...

In August 1992 the United States (USA) initiated Operation Provide Relief (UNOSOM I) to provide humanitarian relief for the people. Other Western nations also contributed to this airlift and the UN sent some troops to oversee the operation. However, most of the food was looted directly upon landing of these planes. This made the operation a failure and the UN therefore asked its members for assistance. Operation Provide Relief (UNOSOM I) was a United Nation (UN) sponsored effort to provide humanitarian relief for the people of Somalia who were facing a severe famine, initiated and exacerbated by the ongoing Somoli civil war. ...

In December 1992 as President George H. W. Bush was preparing to leave office, he proposed to help under the restriction that the US Combat troops would lead the operation. After the UN accepted this offer 25,000 US troops (mostly US Marines from I MEF) were deployed to Somalia and the mission was renamed to Operation Restore Hope and became UNOSOM II. George Herbert Walker Bush GCB (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States of America serving from 1989 to 1993. ... United States Marine Corps Emblem The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is the second smallest of the five branches of the United States armed forces, with 170,000 active and 40,000 reserve Marines as of 2002. ... I MEF Logo The 1st Marine Expeditionary Force is a MAGTF of the United States Marine Corps primarily composed of the 1st Marine Division, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, and 1st Marine Logistics Group. ...

On May 4, 1993 the UN Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II) assumed responsibility for operations. Operation Continue Hope provided support of UNOSOM II to establish a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations by providing personnel, logistical, communications, intelligence support, a quick reaction force, and other elements as required. Over 60 Army aircraft and approximately 1,000 aviation personnel operated in Somalia from 1992 to 1994. May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ...

Black Hawk Down; film loosely based on Operation Restore Hope

In July 1993, Aidid's militia ambushed and slaughtered 24 Pakistani soldiers, and then began targeting American personnel. File links The following pages link to this file: Black Hawk Down Categories: Fair use posters ... File links The following pages link to this file: Black Hawk Down Categories: Fair use posters ... Black Hawk Down is a 2001 film by Ridley Scott, based on the book Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War by Mark Bowden. ...

See also

• Battle of Mogadishu
• Operation Provide Relief
• Operation Deliverance, the concurrent Canadian mission
• Black Hawk Down

Combatants USSOF, UNOSOM II Somali National Alliance-affiliated militias Commanders William F. Garrison Mohamed Farrah Aidid Strength 160 2,000+ Casualties U.S. 18 killed 73 wounded 1 captured Malaysia 1 killed 7 wounded Pakistan 2 wounded Militia and civilians 1,000+ killed 3,000+ wounded Task Force Ranger achieved... Operation Provide Relief (UNOSOM I) was a United Nation (UN) sponsored effort to provide humanitarian relief for the people of Somalia who were facing a severe famine, initiated and exacerbated by the ongoing Somoli civil war. ... Operation Deliverance was a Canadian Forces military operation initiated in 1992, supported by the United Nations. ... Black Hawk Down is a 2001 film by Ridley Scott, based on the book Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War by Mark Bowden. ...

External links

• George Monbiot on Operation Restore Hope
• UN version of UNOSOM I
• UN version of UNOSOM II
• Overview of the US intervention in Somalia
• The Somalia Intervention