NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Operation Shingle

Operation Shingle (January 22, 1944), during the Italian Campaign of World War II, was an Allied amphibious landing against Axis forces in the area of Anzio and Nettuno, Italy. The operation was commanded by Major General John P. Lucas and was intended to outflank German forces of the Winter Line and enable an attack on Rome. The resulting combat is commonly called the Battle of Anzio. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Anzio (2003 pop. ... Nettuno is a town and commune of the province of Rome in the Lazio region of central Italy, 60 kilometers south of Rome. ... For the VI Corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War, see VI Corps (ACW) The VI Corps took part in some of the most high profile operations in World War II. Its first combat was during the Allied invasion of Italy when it landed at Salerno with... A beachhead is a military term used to describe the line created when a unit (by sea) reaches a beach, and begins to defend that area of beach, while other reinforcements (hopefully) help out, until a unit large enough to begin advancing has arrived. ... Image File history File links US_flag_48_stars. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Field Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis (December 10, 1891 - June 16, 1969) was a British military commander and Field Marshal, notably during World War II as the commander of the 15th Army Group. ... Image File history File links US_flag_48_stars. ... Mark Wayne Clark (May 1, 1896 - April 17, 1984) was an American general during World War II and the Korean War. ... Image File history File links US_flag_48_stars. ... John Porter Old Luke Lucas (January 14, 1890 - December 24, 1949) was a General and the commander of VI Corps (1943-1944) during World War II. Lucas, a graduate of West Point, originally was in the cavalry, but transferred to field artillery. ... Image File history File links US_flag_48_stars. ... Lucian King Truscott, Jr. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ... ==Biography== Albrecht von Kesselring (August 8, 1881 - July 16, 1960) was a Generalfeldmarschall during World War II. One of the most respected and skillful generals of Nazi Germany, he was nicknamed Smiling Albert or Smiling Kesselring. At least one source claims that Kesselring was born on August 8, 1881 [2... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany_1933. ... Eberhard von Mackensen (September 24, 1889 - May 19, 1969) was a German general serving in World War II. // Born in Bromberg as the son of August von Mackensen, Mackensen entered the German army in 1908. ... Artillery being landed during the invasion of mainland Italy at Salerno, September 1943. ... Combatants United States United Kingdom Canada Free French Nazi Germany Italy Commanders Dwight D. Eisenhower Harold Alexander Bernard Montgomery George S. Patton, Jr. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Armistice with Italy is an armistice that occurred on September 8, 1943, during World War II. It was signed by Italy and the Allied armed forces, who were occupying the southern half of the country at the time. ... The Volturno Line was a German defensive position in Italy during World War II. The line ran from Termoli in the east, along the Biferno River through the Apennine Mountains to the Volturno River in the west. ... During World War II, the Barbara Line was a series of German military fortifications in Italy, some ten to twenty miles south of the Gustav Line, and a similar distance north of the Volturno Line. ... The Bernhardt Line (or Reinhard Line) was a German defensive line in Italy during World War II. Unlike most of the other defensive lines it did not run all the way across Italy, but was merely a bulge in the Gustav Line in the region of Monte Cassino, enclosing the... Combatants United Kingdom United States Poland New Zealand Canada Free France India and others Germany Commanders Harold Alexander Mark Clark Oliver Leese Albert Kesselring Heinrich von Vietinghoff Frido von Senger Strength 105,000 80,000 Casualties 54,000 20,000 The Battle of Monte Cassino (also known as the Battle... Allied advance to and beyond the Trasimene Line, 1944 The Trasimene Line was a German defensive line during the Italian Campaign of World War II. It was also sometimes known as the Albert Line. ... German defensive positions in Northern Italy 1944 370th Infantry Regiment walking toward the mountains at north of Prato - April 1945 The Gothic Line, also known as Linea Gotica, formed Field Marshal Albert Kesselrings last major line of defence in the final stages of World War II along the summits... Combatants United Kingdom United States Poland New Zealand India South Africa Brazil and others Germany Commanders Mark Clark Richard McCreery Lucian Truscott Heinrich von Vietinghoff Traugott Herr Joachim Lemelsen Strength U.S. 5th Army British 8th Army German 10th Army German 14th Army The Spring 1945 offensive in Italy was... The Winter Line was a series of German military fortifications in Italy, constructed during World War II by Organisation Todt. ... The Bernhardt Line (or Reinhard Line) was a German defensive line in Italy during World War II. Unlike most of the other defensive lines it did not run all the way across Italy, but was merely a bulge in the Gustav Line in the region of Monte Cassino, enclosing the... (For the John Huston film about this battle, see The Battle of San Pietro. ... Combatants 1st Canadian Infantry Division 5th Canadian Armoured Division 3rd battalion, 3rd Regt, German 1st Parachute Division Commanders Major General Chris Vokes Generalleutnant Richard Heidrich Strength ? 1 Battalion Casualties Canadian 1375 dead 964 wounded[2] German ? The Battle of Ortona (December 20, 1943 to December 28, 1943)[1] was a... Combatants United Kingdom United States Poland New Zealand Canada Free France India and others Germany Commanders Harold Alexander Mark Clark Oliver Leese Albert Kesselring Heinrich von Vietinghoff Frido von Senger Strength 105,000 80,000 Casualties 54,000 20,000 The Battle of Monte Cassino (also known as the Battle... The Battle of Cisterna took place during World War II, on January 30 to February 2, 1944, near Cisterna, Italy, as part of the battle of Anzio that followed Operation Shingle. ... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Artillery being landed during the invasion of mainland Italy at Salerno, September 1943. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Allies. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Anzio (2003 pop. ... Nettuno is a town and commune of the province of Rome in the Lazio region of central Italy, 60 kilometers south of Rome. ... John Porter Old Luke Lucas (January 14, 1890 - December 24, 1949) was a General and the commander of VI Corps (1943-1944) during World War II. Lucas, a graduate of West Point, originally was in the cavalry, but transferred to field artillery. ... The Winter Line was a series of German military fortifications in Italy, constructed during World War II by Organisation Todt. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5...

Background

At the end of 1943, following the Allied invasion of Italy, Allied forces were bogged down at the Gustav Line, a defensive line across Italy south of the strategic objective of Rome. The terrain of central Italy had proved ideally suited to defence, and Field Marshal Albert Kesselring took full advantage. Several Allied proposals were made to break the stalemate, but Winston Churchill's idea for "Operation Shingle" was initially looked upon with disdain by General George Marshall, who was more concerned with planning a massive Normandy invasion than listening to Churchill's ideas about amphibious operations. Only after Churchill made a personal plea was the idea accepted by Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin welcomed any major Allied offensive that could take pressure off of the Eastern Front. A major attack in the south by the U.S. Fifth Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Mark W. Clark, would draw Germany's depleted forces away from the area around Rome and from the hills between Rome and the coast. This would make possible a surprise landing by Fifth Army's U.S. VI Corps under the command of Maj. Gen. John P. Lucas in the Anzio/Nettuno area, and a rapid advance into the Alban Hills to cut German communications and "threaten the rear of the German XIV Panzer Corps" under General Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Winter Line was a series of German military fortifications in Italy, constructed during World War II by Organisation Todt. ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area - City 1,285 kmÂ² (580 sq mi) - Urban 5... It has been suggested that Extreme points of Italy be merged into this article or section. ... Replica of the marshals baton of Generalfeldmarschall von Richthofen (Third Reich) Generalfeldmarschall ( ) (general field marshal, usually translated simply as field marshal, and sometimes written only as Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Austrian Empire. ... ==Biography== Albrecht von Kesselring (August 8, 1881 - July 16, 1960) was a Generalfeldmarschall during World War II. One of the most respected and skillful generals of Nazi Germany, he was nicknamed Smiling Albert or Smiling Kesselring. At least one source claims that Kesselring was born on August 8, 1881 [2... â€œChurchillâ€ redirects here. ... For other persons named George Marshall, see George Marshall (disambiguation). ... The Battle of Normandy was fought in 1944 between the German forces occupying Western Europe and the invading Allies. ... FDR redirects here. ... Josef Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Georgian: , Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jughashvili; Russian: , Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) (December 18 [O.S. December 6] 1878[1] â€“ March 5, 1953), better known by his adopted name, Joseph Stalin (alternatively transliterated Josef Stalin), was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Unions Central Committee from... Combatants Soviet Union,[1] Poland, Tannu Tuva (until 1944 incorporation with USSR), Mongolia Germany,[2] Italy (to 1943), Romania (to 1944), Finland (to 1944), Hungary, Slovakia, Croatia, Spain (to 1943, unofficial) Commanders Joseph Stalin, Aleksei Antonov, Ivan Konev, Rodion Malinovsky, Ivan Bagramyan, Kirill Meretskov, Ivan Petrov, Alexander Rodimtsev, Konstantin Rokossovsky... The Fifth United States Army was a field army of the United States Army. ... US Lieutenant General insignia In three branches of the United States Army, United States Marine Corps and United States Air Force, a Lieutenant General is also called a three-star general, named for the three stars worn on the uniform. ... Mark Wayne Clark (May 1, 1896 - April 17, 1984) was an American general during World War II and the Korean War. ... The VI Corps took part in some of the most high profile operations in World War II. Constituted in the Organized Reserves in 1921, it was allotted to the Regular Army in 1933 and activated on 1 August 1940 at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. ... John Porter Old Luke Lucas (January 14, 1890 - December 24, 1949) was a General and the commander of VI Corps (1943-1944) during World War II. Lucas, a graduate of West Point, originally was in the cavalry, but transferred to field artillery. ... The Alban Hills (It. ... Frido von Senger und Etterlin (1891 - 1963) was a German general during World War II. Frido von Senger und Etterlin was born in Waldshut, Germany, on September 4, 1891, into an aristocratic Roman Catholic family. ...

Plan

Planners argued that if Kesselring (in charge of German forces in Italy) pulled troops out of the Gustav Line to defend against the Allied assault, then Allied forces would be able to break through the line; if Kesselring did not pull troops out of the Gustav Line, then Operation Shingle would threaten to capture Rome and cut off the German units defending the Gustav Line. Should Germany have adequate reinforcements available to defend both Rome and the Gustav Line, the Allies felt that the operation would nevertheless be useful in engaging forces which could otherwise be committed on another front. The operation was officially cancelled on December 18, 1943. However, it was later reselected and executed. The Winter Line was a series of German military fortifications in Italy, constructed during World War II by Organisation Todt. ... A military front or battlefront is a contested armed frontier between opposing forces. ... is the 352nd day of the year (353rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

General Clark did not feel he had the numbers on the southern front to exploit any breakthrough. His plan therefore was relying on the southern offensive drawing Kesselring's reserves in and providing the Anzio force the opportunity to break inland quickly. However, his written orders to Lucas did not really reflect this: Lucas was to "seize and secure a beachhead in the vicinity of Anzio...." when he was "to advance to the Alban Hills". It is likely that the caution displayed by both Clark and Lucas was to some extent a product of Clark's experiences at the tough battle for the Salerno beach head and Lucas' natural caution stemming from his lack of experience in battle. A beachhead is a military term used to describe the line created when a unit (by sea) reaches a beach, and begins to defend that area of beach, while other reinforcements (hopefully) help out, until a unit large enough to begin advancing has arrived. ...

Lucas did not have full confidence in either his superiors or the operational plan. A few days prior to the attack, he wrote in his diary, "Unless we can get what we want, the operation becomes such a desperate undertaking that it should not, in my opinion, be attempted." and "[The operation] had a strong odour of Gallipoli and apparently the same amateur was still on the coach's bench." The "amateur" can only have referred to Winston Churchill, architect of the disastrous Gallipoli landings of World War I and personal advocate of Shingle. Combatants British Empire Australia British India Newfoundland New Zealand United Kingdom France Senegal Ottoman Empire Commanders Sir Ian Hamilton Lord Kitchener John de Robeck Otto von Sanders, Mustafa Kemal Strength 5 divisions (initial) 16 divisions (final) 6 divisions (initial) 15 divisions (final) Casualties 182,000 251,309 The Battle of... â€œThe Great War â€ redirects here. ...

Availability of naval forces

One of the problems with the plan was the availability of landing ships. The American commanders in particular were determined that nothing should delay the Normandy invasion and the supporting landings in southern France. Operation Shingle would require the use of landing ships necessary for these operations. Initially Shingle was to release these assets by January 15. However, this being deemed problematic, President Roosevelt granted permission for the craft to remain until February 5. Combatants United States1 United Kingdom2 Free France3 Germany Commanders Lt. ... is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Only enough tank landing ships (LSTs) to land a single division were initially available to Shingle. Later, at Churchill's personal insistence, enough were made available to land two divisions. Allied intelligence thought that five or six German divisions were in the area, although U.S. 5th Army intelligence severely underestimated the German 10th Army's fighting capacity at the time, believing many of their units would be worn out after the defensive battles fought since September. Canadian LST offloading an M4 Sherman during the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943. ...

Order of battle

Allied forces in this attack consisted of 5 cruisers, 24 destroyers, 238 landing craft, 62+ other ships, 40,000 soldiers, and 5,000+ vehicles. Anzio order of battle is a listing of the significant formations that were involved in the fighting for the Anzio bridgehead south of Rome , January 1944 â€“ June 1944 // C-in-C: General Sir Harold Alexander Commander: Lieutenant-General Mark Wayne Clark Major-General John P. Lucas (until February 23) Major... USS Port Royal (CG-73), a Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruiser (really an uprated guided missile destroyer), launched in 1992. ... USS McFaul underway in the Atlantic Ocean. ... Landing craft RapiÃ¨re LCU 1656 departs USS Bataan (LHD-5) well deck during Hurricane Katrina relief operations. ... Italian Full rigged ship Amerigo Vespucci in New York Harbor, 1976 A ship is a large watercraft capable of offshore navigation. ... This article is about a military rank. ... The Trikke is a Human Powered Vehicle (HPV) Automobiles are among the most commonly used engine powered vehicles. ...

1. The British force ("Peter Beach"). This force attacked the coast 6 miles (10 km) north of Anzio.

2. The northwestern U.S. Force ("Yellow Beach"). This force attacked the port of Anzio. There had been plans to use the 504th Parachute Infantry Battalion in an airborne attack north of Anzio, however these plans were scrapped. List of military divisions — List of British divisions in WWII The British 1st Infantry Division was a permanently established Regular Army division. ... The 2nd Infantry Brigade is a British Army unit active since the First World War. ... The Gordon Highlanders was a British Army infantry regiment from 1881 until 1994. ... The 3rd Infantry Brigade was a regular British Army unit, part of the 1st Infantry Division during the Second World War . ... The Duke of Wellingtons Regiment (officially, the Duke of Wellingtons Regiment (West Riding)) was an infantry regiment of the British Army, part of the Kings Division. ... The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment) was formed during the Childers Reforms in 1881 from the amalgamation of the 45th (Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot and the 95th (Derbyshire) Regiment of Foot . ... The Kings Shropshire Light Infantry is a former regiment of the British Army, formed in 1881 by the amalgamation of the 53rd Regiment of Foot and the 85th (Kings Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot. ... The 24th Infantry Brigade was a British Army formation from the First World War to the late 1990s. ... The Grenadier Guards is the most senior regiment of the Guards Division of the British Army, and, as such, is the most senior regiment of infantry. ... This article deals with the current British Army regiment, for historical regiments, see Historical Irish Guards regiments. ... The Scots Guards are a regiment of the British Army, part of the Guards Division, and have a long and proud history stretching back hundreds of years. ... The Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambriges Own) was a regiment of the British Army. ... Tactical Recognition Flash of the Royal Artillery The Royal Regiment of Artillery, generally known as the Royal Artillery (RA), is, despite its name, a corps of the British Army. ... The Corps of Royal Engineers, usually just called the Royal Engineers (RE), and commonly known as the Sappers, is one of the corps of the British Army. ... The 46th (Liverpool Welsh) Royal Tank Regiment (46 RTR) was an armoured regiment of the British Army during the Second World War. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Port. ... During World War II, the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment (504th PIR) was a regiment of the 82nd Airborne Division of the United States Army. ... An American USMC Paratrooper using a MC1-B series parachute Paratroopers are soldiers trained in parachuting and generally operate as part of an airborne force. ...

3. The southwestern U.S. Force ("X-Ray Beach"). This force attacked the coast 6 miles (10 km) east of Anzio. 1/75 Ranger Regiment Shoulder Sleeve Insignia 1/75 Ranger Regiment Beret Flash The 1st Ranger Battalion was formed upon Americas entry into World War II. Major General Lucian Truscott, U.S. Army, in liaison with the British General Staff, submitted proposals to General George Marshall that we undertake... The 3d Ranger Battalion was organized October 3, 1943 in the Army of the United States in the China-Burma-India Theater of Operations of World War II as an element of the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional). ... Activated on May 29, 1943 in Tunisia, 4th Ranger Battalion was a Ranger unit in the United States Army during World War II. // After the success of 1st Ranger Battalion in the North Africa campaign, the Army saw the merit in small special operations units. ... During World War II, the 509th Parachute Infantry Battalion (509th PIB) was the first combat paratrooper unit of the United States Army. ... The 93rd Evacuation Hospital was a make-over of the 61st Surgical Hospital and operated through WWII, Vietnam, and the Gulf War. ...

Shoulder sleeve patch of the United States Army 3d Infantry Division (Mechanized). ... The United States Army Seventh Infantry Regiment, known as The Cottonbalers from an incident that occurred during the Battle of New Orleans, while under the command of Andrew Jackson, when soldiers of the 7th Infantry Regiment held positions behind a breastwork of bales of cotton during the British attack. ... The 15th Infantry Regiment is currently a parent regiment in the United States Army. ... The 1st Battalion 30th Infantry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army, notable for service in both World War Two and most recently during Operation Iraqi Freedom. ... For more information about the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment see the main article. ...

Southern attack

The Fifth Army's attack on the Gustav Line began on January 16, 1944, at Monte Cassino. Although the operation failed to break through, it did succeed in part in its primary objective. General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, commanding the Gustav Line, called for reinforcements, and Kesselring transferred the 29th and 90th Panzergrenadier Divisions from Rome. Combatants United Kingdom United States Poland New Zealand Canada Free France India and others Germany Commanders Harold Alexander Mark Clark Oliver Leese Albert Kesselring Heinrich von Vietinghoff Frido von Senger Strength 105,000 80,000 Casualties 54,000 20,000 The Battle of Monte Cassino (also known as the Battle... is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Combatants United Kingdom United States Poland New Zealand Canada Free France India and others Germany Commanders Harold Alexander Mark Clark Oliver Leese Albert Kesselring Heinrich von Vietinghoff Frido von Senger Strength 105,000 80,000 Casualties 54,000 20,000 The Battle of Monte Cassino (also known as the Battle... Heinrich von Vietinghoff, during World War II, was a General of the German Wehrmacht who commanded the German 10th Army in Italy. ...

Battle

Initial Landings

The landings began on January 22, 1944. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 785 Ã— 599 pixels Full resolution (1265 Ã— 966 pixel, file size: 670 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Operation Shingle Metadata This file... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 785 Ã— 599 pixels Full resolution (1265 Ã— 966 pixel, file size: 670 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Operation Shingle Metadata This file... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

Although resistance had been expected, as seen at Salerno during 1943, the initial landings were essentially unopposed, with the exception of desultory Luftwaffe strafing runs. Salerno is a town in Campania, south-western Italy, the capital of the province of the same name. ... The Deutsche Luftwaffe or (German: air force, literally Air Weapon, pronounced lufft-va-fa, IPA: ) is the commonly used term for the German air force. ... Strafing (adaptation of German strafen, to punish, specifically from the World War I humorous adaptation of the German catchphrase Gott strafe England), is the practice of firing on a static target from a moving platform. ...

By midnight, 36,000 soldiers and 3,200 vehicles had landed on the beaches. Thirteen Allied troops were killed, and 97 wounded; about 200 Germans had been taken as POWs.^[2] The 1st Division penetrated 2 miles (3 km) inland, the Rangers captured Anzio's port, the 509th PIB captured Nettuno, and the 3rd Division penetrated 3 miles (5 km) inland. Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...

In the first days of operations, the command of the Italian resistance movement had a meeting with the Allied General Headquarters: it offered to guide the Allied Force in the Alban Hills territory, but the Allied Command refused the proposal. Partisans parading in Milan The Italian resistance movement was a partisan force during World War II. // After Italys capitulation on 8 September 1943, the Italian resistance movement became massive. ... The Alban Hills (It. ...

After the landings

It is clear that Lucas's superiors expected some kind of offensive action from him. The point of the landing was to turn the German defences on the Winter Line taking advantage of their exposed rear and hopefully panicking them into retreating northwards past Rome. However, Lucas instead poured more men and materiel into his tiny bridgehead, and strengthened his defences.

Winston Churchill was clearly displeased with this action. "I had hoped we were hurling a wildcat into the shore, but all we got was a stranded whale," he said.

Lucas's decision remains a controversial one. Noted military historian John Keegan wrote, "Had Lucas risked rushing at Rome the first day, his spearheads would probably have arrived, though they would have soon been crushed. Nevertheless he might have 'staked out claims well inland.'" However, Lucas did not have confidence in the strategic planning of the operation. Also, he could certainly argue that his interpretation of his orders from Gen. Clark was not an unreasonable one. With two divisions landed, and facing two or three times that many Germans, it would not have been unreasonable for Lucas to consider the beachhead insecure. But according to Keegan, Lucas's actions "achieved the worst of both worlds, exposing his forces to risk without imposing any on the enemy." Lucas was relieved of his command on February 23 and was replaced by General Lucian Truscott. Sir John Keegan OBE (born 1934) is a British military historian, lecturer and journalist. ... is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Lucian King Truscott, Jr. ...

Response of Axis forces

Kesselring was informed of the landings at 03:00 on January 22. Although the landings came as a surprise, Kesselring had made contingency plans to deal with possible landings at all the likely locations. All the plans relied on his divisions each having previously organised a motorised rapid reaction unit (kampfgruppe) which could move speedily to meet the threat and buy time for the rest of the defenses to get in place.^[3] At 05:00 he ordered the kampfgruppe of 4th Parachute Division and the Hermann Göring Division to defend the roads leading from Anzio to the Alban Hills via Campoleone and Cisterna whilst his plans expected some 20,000 defending troops to have arrived by the end of the first day. In addition, he requested that OKW send reinforcements, and in response to this they ordered the equivalent of more than three divisions from France, Yugoslavia, and Germany whilst at the same time releasing to Kesselring a further three divisions in Italy which had been under OKW's direct command.^[4] Later that morning, he ordered Generaloberst Eberhard von Mackensen (Fourteenth Army) and Gen. von Vietinghoff (Tenth Army - Gustav Line) to send him additional reinforcements. is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Polizeiabteilung z. ... The Alban Hills (It. ... Aprilia is a town and municipality in the province of Latina, in the Lazio region of central Italy. ... A cisterna (plural cisternae) comprises a flattened membrane disk which makes up the Golgi apparatus. ... Oberkommando der Wehrmacht OKW most notably stands for Oberkommando der Wehrmacht - the high Command of the Third Reich armed forces. ... Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija in the Latin alphabet, ÐˆÑƒÐ³Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ˜Ð° in Cyrillic; English: South Slavia, or literary The Land of South Slavs) describes three political entities that existed one at a time on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century. ... Colonel General is a senior military rank which is used in some of the world’s militaries. ... Eberhard von Mackensen (September 24, 1889 - May 19, 1969) was a German general serving in World War II. // Born in Bromberg as the son of August von Mackensen, Mackensen entered the German army in 1908. ... The German Fourteenth Army (German: ) was a World War II field army. ... The German Tenth Army (German: ) was a World War II field army. ...

The German units in the immediate vicinity had in fact been dispatched to reinforce the Gustav Line only a few days earlier. All available reserves from the southern front or on their way to it were rushed toward Anzio; these included the 3rd Panzer Grenadier and 71st Infantry Divisions, and the bulk of the Luftwaffe's Hermann Göring Panzer Division. Kesselring initially considered that a successful defence could not be made if the Allies launched a major attack on January 23 or January 24. However, by the end of January 22, the lack of aggressive action convinced him that a defence could be made. Nevertheless, few additional defenders arrived on January 23 although the arrival on the evening of January 22 of General Alfred Schlemm and his 1st Parachute Corps headquarters brought greater organisation and purpose to the German defensive preparations. By January 24, however, the Germans had over 40,000 troops in prepared defensive positions.^[5] Polizeiabteilung z. ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... General der Fallschirmtruppe Alfred Schlemm was a World War II Wehrmacht officer whose last wartime command opposed the advance of the First Canadian Army through the Reichswald in February 1945. ... is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Three days after the landings, the beachhead was surrounded by a defence line consisting of three divisions: The 4th Parachute Division to the west, the 3rd Panzer Grenadier Division to the center in front of Alban Hills, the Hermann Göring Panzer Division to the east.

The Wehrmacht's 14th Army, commanded by Gen. von Mackensen, assumed control of the defence on January 25. Elements of eight German divisions were employed in the defence line around the beachhead, and five more divisions were on their way to the Anzio area. Kesselring ordered an attack on the beachhead for January 28, though it was postponed to February 1. Wehrmacht (armed forces, literally defence force(s)) was the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. ... is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Allied offensive

Further troop movements including the arrival of U.S. 45th Infantry Division and U.S. 1st Armored Division, brought Allied forces total on the beachhead to 69,000 men, 508 guns and 208 tanks by January 29, whilst the total defending Germans had risen to 71,500.^[6] Lucas initiated a two-pronged attack on January 30. While one force was to cut Highway 7 at Cisterna before moving east into the Alban Hills, a second was to advance northeast up the Via Anziate towards Campoleone. In heavy fighting British 1st Division made ground but failed to take Campoleone and ended the battle in an exposed salient stretching up the Via Anzinate. On the right, two Ranger battalions made a daring covert advance towards Cisterna in advance of the main assault, but when daylight arrived they were engaged and cut off. Of the 767 men in the 1st and 3rd Ranger Battalions, 6 returned to the Allied lines and 743 were captured.^[7] The attack of the 3rd Division captured ground up to three miles deep on a seven-mile wide front, but failed to break through or capture Cisterna. The 45th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War II. // Activated: In 1924 as a National Guard Division in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. ... The 1st Armored Division â€”nicknamed â€œOld Ironsidesâ€â€” is an armored division of the United States Army with base of operations in Wiesbaden, Germany. ... is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Battle of Cisterna took place during World War II, on January 30 to February 2, 1944, near Cisterna, Italy, as part of the battle of Anzio that followed Operation Shingle. ...

German counterattacks

On February 3, the German forces counterattacked the Campoleone salient. They numbered some 100,000 troops organised into two Army Corps, the 1st Parachute Corps under Schlemm and the LXXVI Panzer Corps under Lieutenant-General Traugot Herr.^[8] Once more the fighting was fierce and the Allied forces, totalling 76,400 (includuing the recently arrived British 56th Infantry Division), gave ground and by February 10 had been pushed out of the salient. is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with 56th (1/1st London) Division. ... is the 41st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On February 16 the Germans launched a new offensive (Operation Fischfang) down the line of the Via Anziate. By February 18, after desperate fighting, the Allies' Final Beachhead Line (prepared defenses more or less on the line of the original beachhead) was under attack. However, a counterattack using VI Corps' reserves halted the German advance, and Fischfang petered out with both sides exhausted. During Fischfang the Germans had sustained 5,400 casualties, the Allies 3,500. Both had suffered 20,000 casualties each since the first landings.^[9] is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Despite the exhausted state of the troops, Hitler insisted that 14th Army should continue to attack. Consequently a further assault was mounted on February 29, this time on LXXVI Panzer Corps' front around Cisterna. This push achieved little except to generate a further 2,500 casualties for the 14th Army.^[10] Hitler redirects here. ... February 29 is a day added into a leap year of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Stalemate: planning for Operation Diadem

Both sides had realised that no decisive result could be achieved until the spring and reverted to a defensive posture involving aggressive patrolling and artillery duels whilst they worked to rebuild their fighting capabilities. In anticipation of events in the following spring, Kesselring ordered the preparation of a new defence line, the Caesar C line, behind the line of beachhead running from the mouth of the river Tiber just south of Rome through Albano, skirting south of the Alban Hills to Valmontone and across Italy to the Adriatic coast at Pescara, behind which 14th Army and, to their left, 10th Army might withdraw when the need arose.^[11] Meanwhile, Lucian Truscott, who had been promoted from the command of U.S. 3rd Infantry Division to replace Lucas as commander of VI Corps on February 22, worked with his staff on the plans for a decisive attack as part of a general offensive which General Harold Alexander, commander of Allied forces in Italy, was planning for May and which would include a major offensive on the Gustav Line, Operation Diadem (which was later to be called the fourth Battle of Cassino). The Objective of the plan was that a major offensive would fully engage Kesselring's armies and remove any prospect of the Germans withdrawing forces from Italy to use elsewhere. It was also intended to trap the bulk of the German Tenth Army between the Allied forces advancing through the Gustav Line and VI Corps thrusting inland from Anzio. Operation Diadem order of battle is a listing of the significant formations that were involved in the fighting on the Winter Line and at the Anzio bridgehead south of Rome during Operation Diadem in May - June 1944 which resulted in the Allied breakthrough at Cassino and the breakout at Anzio... German prepared defensive lines south of Rome The Caesar Line was the last German line of defence in Italy before Rome during the Second World War. ... Tiber River in Rome The Tiber (Italian Tevere, Latin Tiberis), the third-longest river in Italy at 406 km (252 miles) after the Po and the Adige, flows through Rome in its course from Mount Fumaiolo to the Tyrrhenian Sea, which it reaches in two branches that cross the suburbs... There are communes that have the name Albano in Italy: Albano di Lucania, in the province of Potenza Albano Laziale, in the province of Rome Albano SantAlessandro, in the province of Bergamo Albano Vercellese, in the province of Vercelli This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which... A satellite image of the Adriatic Sea. ... Pescaras port in the afterglow. ... Lucian King Truscott, Jr. ... is the 53rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Field Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis, KG, OM, GCB, GCSI, GCMG, GCVO, DSO, MC, LL.D, PC (10 December 1891 - 16 June 1969) was a British military commander and field marshal, notably during the Second World War as the commander of the 15th Army... Battle of Monte Cassino Conflict World War II, Italian Campaign Date January 17, 1944-May 19, 1944 Place Monte Cassino, Italy Result Allied victory The strategic position of Monte Cassino has made it the repeated scene of battles and sieges from antiquity. ...

In March U.S. 34th Infantry Division and in early May U.S. 36th Infantry Division had arrived at Anzio whilst British 56th Infantry Division had been relieved by British 5th Infantry Division. By late May there were some 150,000 Allied troops in the bridgehead^[12] including 5 U.S. and 2 British divisions facing 5 German divisions. The German divisions were well dug into prepared defenses but were weak in officer and NCO numbers and by the time of the late May offensive lacked any reserves (which had all been sent south to the Gustav fighting).^[13] The 34th Infantry Division is a division of the United States Army National Guard that participated in World War I, World War II and continues to serve today, with most of the Division part of the Minnesota and Iowa Army National Guard. ... The 36th Infantry Divisionâ€”also known as the Fighting 36th, the Lone Star Division, the Panther Division, or the Texas Divisionâ€”is an infantry division of the United States Army National Guard. ... The British 5th Infantry Division was established in 1906 and has been active for most of the period since, including World War I and World War II. // The 5th Division was a permanently established Regular Army division that was amongst the first to be sent to France at the outbreak...

Despite Alexander's overall plan for Diadem requiring VI Corps to strike inland and cut Route 6, Clark asked Truscott to prepare alternatives and be ready to switch from one to another at 48 hours' notice. Of the four scenarios prepared by Truscott, Operation Buffalo called for an attack through Cisterna, into the gap in the hills and to cut Route 6 at Valmontone. Operation Turtle on the other hand foresaw a main thrust to the left of the Alban Hills taking Campoleone, Albano and on to Rome. On May 5 Alexander selected Buffalo and issued Clark with orders to this effect.^[14] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 785 Ã— 599 pixels Full resolution (1265 Ã— 966 pixel, file size: 917 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Operation Shingle Metadata This file... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 785 Ã— 599 pixels Full resolution (1265 Ã— 966 pixel, file size: 917 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Operation Shingle Metadata This file... // is the 125th day of the year (126th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

However, Clark was determined that VI Corps should strike directly for Rome as evidenced in his later writing: "We not only wanted the honour of capturing Rome, but felt that we deserved it...Not only did we intend to become the first army to seize Rome from the south, but we intended to see that people at home knew that it was the Fifth Army that did the job, and knew the price that had been paid for it.".^[15] He argued to Alexander that VI Corps did not have the strength to trap the German 10th Army and Alexander, instead of making his requirements clear, was conciliatory and gave the impression that a push on Rome was still a possibility if Buffalo ran into difficulties.^[16] On May 6 Clark informed Truscott that "..the capture of Rome is the only important objective and to be ready to execute Turtle as well as Buffalo".^[17]

Truscott's planing for Buffalo was meticulous: British 5th Division and 1st Division on the left were to attack along the coast and up the Via Anziate to pin the German's 4th Parachute, 65th Infantry and 3rd Panzergrenadier in place whilst the U.S. 45th Infantry, 1st Armored and 3rd Infantry Divisions would launch the main assault, engaging the German 362nd and 715th Infantry Divisions and striking towards Campoleone, Velletri and Cisterna respectively. On the Allies' far right the 1st Special Service Force would protect the U.S. assault's flank.^[18] Velletri is a comune in the province of Rome, on the Alban Hills, in Lazio (Latium) - Italy. ... Shoulder sleeve patch of the 1st Special Service Force. ...

Breakout

At 05:45 on May 23, 1944, 1,500 Allied artillery pieces commenced bombardment. Forty minutes later the guns paused as attacks were made by close air support and then resumed as the infantry and armour moved forward.^[19] The first day's fighting was intense: 1st Armored Division lost 100 tanks and 3rd Infantry Division suffered 955 casualties, the highest single day figure for any U.S. division during World War II. The Germans suffered too, with 362nd Infantry Division estimated to have lost 50% of its fighting strength.^[20] is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

Mackensen had been convinced that the Allies' main thrust would be up the Via Anziate, and the ferocity of the British feint on May 23 and May 24 did nothing to pursade him otherwise. Kesselring, however, was convinced that the Allies' intentions were to gain Route 6 and ordered the Hermann Göring Panzer Division, resting 150 miles (240 km) away at Livorno^[21], to Valmontone to hold open Route 6 for the Tenth Army, which was retreating up this road from Cassino.^[22] is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Livorno (archaic English: ) is a port city on the Tyrrhenian Sea on the western edge of Tuscany, Italy. ...

In the afternoon of May 25 Cisterna finally fell to 3rd Division who had had to go house to house winkling out the German 362nd Infantry which had refused to withdraw and, as a consequence, had virtually ceased to exist by the end of the day. By the end of May 25, 3rd Infantry were heading into the Velletri gap near Cori, and elements of 1st Armored had reached within 3 miles (5 km) of Valmontone and were in contact with units of the Herman Göring Division which were just starting to arrive from Leghorn^[21]. Although VI Corps had suffered over 3,300 casualties in the three days fighting, Operation Buffalo was going to plan, and Truscott was confident that a concerted attack by 1st Armored and 3rd Infantry Divisions the next day would get his troops astride Route 6.^[23] is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Cori refers to a number of different people, things and places. ...

On the evening of May 25 Truscott received new orders from Clark via his Operations Officer, Brigadier Don Brand. These were, in effect, to implement Operation Turtle and turn the main line of attack ninety degrees to the left. Most importantly, although the attack towards Valmontone and Route 6 would continue, 1st Armored were to withdraw to prepare to exploit the planned breakthrough along the new line of attack leaving 3rd Division to continue towards Valmontone with 1st Special Service Force in support.^[24] Clark informed Alexander of these developments late in the morning of May 26 by which time the change of orders was a fait accompli.^[25] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 458 Ã— 599 pixels Full resolution (1070 Ã— 1400 pixel, file size: 308 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Operation Shingle ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 458 Ã— 599 pixels Full resolution (1070 Ã— 1400 pixel, file size: 308 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Operation Shingle ... is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

At the time, Truscott was shocked, writing later "...I was dumbfounded. This was no time to drive to the north-west where the enemy was still strong; we should pour our maximum power into the Valmontone Gap to insure the destruction of the retreating German Army. I would not comply with the order without first talking to General Clark in person. ...[However] he was not on the beachhead and could not be reached even by radio....such was the order that turned the main effort of the beachhead forces from the Valmontone Gap and prevented destruction of the German Tenth Army. On the 26th the order was put into effect.".^[26] He went on to write "There has never been any doubt in my mind that had General Clark held loyally to General Alexander's instructions, had he not changed the direction of my attack to the north-west on May 26, the strategic objectives of Anzio would have been accomplished in full. To be first in Rome was a poor compensation for this lost opportunity".^[27]

On May 26, whilst VI Corps was initiating its difficult maneuver, Kesselring threw elements of 4 divisions into the Velletri gap to stall the advance on Route 6. For four days they slugged it out against 3rd Division until finally withdrawing on May 30, having kept Route 6 open and allowed 7 divisions from 10th Army to withdraw and head north of Rome.^[28] is the 146th day of the year (147th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On the new axis of attack little progress was made until 1st Armored were in position on May 29, when the front advanced to the main Caesar C Line defences. Nevertheless, an early breakthrough seemed unlikely until on May 30 Major-General Fred Walker's 36th Division found a gap in the Caesar Line at the join between 1st Parachute Corps and LXXVI Panzer Corps. Climbing the steep slopes of Monte Artemisio they threatened Velletri from the rear and obliged the defenders to withdraw. This was a key turning point, and von Mackensen offered his resignation which Kesselring accepted.^[29] is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 150th day of the year (151st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A number of famous people have gone by the name of Fred Walker: Fred Walker (industrialist), steel magnate from Blackburn, United Kingdom. ... The 36th Infantry Divisionâ€”also known as the Fighting 36th, the Lone Star Division, the Panther Division, or the Texas Divisionâ€”is an infantry division of the United States Army National Guard. ...

Raising the pressure further, Clark assigned U.S. II Corps which, fighting its way along the coast from the Gustav Line, had joined up with VI Corps on May 25 to attack around the right hand side of the Alban Hills and advance along the line of Route 6 to Rome. is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On June 2 the Caesar Line collapsed under the mounting pressure, and 14th Army commenced a fighting withdrawal through Rome. On the same day Hitler, fearing another Battle of Stalingrad, had ordered Kesslering that there should be "no defence of Rome".^[30] Over the next three days the rearguards were gradually overwhelmed, and Rome was entered in the early hours of June 5 with Clark holding an impromptu press conference on the steps of the Town Hall on the Capitoline Hill that morning. He ensured the event was a strictly American affair by stationing military police at road junctions to refuse entry to the city by British military personnel.^[31] is the 153rd day of the year (154th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Stalingrad is the former name of two cities: Volgograd, Russia Karviná-Nové Město, near Ostrava, Czech Republic Other uses: The Battle of Stalingrad (a major turning-point of World War II and arguably the bloodiest battle in human history) Stalingrad (German film set during the above battle) Stalingrad... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Capitoline Hill (Capitolinus Mons), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the most famous and smallest of the seven hills of Rome. ...

Aftermath

Although controversy continues regarding what may have happened had General Lucas been more aggressive from the start, most commentators agree that the initial Anzio plan was flawed, questioning whether the initial landing of just over two infantry divisions with no supporting armour had had the strength to achieve the objective of cutting Route 6 and then holding off the inevitable counterattacks which would come as Kesselring re-deployed his forces. What is clear is that because of Clark's change of plan, Operation Diadem (during which U.S. 5th and British 8th Armies sustained 44,000 casualties) failed in its objective of destroying the German 10th Army and condemned the Allies to a further year of brutal combat notably around the Gothic Line from August 1944 to May 1945. German defensive positions in Northern Italy 1944 370th Infantry Regiment walking toward the mountains at north of Prato - April 1945 The Gothic Line, also known as Linea Gotica, formed Field Marshal Albert Kesselrings last major line of defence in the final stages of World War II along the summits...

Churchill however, defended the Anzio operation.^[32] In his view, sufficient forces were available. He had clearly made great political efforts to procure certain resources, especially the extra LSTs needed to deliver a second division to shore, but also specific units useful to the attack such as U.S. 504th Parachute Regiment. He argued that even regardless of the tactical outcome of the operation, there was immediate strategic benefit with regard to the wider war. Following the landings, the German High Command dropped plans to transfer five of Kesselring's best divisions to North West Europe. This gave obvious benefit with regard to the upcoming Operation Overlord. Churchill also had to ensure the British dominated forces in Italy were contributing to the war at a time when the Russians were suffering tremendous losses on the Eastern Front. Canadian LST offloading an M4 Sherman during the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943. ... For more information about the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment see the main article. ...

Noted participants

Denis Winston Healey, Baron Healey, CH, MBE, PC (born 30 August 1917), is a British Labour politician. ... Pink Floyd are an English rock band that initially earned recognition for their psychedelic rock music, and, as they evolved, for their avant-garde progressive rock music. ... George Roger Waters (born September 6, 1943) is an English rock musician; singer, guitarist, bassist, songwriter, and composer. ... Eric Fletcher Waters (born 1913 - died February 18, 1944) was a soldier in World War II. He was the father of Roger Waters, an English rock musician and songwriter, and was a major influence on his songwriting, despite never having met him. ... When the Tigers Broke Free is a song by Roger Waters describing the death of his father, Eric Fletcher Waters, in World War II. The song was written specifically for the 1982 movie version of Pink Floyds album The Wall and first released as a 7 single on July... BBC Radio is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal Charter since 1927. ... Andy Parfitt (born 1958) is the current Controller of BBC Radio 1 in the United Kingdom. ... The Royal Scots Fusiliers is a Regiment of the British army. ... Platoon of the German Bundeswehr. ... Millie, once mascot of the City of Brampton, is now the Brampton Arts Councils representative. ... The year 1979 was proclaimed the International Year of the Child by the United Nations. ... This biographical article needs additional references for verification. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... William Henry Bill Mauldin (October 29, 1921 â€“ January 22, 2003) was a two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning editorial cartoonist of the United States. ... Flag ratio: 10:19; nicknames: Stars and Stripes, Old Glory The flag of the United States of America consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars... The 45th Infantry Division might refer to one of the following military units: 45th Infantry Division (United States) 45th Infantry Division (United Kingdom) Category: ... James Dawson Chichester-Clark, Baron Moyola, PC, DL (February 12, 1923â€“May 17, 2002) was the fifth Prime Minister of Northern Ireland and eighth leader of the Ulster Unionist Party. ... This article deals with the current British Army regiment, for historical regiments, see Historical Irish Guards regiments. ... The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland was the head of the Government of Northern Ireland, appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. ... The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or, in a historic sense, simply the Unionist Party) is a moderate unionist political party in Northern Ireland. ...

Contents

Background

Plan

Availability of naval forces

Order of battle

Southern attack

Battle

Initial Landings

After the landings

Response of Axis forces

Allied offensive

German counterattacks

Stalemate: planning for Operation Diadem

Breakout

Aftermath

Noted participants

See also

Notes

References

External links

Contents

Background GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Plan

Availability of naval forces

Order of battle

Southern attack

Battle

Initial Landings

After the landings

Response of Axis forces

Allied offensive

German counterattacks

Stalemate: planning for Operation Diadem

Breakout

Aftermath

Noted participants

See also

Notes

References

External links

Background