The operation was ordered in response to the massacre of 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics.^[1][2]

Operation Wrath of God (Hebrew: מבצע זעם האל (Mivtzah Zaam Ha'el)),^[3] also called Operation Bayonet,^[4] was a covert operation directed by Israel and the Mossad to assassinate those who directly or indirectly perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre. Image File history File links LinkFA-star. ... Image File history File links Ap_munich905_t. ... Image File history File links Ap_munich905_t. ... One of the Black September terrorists on the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at the Olympic village The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September, a group... The Games of the XX Olympiad were held in 1972 in Munich, West Germany. ... Hebrew redirects here. ... Covert operations are military or political activities that are not only clandestine (undertaken in a manner that disguises the identity of the perpetrators) but also covert, i. ... For the Haganah branch responsible for clandestine Jewish immigration into the British Mandate of Palestine, see Mossad Lealiyah Bet   (Hebrew: המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים, The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations) is the Israeli intelligence agency, often referred to as Mossad (in English: The Institute). ... Assassin and Targeted killing redirect here. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... One of the Black September terrorists on the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at the Olympic village The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September, a group...

Their targets included members of the Palestinian militant group Black September, which was responsible for the Munich attack, and members of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) accused of being involved.^[5] Authorized to begin by Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir in the autumn of 1972, the operation may have continued for more than 20 years.^[6] The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... A Black September terrorist on a balcony in the Olympic Village in September 1972, during what became known as the Munich Massacre, in which 11 Israeli athletes were kidnapped and killed. ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the... The Prime Minister of Israel (Hebrew: ראש הממשלה, Rosh HaMemshala, lit. ... Golda Meir (Hebrew:  ) (born Golda Mabovitz, May 3, 1898; died December 8, 1978) was one of the founders of the State of Israel. ...

During this time covert Israeli assassination units killed tens of Palestinians and Arabs across Europe, including the mistaken killing of an innocent waiter in Lillehammer, Norway. An additional military assault was launched by Israeli commandos deep inside Lebanon to kill several high-profile Palestinian targets. This string of assassinations spurred retaliation attacks by Black September against a variety of Israeli government targets. It has also prompted criticism of Israel for its choice of targets, tactic of assassination, and overall effectiveness. Because of the secretive nature of the operation, some details are unverifiable beyond a single source, including the story of an Israeli who claims to have led an Israeli assassination squad. The Lillehammer affair refers to the murder by Mossad agents of a Moroccan waiter, Ahmed Bouchiki, in Lillehammer, Norway on July 21, 1973. ... On July 21, 1973, Ahmed Bouchiki, an Algerian-born Moroccan citizen working as a waiter in Lillehammer, Norway, was killed by Israeli agents of the Mossad intelligence agency. ... County Oppland District Gudbrandsdal Municipality NO-0501 Administrative centre Lillehammer Mayor (2005) Synnøve Brenden Klemetrud (Ap) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 211 477 km² 450 km² 0. ... Operation Spring of Youth took place on the night of April 9 and early morning of April 10, 1973. ... The word source has more than one meaning: // Information Source Edit: A software program for developers in which you can edit your source code regardless of the computer language. ...

The operation was depicted in the HBO film Sword of Gideon (1986), and Steven Spielberg's Munich (2005). HBO (Home Box Office) is a premium cable television network with headquarters in New York City. ... Sword of Gideon is a 1986 film about Mossad agents hunting down terrorists associated with the 1972 Munich Massacre. ... Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (born December 18, 1946) is a three-time Academy Award-winning American film director and producer. ... Munich is a 2005 Academy Award-nominated film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Tony Kushner and Eric Roth. ...

Background and planning

After the hijacking, Meir supposedly told Yariv and Zamir, "Send forth the boys".^[7]

The massacre of 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics by the Palestinian militant group Black September moved Israel to consider more drastic measures to deter future terrorism. Soon after the incident Prime Minister Golda Meir created Committee X, a small group of government officials tasked with formulating an Israeli response, with herself and Defense Minister Moshe Dayan at the head. She also appointed General Aharon Yariv as her Advisor on Counterterrorism; he, along with Mossad Director Zvi Zamir, took the principal role in directing the ensuing operation. The committee came to the conclusion that to deter future terrorist incidents against Israel they needed to assassinate those who had supported or carried out the Munich massacre, and in dramatic fashion. Pressured by Israeli public opinion and top intelligence officials, Golda Meir reluctantly authorized the beginning of the broad assassination campaign.^[8] Yet when the three surviving perpetrators of the massacre were released just months later by Germany in compliance with the demands of the hijackers of a Lufthansa aircraft, any remaining ambivalence she felt was removed.^[9] The suddenness of Germany's capitulation to the demands has since aroused suspicion as to whether the entire hijacking was simply a show to allow West Germany to rid itself of the possibility of future retaliation.^[10] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2355x3108, 278 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Golda Meir Portal:Israel Portal:Israel/Picture List of Milwaukeeans Operation Wrath of God ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (2355x3108, 278 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Golda Meir Portal:Israel Portal:Israel/Picture List of Milwaukeeans Operation Wrath of God ... One of the Black September terrorists on the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at the Olympic village The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September, a group... The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, were held in Munich, West Germany, from 26 August to 11 September 1972. ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... A Black September terrorist on a balcony in the Olympic Village in September 1972, during what became known as the Munich Massacre, in which 11 Israeli athletes were kidnapped and killed. ... Terrorist redirects here. ... Defense Ministers of Israel, 1948-present David Ben-Gurion 1948-1954 Pinhas Lavon 1954-1955 David Ben-Gurion 1955-1963 Levi Eshkol 1963-1967 Moshe Dayan 1967-1974 Shimon Peres 1974-1977 Ezer Weizman 1977-1980 Menachem Begin 1980-1981 Ariel Sharon 1981-1983 Moshe Arens 1983-1984 Yitzhak Rabin... Moshe Dayan Moshe Dayan, DSO (Hebrew: משה דיין) (May 20, 1915 – October 16, 1981), was an Israeli military leader and politician. ... Aharon Yariv (December 20, 1920 in Moscow, USSR - May 7, 1994) was a member of the Israeli Knesset and a major-general in the Israeli Defense Forces. ... Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. ... Zvi Zamir (1925) was the Director of the Mossad from 1968 to 1974. ... One of the Black September terrorists on the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at the Olympic village The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September, a group... Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Stub | Crimes | Terrorism | IT ... Deutsche Lufthansa AG (pronounced ) is the largest German airline, and the second-largest in Europe (behind Air France-KLM, but before British Airways). ...

The committee's first task for Israeli intelligence was to draw up an assassination list of all those involved in Munich. This was accomplished with the aid of PLO operatives working for the Mossad, and with information provided by friendly European intelligence agencies.^[11] While the contents of the entire list are unknown, reports put the final number of targets at 20-35: a mix of Black September and PLO elements.^[12] Once this was complete, the Mossad was charged with locating the individuals and assassinating them.

Critical in the planning was the idea of plausible deniability, that it should be impossible to prove a direct connection between the assassinations and Israel.^[13] In addition, the operations were intended to strike a more general fear into Palestinian militants. According to David Kimche, former deputy head of Mossad, "The aim was not so much revenge but mainly to make them [the militant Palestinians] frightened. We wanted to make them look over their shoulders and feel that we are upon them. And therefore we tried not to do things by just shooting a guy in the street – that’s easy … fairly."^[14] Plausible deniability also Deniability is the term given to the creation of loose and informal chains of command in government, which allow controversial instructions given by high-ranking officials to be denied if they become public. ...

Organization

Several descriptions have emerged as to the groups formed by Mossad who carried out the assassination campaign. It is possible that different groups were formed for different objectives, and existed at different or overlapping periods of time, which may account for the variety of reports. Certainity exists solely about the assassinations that actually took place, while further information is based on limited sources.

It is also known that Mossad agent Michael Harari led the creation and direction of the teams,^[15] although some may not have always been under government responsibility. Author Simon Reeve explains that the Mossad team consisted of Michael Mike Harari (born 1927) was a member of the Mossad who directed the failed Lillehammer affair, and later became an arms-dealer and high level advisor for General Manuel Noriega in Panama. ... Simon Reeve on the border in the unrecognised nation Nagorno-Karabakh Simon Reeve (born 1972) is a British author and TV presenter. ...

...fifteen people divided into five squads: 'Aleph," two trained killers; "Bet," two guards who would shadow the Alephs; "Heth," two agents who would establish cover for the rest of the team by renting hotel rooms, apartments, cars, and so on; "Ayin," comprising between six and eight agents who formed the backbone of the operation, shadowing targets and establishing an escape route for the Aleph and Bet squads; and "Qoph," two agents specializing in communications.[squad names are letters of the Hebrew alphabet]^[16] This article is mainly about Hebrew letters. ...

This is similar to former Mossad katsa Victor Ostrovsky's description of the Mossad's own assassination teams, the Kidon. In fact, Ostrovsky says in his book that it was Kidon units that committed the assassinations.^[17] A katsa is a field intelligence officer of Mossad. ... Victor Ostrovsky (born on November 28, 1949 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a Canadian-born, Israel-raised former Mossad officer and author of several books claiming to expose Mossad’s wrongdoings. ... Kidon (Hebrew: bayonet) is the name of a department within Israels Mossad that is responsible for assassination and kidnapping. ...

Another report by author Aaron Klein says that these teams were actually part of a unit called Caesarea, which would be renamed and reorganized into Kidon in the mid-1970s.^[18] Harari eventually commanded three Caesarea teams of around 12 members each. They were each further divided into logistics, surveillance, and assassination squads.^[19] The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, inclusive. ...

One of the covert teams was revealed in the aftermath of the Lillehammer affair (see Ali Hassan Salameh section below), when six members of the Mossad assassination team were caught by Norwegian authorities. Harari escaped to Israel, and it is possible that others were able to evade capture with him. An article in Time Magazine immediately after the killing put the total number of Mossad personnel at 15,^[20] which would also be similar to the above descriptions. The Lillehammer affair refers to the murder by Mossad agents of a Moroccan waiter, Ahmed Bouchiki, in Lillehammer, Norway on July 21, 1973. ... (Clockwise from upper left) Time magazine covers from May 7, 1945; July 25, 1969; December 31, 1999; September 14, 2001; and April 21, 2003. ...

A much different account comes from Yuval Aviv in the book Vengeance, where he states that the Mossad set up a five-man unit of trained intelligence personnel which he led in Europe. Aviv also says that the team operated outside of direct government control, and that its only communications were with Harari.^[21] Yuval Aviv was the source of the book by George Jonas, on which Spielbergs film is based Yuval Aviv is a New York-based private investigator who was the source of the 1984 book, Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team, by George Jonas, on which... World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...

Operations

1972

The first assassination occurred on October 16, 1972, when Palestinian Abdel Wael Zwaiter was shot 12 times in his apartment building in Rome. Two Israeli agents had been waiting for him to return from dinner, and after the shooting, were spirited away to a safe house. At the time Zwaiter was the PLO representative in Italy, and while Israel privately claimed he was a member of Black September and was involved in a failed plot against an El Al airliner, members of the PLO have argued that he was in no way connected. Abu Iyad, deputy-chief of the PLO, has stated that Zwaiter was "energetically" against terrorism.^[22] October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years). ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... Abdel Wael Zwaiter (Arabic: وائل زعيتر) was a Palestinian translator and the first victim of Israels Operation Wrath of God campaign following the 1972 Munich massacre. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 8th century BC Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1,285 km²  (496. ... A safe house is a location placed in the neighbourhood where a trusted adult or family or charity organization has agreed to provide a safe place for battered wives and abused children to go to, when they feel that their lives are threatened by domestic abuse. ... Categories: Airline stubs | Companies of Israel | Transportation in Israel | Airlines of Israel ... Abu Iyad(Arabic أبو إياد) (? - January 14, 1991)(born Salah Khalaf ( Arabic صلاح خلف)) was Palestine Liberation Organization deputy chief and intelligence chief, and at the time of his death was considered the second most senior official of Fatah after...

The second target of the Mossad was Dr. Mahmoud Hamshari, who was the PLO representative in France. Using an agent posing as a journalist, the Mossad lured him from his apartment in Paris to allow a demolition team to enter and install a bomb underneath a desk telephone. On December 8, 1972, the "journalist" called Hamshari, and once it was confirmed that he had picked up the phone, a detonation signal was sent through the telephone to detonate the bomb. Hamshari was not immediately killed by the blast, but died from the injuries he sustained within a month. Israel chose him as a target because it was believed that he was the leader of Black September in France.^[23] City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région ÃŽle-de-France Département Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land... December 8 is the 342nd day (343rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

1973

On the night of January 24, 1973, Hussein Al Bashir (Jordanian) (Hussein Abad Al Chir), the Fatah representative in Cyprus, turned off the lights in his Olympic Hotel room in Nicosia. Moments later, a bomb planted under his bed by the Mossad was remotely detonated, killing him and destroying the room. Israel believed him to be the head of Black September in Cyprus, though another reason for his assassination may have been for his close ties with the KGB.^[24] January 24 is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Fatah (Arabic: فتح); a reverse acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (literally: Palestinian National Liberation Movement) is a major Palestinian political party and the largest organization in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a multi-party confederation. ... Satellite photo of Nicosia, Cyprus For the Italian town, see Nicosia, Sicily Nicosia, in Turkish: Lefkoşa or Lefkosia (Greek: Λευκωσία , also colloquially Khora, Χώρα ), is the capital and largest city of Cyprus. ... The introduction to this article is too long. ...

The assassinations returned to Paris on April 6, 1973, when Dr. Basil Al-Kubaissi, a law professor at the American University of Beirut suspected by Israel of providing arms logistics for Black September as well as being involved in other Palestinian plots,^[25] was gunned down while returning home from dinner. Like previous assassinations, he was shot around 12 times by two Israeli agents. April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (97th in leap years). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Several of the targets on the Mossad's list lived in heavily guarded houses in Lebanon that were beyond the reach of previous assassination methods. In order to assassinate them, Operation Spring of Youth was launched as a sub-operation of the larger Wrath of God campaign. During the night of April 9, 1973, Sayeret Matkal commandos and other Israeli support teams launched multiple raids into Beirut and Sidon. There, they succeeded in assassinating a number of high-level PLO and Black September targets, including Muhammad Youssef Al-Najjar (Abu Youssef), the Black September Operations Officer and PLO official, Kamal Adwan, an Operations and Intelligence Officer of Black September and Fatah veteran, and Kamal Nasser, PLO spokesman. The son of Kamal Adwan who was in the apartment when his father was killed, has said that Kamal was not at all involved in Munich, but did organize resistance in the West Bank. The Munich massacre, he says, was "a godsend opportunity for the Israelis to actually kill people".^[26] Operation Spring of Youth took place on the night of April 9 and early morning of April 10, 1973. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Sayeret Matkal - logo Sayeret Matkal (Hebrew: סיירת מטכל - General Staff Reconnaissance unit) is the elite special forces unit of the Israeli Defence Force (IDF). ... For other uses, see Beirut (disambiguation). ... , Sidon or Saida, (Arabic صيدا Ṣaydā) is the third-largest city in Lebanon. ... Muhammad Youssef Al-Najjar (-April 10, 1973), commonly known as Abu Youssef, was a Palestinian militant. ... Fatah (Arabic: فتح); a reverse acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (literally: Palestinian National Liberation Movement) is a major Palestinian political party and the largest organization in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a multi-party confederation. ... Writer; edited the militant newspaper Al-Jil al-Jadid (The New Era) in the 1960s; PLO spokesman in Beirut; killed by an Israeli raid in Beirut on April 10, 1973. ...

Three assassinations quickly followed the Lebanon operation. Zaiad Muchasi, the replacement for Hussein Al Bashir in Cyprus, was blown up in his Athens hotel room on April 11. Two minor Black September members, Abdel Hamid Shibi and Abdel Hadi Nakaa, were injured in their car in Rome.^[27] Athens (Greek: Αθήνα, Athína IPA: ) is the capital and largest city of Greece and the birthplace of democracy. ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ...

Israel also began to follow Mohammad Boudia, an Algerian-born director of operations for Black September in France known for his disguises and womanizing. On June 28, 1973, Boudia was assassinated in Paris by a "pressure activated 'land mine', packed with heavy nuts and bolts," and placed under his car seat by the Mossad.^[28] June 28 is the 179th day of the year (180th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 186 days remaining. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

Ali Hassan Salameh

The Mossad continued to search for Ali Hassan Salameh, nicknamed the Red Prince, who was the head of Force 17 and the Black September operative believed by Israel to be the mastermind behind the Munich massacre. This belief has since been challenged by accounts of senior Black September officials, who say that while he was involved in many attacks in Europe, Salameh was not at all connected with the events in Munich.^[29] Ali Hassan Salameh Ali Hassan Salameh (1943 – January 22, 1979) was the chief of operations — code name Abu Hassan - for Black September, the terrorist organisation responsible for the Munich Massacre (1972) and other attacks; he was also the founder of Force 17. ... Force 17 is an elite VIP protection unit of the Palestinian Fatah movement and later of the Office of the Chairman of the Palestinian Authority. ...

Ali Hassan Salameh (above), considered by Israel the mastermind of Munich, was assassinated in 1979.

Almost a full year after Munich, the Mossad believed they had finally located Salameh in the small Norwegian town Lillehammer. On July 21, 1973, in what would become known as the Lillehammer affair, a team of Mossad agents killed Ahmed Bouchiki, a Moroccan waiter unrelated to the Munich attack and Black September, after an informant mistakenly identified Bouchiki as Salameh. Six Mossad agents, including two women, were captured by the Norwegian authorities, while others, including the leader Mike Harari, managed to escape back to Israel. Five of the captured were convicted of the killing and imprisoned, but were released and returned to Israel in 1975. Victor Ostrovsky claims that Salameh was instrumental in leading the Mossad off course by giving the Mossad false information about his whereabouts.^[30] Image File history File links Alihassansalameh. ... Image File history File links Alihassansalameh. ... Ali Hassan Salameh Ali Hassan Salameh (1943 – January 22, 1979) was the chief of operations — code name Abu Hassan - for Black September, the terrorist organisation responsible for the Munich Massacre (1972) and other attacks; he was also the founder of Force 17. ... County Oppland District Gudbrandsdal Municipality NO-0501 Administrative centre Lillehammer Mayor (2005) Synnøve Brenden Klemetrud (Ap) Official language form BokmÃ¥l Area  - Total  - Land  - Percentage Ranked 211 477 km² 450 km² 0. ... July 21 is the 202nd day (203rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 163 days remaining. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... The Lillehammer affair refers to the murder by Mossad agents of a Moroccan waiter, Ahmed Bouchiki, in Lillehammer, Norway on July 21, 1973. ... On July 21, 1973, Ahmed Bouchiki, an Algerian-born Moroccan citizen working as a waiter in Lillehammer, Norway, was killed by Israeli agents of the Mossad intelligence agency. ...

In the aftermath of the affair, international outrage over the mistaken murder forced Golda Meir to order the suspension of Operation Wrath of God.^[31] The ensuing Norwegian investigation and revelations by the captured agents compromised Mossad assets across Europe, including safe houses, agents, and operational methods.^[32] Yet five years later it was decided to recommence the operation under new Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and find those on the list and still at large.^[33]   (August 16, 1913 – March 9, 1992) (Hebrew: מְנַחֵם בְּגִין) was a Polish-Jewish head of the Zionist underground group the Irgun, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and the first Likud Prime Minister of Israel. ...

The Mossad began surveillance of Salameh's movements after tracking him to Beirut during late fall of 1978. A Mossad agent calling herself Erika Mary Chambers and traveling under a 1975 British passport entered Lebanon and rented an apartment on the Rue Verdun, a street Salameh frequently used. Several other officers arrived, including two under the pseudonyms Peter Scriver and Roland Kolberg, traveling with British and Canadian passports respectively. Some time after their arrival a Volkswagen was packed with plastic explosives and parked along Rue Verdun within view of Chambers' apartment. At 3:35 p.m. on January 22, 1979, Salameh drove down the street in a Chevrolet station wagon with four bodyguards. The Volkswagen was detonated from the apartment with a radio device, and after 5 previous attempts,^[34] the Mossad killed Salameh, along with everyone else in the car. Four innocent bystanders were also killed in the explosion, including an English student and a German nun. In addition, 18 others in the vicinity received injuries. Immediately following the operation the three Mossad officers vanished, as well as up to 14 other agents believed to have been involved in the operation.^[34] To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... January 22 is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... Chevrolet (IPA: ʃɛv. ...

Munich hostage-takers

Three of the eight militants that carried out the Munich massacre survived the German rescue attempt at Fürstenfeldbruck airbase on the final night of the hostage crisis and were taken into German custody: Jamal Al-Gashey, Adnan Al-Gashey, and Mohammed Safady. They were released several weeks later after hijackers of a Lufthansa airliner demanded their release from the German government. One of the Black September terrorists on the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at the Olympic village The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September, a group... Fürstenfeldbruck is a town in Bavaria, Germany. ... Jamal Al-Gashey (born 1953?) was a member of the Black September offshoot of the Palestine Liberation Organization and is the last-known surviving hostage-taker from the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre. ... Deutsche Lufthansa AG (pronounced ) is the largest German airline, and the second-largest in Europe (behind Air France-KLM, but before British Airways). ...

It had been thought that Adnan Al-Gashey and Mohammed Safady were both assassinated several years after the massacre; Al-Gashey was found after making contact with a cousin in a Gulf State, and Safady was found by remaining in touch with family in Lebanon.^[35] This account was challenged by a recent book by Aaron Klein, who claims that Adnan died of heart failure in the 1970s and Safady is still living today.^[36] Jamal Al-Gashey went into hiding in North Africa, where he is believed to still be alive. In 1999 he granted an interview to director Kevin Macdonald for the documentary One Day in September.^[37] It has been suggested that Persian Gulf States be merged into this article or section. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent. ... Kevin Macdonald (October 28, 1967) is a Scottish documentary film director, best known for Touching the Void (2003). ... One Day in September was a 1999 documentary film directed by Kevin Macdonald examining the September 5, 1972 killing of 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. ...

Other actions

Along with direct assassinations, the Mossad used a variety of other means to respond to the Munich massacre and deter future terrorist actions. Victor Ostrovsky says that this included psychological warfare, such as running obituaries of still living militants and sending highly detailed personal information to others.^[38] Reeve further states that the Mossad would call junior Palestinian officials, and after divulging to them their personal information, would warn them to disassociate from any Palestinian cause.^[39] More directly, the Mossad engaged in a campaign of letter bombs against Palestinian officials across Europe.^[38] Historian Benny Morris writes that these attacks caused non-fatal injuries to their targets, which included persons in Algeria and Libya, Palestinian student activists in Bonn and Copenhagen, and a Red Crescent official in Stockholm.^[40] Klein also cites an incident in Cairo where a bomb malfunctioned, sparing the two Palestinian targets.^[41] It has been suggested that infowars be merged into this article or section. ... A mailbomb (or mail bomb), also called parcel bomb or letter bomb, is an explosive device sent via the postal service, and designed to explode when opened, injuring or killing the recipient, usually someone the sender has a personal grudge against, or more indiscriminately as part of a terrorist campaign. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany, located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. ... Copenhagen (IPA: , rhyming with pagan (the way the Danes themselves pronounce the name of the capital in English), or , with a as in spa; Danish   IPA: ) is the capital of Denmark and the countrys largest city (metropolitan population 1,211,542 (2006)), at present made up of 16 municipalities. ... The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is the worlds largest group of humanitarian non-governmental organizations, often known simply as the Red Cross, after its original symbol. ...   (IPA: ; UN/LOCODE: SE STO) is the capital of Sweden, and consequently the site of its Government and Parliament as well as the residence of the Swedish head of state, King Carl XVI Gustaf. ... Cairos location in Egypt Coordinates: Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area    - City 210 km²  - Metro 1,492 km² Population    - City (2005) 7,438,376  - Density 35,420/km²  - Urban 10,834,495  - Metro 15,200,000 Time zone EET (UTC+2) EEST (UTC+3) Cairo (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), It comes...

Other assassinations

Several assassinations or assassination attempts have been attributed to the Wrath of God campaign, although doubt exists as to whether the Mossad was behind them. The first such assassination occurred on July 27, 1979, when the head of PLO military operations, Zuheir Mohsen, was gunned down in Cannes, France, just after leaving a casino. Responsibility for the attack has been placed by various sources on the Mossad, other Palestinians, and possibly Egypt.^[42] Abu Daoud, a Black September commander who openly claims to have helped plan the Munich attack, was shot several times on July 27, 1981 by a gunman in a Warsaw hotel lobby. He has stated that the Mossad was behind the attempt, but it is unclear whether it was the Mossad or another breakaway Palestinian faction.^[43] On June 8, 1992 the PLO head of intelligence, Atef Bseiso, was shot and killed in Paris by two gunmen with silencers. While the PLO and a recent book by Israeli author Aaron Klein blame the Mossad for the killing, other reports indicate that the Abu Nidal Organization was behind it.^[44][45] July 27 is the 208th day (209th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 157 days remaining. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... Zuheir Mohsen (b. ... Cannes (Canas in Provençal) (pronounced ) is a city and commune in southern France, located on the Riviera, in the Alpes-Maritimes département. ... Mohammad Oudeh, commonly known as Abu Daoud, is the leader of the Black September, the Palestine Liberation Organisation splinter group that carried out the 1972 Munich massacre. ... July 27 is the 208th day (209th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 157 days remaining. ... 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Warsaw (Polish: , , in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ... One of the Black September terrorists on the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at the Olympic village The Munich Massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September – a group with... Aaron Klein Aaron Klein is Jerusalem Bureau Chief for the popular news website WorldNetDaily. ... Created by a split from the Fatah in 1974, the Abu Nidal Organization (officially named Fatah - the Revolutionary Council) is an international organization named for its founder Abu Nidal. ...

Reactions

Black September response

Black September never achieved another success of the magnitude of the Munich massacre after Operation Wrath of God, although it did attempt and carry out a number of attacks and hostage takings against Israel.

Similar to the Mossad's letter bomb campaign, dozens of letter bombs were sent from Amsterdam to Israeli diplomatic posts around the world in September and October of 1972, killing Israeli Agricultural Counselor Ami Shachori in Britain.^[46] Amsterdam Location Flag Country Netherlands Province North Holland Population 741,329 (1 August 2006) Demonym Amsterdammer Coordinates Website www. ...

On December 28, 1972, four Black September militants took over the Israeli embassy in Bangkok, holding 12 hostage. Though their demands were not met, negotiations secured the release of all the hostages and the Black September militants were given safe passage to Cairo.^[47] December 28 is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 3 days remaining. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The Bangkok Skytrain at sunset on Thanon Narathiwat Ratcha Nakharin with Empire Tower at the back. ... Cairos location in Egypt Coordinates: Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area    - City 210 km²  - Metro 1,492 km² Population    - City (2005) 7,438,376  - Density 35,420/km²  - Urban 10,834,495  - Metro 15,200,000 Time zone EET (UTC+2) EEST (UTC+3) Cairo (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), It comes...

A spectacular attack was planned by Black September when it learned that Prime Minister Golda Meir would be travelling to Rome to meet with Pope Paul VI in January 1973. Several shoulder-launched Strela 2 missiles were smuggled into Italy and positioned around Fiumicino Airport as Meir's plane approached. The attack was foiled at the last minute by Mossad agents at the airport, who succeeded in stopping all of the missile teams before the plane arrived.^[48] Pope Paul VI (Latin: ), (Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (September 26, 1897 – August 6, 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. ... A soldier posing with a Strela launcher. ... Leonardo da Vinci International Airport (IATA: FCO, ICAO: LIRF), also known as Fiumicino International Airport, is Italys largest airport, with over 29 million passengers in the year 2005. ...

Beyond this, two Israelis suspected of being intelligence agents were shot and killed, as well as an Israeli official to Washington. Baruch Cohen, a Mossad agent in Madrid, was killed on January 23, 1973 by a young Palestinian contact.^[49] Vittorio Olivares, an Italian El Al employee suspected by Black September, was shot and killed in Rome in April 1973.^[50] A third man, Col. Yosef Alon, who was the Israeli military attaché to the US, was assassinated on July 1, 1973 in Chevy Chase, Maryland.^[51][52] ... Location Location of Madrid in Europe Coordinates : 40° 23’N , 3°43′0″W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Villa de Madrid (Spanish) Spanish name Villa de Madrid Founded 9th century Postal code 28001-28080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 91 (Villa de... January 23 is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Categories: Airline stubs | Companies of Israel | Transportation in Israel | Airlines of Israel ... July 1 is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 183 days remaining. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... Chevy Chase is the name of both a town and an unincorporated Census-Designated Place in Montgomery County, Maryland (see Chevy Chase (CDP), Maryland). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Black September conducted several other attacks only indirectly against Israel, including the seizure of Western diplomats in the Saudi embassy in Khartoum (see: Khartoum diplomatic assassinations), but the group was officially dissolved by al-Fatah in December 1974.^[53] Map of Sudan with Khartoum Khartoum ( الخرطوم al-Ḫarṭūm Elephant Trunk) is the capital of Sudan and of Khartoum State. ... One of the Black September terrorists on the balcony of the Saudi embassy during the hostage-taking of diplomatic offcials in Khartum, Sudan The Khartoum diplomatic assassinations took place between 1 March 1973 and 3 March 1973 in the capital city of Sudan, Khartoum and were executed by the Palestinian...

Arab reaction

While the first wave of assassinations from the fall of 1972 to spring 1973 caused greater consternation among Palestinian officials, it was Operation Spring of Youth in April 1973 that truly shocked the Arab world.^[54] The audacity of the mission, plus the fact that senior leaders such as Yasser Arafat, Abu Iyad, and Ali Hassan Salameh were only yards away from the fighting, contributed to the creation of myth that Israel was capable of striking anywhere, anytime.^[55] It also brought about popular mourning. At the funerals for the victims of the raid, half a million people came into the streets of Beirut.^[55] Nearly six years later, 100,000 people, including Arafat, turned out in the same city to bury Salameh.^[56] Map of Arab League states in dark green with non-Arab areas in light green and Somalia and Djibouti in striped green due to their Arab League membership but non-Arab population. ... Yassir Arafat (Arabic: ) August 24 or August 4, 1929 – November 11, 2004), born in Cairo[1] to Palestinian parents Mohammed Abdel-Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini and also known by the kunya Abu `Ammar (أبو عمّار), was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (1969–2004); President[1] of the Palestinian...

The operation also caused some of the less radical Arab governments to begin putting pressure on Palestinians to stop attacks against Israeli targets. Threatening to pull support for the Palestinians if they used their governments' passports during the course of attacks against Israel, some militants began to instead use forged Israeli documents.^[57]

Criticism

The Wrong Targets?

Since the knowledge of the assassinations has become known, Israel has faced accusations that it targeted people that were not involved in the Munich massacre or in terrorism at all.

In the 2005 book Striking Back, author Aaron Klein (who says he based his book in large part on rare interviews with key Mossad officers involved in the reprisal missions) contends that the Mossad got only one man directly connected to the massacre. The man, Atef Bseiso, was shot in Paris as late as 1992. Klein goes on to say that the intelligence on Zwaiter, the first Palestinian to die, was "uncorroborated and improperly cross-referenced. Looking back, his assassination was a mistake." He elaborates, stating that the real planners and executors of Munich had gone into hiding along with bodyguards in Eastern bloc and Arab countries, where Israel could not reach them. Meanwhile, only minor Palestinian activists who happened to be wandering around Western Europe unprotected were killed. "Israeli security officials claimed these dead men were responsible for Munich; PLO pronouncements made them out to be important figures; and so the image of the Mossad as capable of delivering death at will grew and grew." The operation functioned not just to punish the perpetrators of Munich but also to disrupt and deter future terrorist acts, writes Klein. "For the second goal, one dead PLO operative was as good as another." Klein quotes a senior intelligence source: "Our blood was boiling. When there was information implicating someone, we didn't inspect it with a magnifying glass".^[36] Aaron Klein Aaron Klein is Jerusalem Bureau Chief for the popular news website WorldNetDaily. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc. ... Map of Arab League states in dark green with non-Arab areas in light green and Somalia and Djibouti in striped green due to their Arab League membership but non-Arab population. ...

Abu Daoud, one of the main planners of the Munich massacre, has said in interviews before the release of the movie Munich that Israel did not assassinate people in the operation's group responsible for conducting the Munich attack. He supports this by saying that "I returned to Ramallah in 1995, and Israel knew that I was the planner of the Munich operation".^[58] The leader of Black September, Abu Iyad, was also not killed by Israel, although he was assassinated in 1991 in Tunis by the Abu Nidal Organization.^[59] Former Mossad chief Zvi Zamir has countered this in an interview in 2006, when he said that Israel was more interested in striking the "infrastructure of the terrorist organizations in Europe" than those directly responsible for Munich. "We had no choice but to start with preventive measures".^[60] Munich is a 2005 Academy Award-nominated film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Tony Kushner and Eric Roth. ... Created by a split from the Fatah in 1974, the Abu Nidal Organization (officially named Fatah - the Revolutionary Council) is an international organization named for its founder Abu Nidal. ...

Moral Objections

Other criticism has been directed at the tactic of assassination itself. As the campaign continued, relatives of the athletes killed at Munich were informed of the latest Mossad killings. Simon Reeve writes that some felt vindicated, while others, including the wife of fencer Andre Spitzer, felt ambivalent.^[61] The wife of assassinated Mossad agent Baruch Cohen has called the operation, especially a side operation directed against those who had murdered her husband, sickening.^[61] Andre Spitzer (1945 – September 6, 1972) was a fencing master and coach of Israels 1972 Summer Olympics team. ...

Effect on Terrorism

Still others have questioned the effectiveness of the operation in meeting its goals. According to Ronen Bergman (security correspondent for the Israeli newspaper Yediot Ahronoth and expert on Mossad) "This campaign stopped most PLO terrorism outside the borders of Israel. Did it help in any way to bring peace to the Middle East? No. Strategically it was a complete failure."^[62]

Former katsa Victor Ostrovsky has said that the direction Meir set the Mossad on, namely that of focusing heavily on the people and operations of the PLO, took energy away from intelligence gathering on Israel's neighbors.^[63] This led the Mossad to miss the warning signs of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which caught Israeli defenses by surprise. Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Commanders Moshe Dayan David Elazar Ariel Sharon Shmuel Gonen Benjamin Peled Israel Tal Rehavam Zeevi Aharon Yariv Yitzhak Hofi Rafael Eitan Abraham Adan Yanush Ben Gal Saad El Shazly Ahmad Ismail Ali Hosni Mubarak Mohammed Aly Fahmy Anwar Sadat Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy Abdul...

Vengeance

The 1984 book, Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team by Canadian journalist George Jonas,^[64] tells the story of an Israeli assassination squad from the viewpoint of a self-described former Mossad agent and leader of the squad, Avner. Avner has since been revealed as a pseudonym for Yuval Aviv, an Israeli who now runs a private investigation agency in New York. However, Aviv's account of the operation has not been independently verified beyond the fact checking Jonas says he has done.^[65] Jonas points to a former Director General of the RCMP Security Service, John Starnes, who he says believes Aviv's essential story.^[65] In spite of this, the Mossad director at the time of the operation, Zvi Zamir, has stated that he never knew Aviv.^[66] Several former Mossad officers who took part in Operation Wrath of God have also told British journalists that Yuval Aviv's version of events is not accurate.^[67] After its 1984 publication the book was listed on the fiction and non-fiction bestseller lists in Britain.^[65] George Jonas (1935–) is a Hungarian-born conservative Canadian writer, poet and journalist, a self-described classical liberal. ... A pseudonym (Greek: false name) is a fictitious name used by an individual as an alternative to his or her legal name. ... Yuval Aviv was the source of the book by George Jonas, on which Spielbergs film is based Yuval Aviv is a New York-based private investigator who was the source of the 1984 book, Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team, by George Jonas, on which... Official language(s) English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ... RCMP Security Service was once responsible for intelligence and counter-intelligence activities for Canada. ...

Since its release several films have been based on Vengeance. In 1986, Michael Anderson directed the HBO film Sword of Gideon. Steven Spielberg released a second movie based on the account in December 2005 entitled Munich. Both movies use Yuval Aviv's pseudonym Avner and take a certain amount of artistic license with his account. Michael Joseph Anderson (30 January 1920 - 18 July 2006) was a British film director. ... HBO (Home Box Office) is a premium cable television network with headquarters in New York City. ... Sword of Gideon is a 1986 film about Mossad agents hunting down terrorists associated with the 1972 Munich Massacre. ... Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (born December 18, 1946) is a three-time Academy Award-winning American film director and producer. ... Munich is a 2005 Academy Award-nominated film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Tony Kushner and Eric Roth. ... The Artistic License is a software license used for certain free software packages, most notably the standard Perl implementation, most of CPAN modules and Parrot, which are dual-licensed under the Artistic License and the GNU General Public License (GPL). ...

See also

• List of Israeli assassinations
• Counter-terrorism
• Israeli-Palestinian conflict
• Arab-Israeli conflict
• Moral equivalence

The following is a list of assassinations known or believed to have been conducted by Israel. ... Counter-terrorism refers to the practices, tactics, and strategies that governments, militaries, and other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism. ... The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a part of the greater Arab-Israeli conflict, is an ongoing dispute between the State of Israel and Palestinian people. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims. ...

Notes

January 24 is the 24th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... November 25 is the 329th (in leap years the 330th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 16 is the 16th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 17 is the 229th day of the year (230th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles (DOP), were finalized in Oslo, Norway on August 20, 1993, and subsequently officially signed at a public ceremony in Washington D.C. on September 13, 1993, with Mahmoud Abbas signing for the... August 6 is the 218th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (219th in leap years), with 147 days remaining. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... June 23 is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 191 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 5 is the 36th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... This page refers to the year 1979. ... June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 26 is the 238th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (239th in leap years). ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 12 is the 346th day (347th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 19 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 18 is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 2 is the 275th day (276th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 90 days remaining. ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 18 is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 18 is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 12 is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1973 (MCMLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday. ... September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... October 9 is the 282nd day of the year (283rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... September 5 is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... February 17 is the 48th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 7 is the seventh day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... August 19 is the 231st day of the year (232nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... July 6 is the 187th day of the year (188th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 178 days remaining. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 26 is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... June 20 is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 194 days remaining. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Black, Ian. Morris, Benny. Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services. New York: Grove Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8021-1159-9
• Klein, Aaron J. Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's Deadly Response. New York: Random House, Inc., 2005. ISBN 1-4000-6427-9
• Morris, Benny. Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict 1881-1999. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1999. ISBN 0-679-42120-3
• Ostrovsky, Victor. By Way of Deception-The making and unmaking of a Mossad Officer. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. ISBN 0-9717595-0-2
• Reeve, Simon. One Day in September. New York: Arcade Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-55970-547-7