NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Optic neuritis

Optic neuritis
Classification & external resources

ICD-10

H46.

ICD-9

377.3

DiseasesDB

9242

MedlinePlus

000741

eMedicine

radio/488

MeSH

D009902

Optic neuritis, sometimes called retrobulbar neuritis, is the inflammation of the optic nerve that may cause a complete or partial loss of vision. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // H00-H59 - Diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H06) Disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit (H00) Hordeolum and chalazion (H000) Hordeolum and other deep inflammation of eyelid (H001) Chalazion (H01) Other inflammation of eyelid (H010) Blepharitis (H011) Noninfectious dermatoses of eyelid (H02) Other disorders of eyelid (H020) Entropion... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... The Disease Bold textDatabase is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. ... MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... Inflammation is the first response of the immune system to infection or irritation and may be referred to as the innate cascade. ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ... This article is about the anatomical structure. ...

Causes

The optic nerve comprises axons that emerge from the retina of the eye and carry visual information to the primary visual nuclei, most of which is relayed to the occipital cortex of the brain to be processed into vision. Inflammation of the optic nerve causes loss of vision usually due to the swelling and destruction of the myelin sheath covering the optic nerve. Direct axonal damage may also play a role in nerve destruction in many cases. This article is about the anatomical structure. ... An axon or nerve fiber, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neurons cell body or soma. ... Human eye cross-sectional view. ... A human eye. ... The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain. ... Italic text // ahh addiing sum spiice iin hurr`` For other uses, see Brain (disambiguation). ... An abscess on the skin, showing the redness and swelling characteristic of inflammation. ... Myelin is an electrically insulating phospholipid layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. ...

The most common etiology is multiple sclerosis. Up to 50% of patients with MS will develop an episode of optic neuritis, and 20% of the time optic neuritis is the presenting sign of MS . The presence of demyelinating white matter lesions on brain MRI at the time of presentation of optic neuritis is the strongest predictor for developing clinically definite MS. Almost half of the patients with optic neuritis have white matter lesions consistent with multiple sclerosis. At five years follow-up, the overall risk of developing MS is 30%, with or without MRI lesions. Patients with a normal MRI still develop MS (16%), but at a lower rate compared to those patients with three or more MRI lesions (51%). From the other perspective, however, almost half (44%) of patients with any demyelinating lesions on MRI at presentation will not have developed MS ten years later. ^[1]^[2] MS can cause a variety of symptoms, including changes in sensation (hypoesthesia), muscle weakness, abnormal muscle spasms, or difficulty to move; difficulties with coordination and balance; problems in speech (Dysarthria) or swallowing (Dysphagia), visual problems (Nystagmus, optic neuritis, or diplopia), fatigue and acute or chronic pain syndromes, bladder and bowel... The mri are a fictional alien species in the Faded Sun Trilogy of C.J. Cherryh. ...

Some other causes include viral-bacterial infections (e.g. herpes zoster), autoimmune disorders (e.g. lupus), chloramphenicol and the inflammation of vessels (vasculitis) nourishing the optic nerve. Ethambutol, an antitubercular drug, can also cause optic neuritis Herpes zoster, colloquially known as shingles, is the reactivation (from the general area of the spinal cord) of varicella zoster virus (VZV, primary infection of which leads to chickenpox), one of the Herpesviridae group, leading to a crop of painful blisters over the area of a dermatome. ... Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. ... Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is potentially debilitating and sometimes fatal as the immune system attacks the bodyâ€™s cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage. ... Chloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic originally derived from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae, isolated by David Gottlieb, and introduced into clinical practice in 1949. ... In medicine, vasculitis (plural: vasculitides) is a group of diseases featuring inflammation of the wall of blood vessels due to leukocyte migration and resultant damage. ... A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial prescribed to treat Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium). ... For other meanings, see Drug (disambiguation). ...

Symptoms

Major symptoms are sudden loss of vision (partial or complete), or sudden blurred or "foggy" vision, and pain on movement of the affected eye. Many patients with optic neuritis may lose some of their color vision in the affected eye, with colours appearing subtly washed out compared to the other eye. A study found that 92.2% of patients experienced pain, which actually preceded the visual loss in 39.5% of cases.^[3] Look up Pain in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up vision in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

On medical examination the head of the optic nerve can easily be visualised by an ophthalmoscope; however frequently there is no abnormal appearance of the nerve head in optic neuritis, though it may be swollen in some patients. In many cases, only one eye is affected and patients may not be aware of the loss of color vision until the doctor asks them to close or cover the healthy eye. The ophthalmoscope, invented by Hermann von Helmholtz, is an instrument used to examine the eye. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 533 pixelsFull resolution (1500 Ã— 1000 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 533 pixelsFull resolution (1500 Ã— 1000 pixel, file size: 1. ...

Epidemiology

Optic neuritis typically affects young adults ranging from 18–45 years of age, with a mean age of 30–35 years. There is a strong female predominance. The annual incidence is approximately 5/100,000, with a prevalence estimated to be 115/100,000.^[4]

Treatment and Prognosis

In most cases, visual functions return to near normal within 8 to 10 weeks, but they may also advance to a complete and permanent state of visual loss. Therefore, systemic intravenous treatment with corticosteroids, which may quicken the healing of the optic nerve, prevent complete loss of vision, and delay the onset of other symptoms, is often recommended. Intravenous corticosteroids have also been found to reduce the risk of developing MS in the following two years in those patients who have MRI lesions; but dissappearing this effect at the third year of follow up.^[5] In physiology, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. ... The mri are a fictional alien species in the Faded Sun Trilogy of C.J. Cherryh. ...

Paradoxically it has been demonstrated that oral administration of corticosteroids in this situation may lead to more recurrent attacks than in non-treated patients (though oral steroids are generally prescribed after the intravenous course, to wean the patient off the medication). This effect of corticosteroids seems to be limited to optic neuritis and has not been observed in other diseases treated with corticosteroids.^[6]

Very occasionally, if there is concomitant increased intracranial pressure the sheath around the optic nerve may be cut to decrease the pressure. Intracranial pressure, (ICP), is the pressure exerted by the cranium on the brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the brains circulating blood volume. ...

When optic neuritis is associated with MRI lesions suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) then general immunosuppressive therapy for MS is most often prescribed (IV methylprednisolone may shorten attacks; oral prednisone may increase relapse rate). Immunosuppression is the medical suppression of the immune system. ...

References

v • d • e

Pathology of the eye (primarily H00-H59, 360-379)

Eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit

Stye - Chalazion - Blepharitis - Entropion - Ectropion - Lagophthalmos - Blepharochalasis - Ptosis - Xanthelasma - Trichiasis - Dacryoadenitis - Epiphora - Exophthalmos - Enophthalmos

Conjunctiva

Conjunctivitis - Pterygium - Pinguecula - Subconjunctival hemorrhage

Sclera and cornea

Scleritis - Keratitis - Corneal ulcer - Snow blindness - Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy - Fuchs' dystrophy - Keratoconus - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca - Arc eye - Keratoconjunctivitis - Corneal neovascularization - Kayser-Fleischer ring - Arcus senilis

Iris and ciliary body

Iritis - Uveitis - Iridocyclitis - Hyphema - Persistent pupillary membrane

Lens

Cataract - Aphakia

Choroid and retina

Retinal detachment - Retinoschisis - Retinopathy (Hypertensive retinopathy, Diabetic retinopathy, Retinopathy of prematurity) - Macular degeneration - Retinitis pigmentosa - Macular edema - Epiretinal membrane - Macular pucker

Optic nerve and visual pathways

Optic neuritis - Papilledema - Optic atrophy

Ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction

Paralytic strabismus: Ophthalmoparesis - Progressive external ophthalmoplegia - Palsy (III, IV, VI) - Kearns-Sayre syndrome

Other strabismus: Esotropia/Exotropia - Hypertropia - Heterophoria (Esophoria, Exophoria) - Brown's syndrome - Duane syndrome Pathology (from Greek pathos, feeling, pain, suffering; and logos, study of; see also -ology) is the study of the processes underlying disease and other forms of illness, harmful abnormality, or dysfunction. ... A human eye. ... An eyelid is a thin fold of skin and muscle that covers and protects an eye. ... Tears are a liquid produced by the bodys process of lacrimation to clean and lubricate the eyes. ... In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. ... A stye or hordeolum {IPA|/ËŒhoÉ¹Ëˆdi. ... A chalazion, also known as a Meibomian gland lipogranuloma, is a cyst in the eyelid that is caused by inflammation of the meibomian gland, usually on the upper eyelid. ... Blepharitis is inflammation of the eyelids. ... Entropion is a medical condition in which the eyelids fold inward. ... Ectropion is a condition of loose eyelids. ... Lagophthalmos describes difficulty in complete closure of the eyelid over the eyeball. ... Blepharochalasis is an inflammation of the eyelid that is characterized by exacerbations and remissions of eyelid edema, which results in a stretching and subsequent atrophy of the eyelid tissue. ... In ophthalmology, ptosis is an abnormally low position (drooping) of the upper eyelid which may grow more or less severe during the day. ... Xanthelasma (or xanthelasma palpebrarum) are sharply demarcated yellowish collections of cholesterol underneath the skin, usually around the eyes. ... Trichiasis is a medical term for ingrown eyelashes. ... Dacryoadenitis is inflammation of the lacrimal glands (the tear-producing glands). ... Epiphora is excessive tear production, usually a result from an irritation of the eye. ... Exophthalmos (or proptosis) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. ... Enophthalmos is recession of the eyeball within the orbit. ... The conjunctiva is a membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids. ... A pterygium, meaning wing, is a benign growth of the conjunctiva. ... A Pinguecula is a type of conjunctival degeneration in the eye. ... A subconjunctival hemorrhage is a common and relatively minor post-LASIK complication. ... Schematic diagram of the human eye. ... The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber, providing most of an eyes optical power [1]. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light and, as a result, helps the eye to focus. ... Scleritis is a serious inflammatory disease that affects the white outer coating of the eye, known as the sclera. ... A corneal ulcer is an inflammatory condition of the cornea involving loss of its outer layer. ... For other meanings see Snowblind. ... Thygesons superficial punctate keratopathy (TSPK) is a disease of the eyes. ... Fuchs dystrophy is a slowly progressing corneal disease that usually affects both eyes and is slightly more common in women than in men. ... Keratoconus (from Greek: kerato- horn, cornea; and konos cone), is a degenerative non-inflammatory disorder of the eye in which structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a more conical shape than its normal gradual curve. ... Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), also called keratitis sicca,[1] sicca syndrome,[1] xerophthalmia,[1] dry eye syndrome (DES),[1] or simply dry eyes,[1] is an eye disease caused by decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation commonly found in humans and some animals[2]. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is Latin and... Arc eye, also known as arc flash, welders flash, corneal flash burns, or flash burns, is a painful ocular condition sometimes experienced by welders who have failed to use adequate eye protection. ... Keratoconjunctivitis sicca or KCS is an eye disease caused by decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation commonly found in people and small animals. ... Corneal neovascularization is the excessive ingrowth of blood vessels from the limbal vascular plexus into the cornea. ... Kayser-Fleischer rings are pigmented rings in the peripheral cornea, resulting from copper deposition in Descemets membrane. ... Arcus senilis (or Arcus senilis corneae. ... The human iris The iris is the green/grey/brown area. ... Schematic diagram of the human eye The ciliary body is the part of the eye containing the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. ... Iritis is a form of anterior uveitis and refers to the inflammation of the iris of the eye. ... Uveitis specifically refers to inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, termed the uvea but in common usage may refer to any inflammatory process involving the interior of the eye. ... Iridocyclitis, also known as anterior uveitis, is a condition in which the uvea of the eye suffers inflammation. ... Caused by a blunt blow to the eye. ... Persistent pupillary membrane (PPM) is a condition of the eye involving remnants of a fetal membrane that persist as strands of tissue crossing the pupil. ... Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens. ... Human eye cross-sectional view, showing position of human lens. ... Aphakia is the absence of the lens of the eye, due to surgical removal, perforating wound or ulcer, or congenital anomaly; causes a loss of accommodation, hyperopia, and a deep anterior chamber. ... The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. ... Human eye cross-sectional view. ... Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. ... Retinoschisis is an uncommon eye disease characterized by the abnormal splitting of the retinas sensory layers, usually in the outer plexiform layer, with resulting loss of visual function [1]. The retina, which consists of multiple layers of interconnected nerve and pigment cells, separates into separate layers resulting in a... Retinopathy is a general term that refers to some form of non-inflammatory damage to the retina of the eye. ... Hypertension, or high blood pressure that does not respond to treatment, has several ocular manifestations. ... Diabetic retinopathy is retinopathy (damage to the retina) caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which could eventually lead to blindness. ... Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), previously known as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), is a disease of the eye that affects prematurely born babies. ... Listen to this article Â· (info) Â· play in browser This audio file was created from an article revision dated 2005-07-19, and may not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... Normal vision. ... Macular edema occurs when fluid and protein deposits collect on or under the macula, causing it to thicken and swell. ... Human eye cross-sectional view. ... Human eye cross-sectional view. ... This article is about the anatomical structure. ... The visual system is the part of the nervous system which allows organisms to see. ... Papilledema is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure. ... Optic atrophy is a pathological term and somewhat misleading. ... MRI scan showing lateral and medial rectus muscles. ... Binocular vision is vision in which both eyes are used together. ... Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus by changing the curvature of the lens. ... The straw seems to be broken, due to refraction of light as it emerges into the air. ... Ophthalmoparesis is a physical finding in certain neurologic illnesses. ... Progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a disorder of the mitochondria. ... Damage to the oculomotor nerve, termed oculomotor nerve palsy is known by the down n out symptoms. ... Fourth nerve palsy is a condition present at birth characterized by a vertical misalignment of the eyes due to a weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle. ... Sixth nerve palsy, or abducens nerve palsy, is a disorder associated with dysfunction of cranial nerve VI (the abducens nerve) which is responsible for contracting the lateral rectus muscle to abduct (i. ... Kearns-Sayre syndrome (abbreviated KSS) is a disease caused by a 5,000 base deletion in the mitochondrial DNA. As such, it is a rare genetic disease in that it can be heteroplasmic, that is, more than one genome can be in a cell at any given time. ... For the protein Strabismus, see Strabismus (protein) Strabismus, also known as heterotropia, squint, crossed eye, cockeyed, wandering eye,weak eye or wall eyed, is a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other. ... Person exhibiting esotropia of the right eye Esotropia is a form of strabismus where one or both of the eyes turn inward. ... Exotropia is a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward. ... Hypertropia is a condition of misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), whereby the visual axis of one eye is higher than the fellow fixating eye. ... Heterophoria is a type of eye condition where the motion of the eyes is not parallel to each other. ... Esophoria is characterised by inward deviation of the eye usually due to extra-ocular muscle imbalance. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Browns syndrome is due to fibrous adhesions in the upper medial quadrant of the orbit. ... An individual diagnosed with Duane syndrome in the left eye. ...

Other binocular: Conjugate gaze palsy - Convergence insufficiency - Internuclear ophthalmoplegia - One and a half syndrome Conjugate gaze palsy refers to an inability of both eyes to move in the same direction at the same time. ... Convergence insufficiency is a sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system, characterized by an inability to converge the eyes or sustain convergence. ... Internuclear ophthalmoplegia is a physical finding, or sign, that is a particular form of [[[ophthalmoparesis]]. It can affect either the right or left eye. ... Schematic representation of most common extra-ocular movement abnormality in one and a half syndrome. ...

Refractive error: Hyperopia/Myopia - Astigmatism - Anisometropia/Aniseikonia - Presbyopia

Visual disturbances and blindness

Amblyopia - Leber's congenital amaurosis - Subjective (Asthenopia, Hemeralopia, Photophobia, Scintillating scotoma) - Diplopia - Scotoma - Anopsia (Binasal hemianopsia, Bitemporal hemianopsia, Homonymous hemianopsia, Quadrantanopia) - Color blindness (Achromatopsia) - Nyctalopia - Blindness/Low vision

Pupil

Anisocoria - Argyll Robertson pupil - Marcus Gunn pupil/Marcus Gunn phenomenon - Adie syndrome

Infectious diseases

Trachoma - Onchocerciasis

Other

Nystagmus - Mydriasis - Glaucoma - Floater - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Red eye - Keratomycosis - Xerophthalmia - Aniridia

Categories: Neurological disorders | Autoimmune diseases | Ophthalmology Refraction error, also known as refractive error, is an error in the focusing of light by the eye and a frequent reason for reduced visual acuity. ... Hyperopia, also known as hypermetropia or colloquially as farsightedness or longsightedness, is a defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short or when the lens cannot become round enough), causing inability to focus on near objects, and in extreme cases causing... Normal vision. ... Astigmatism is an affliction of the eye, where vision is blurred by an irregularly shaped cornea. ... Anisometropia is a condition in which the lenses of the two eyes have different focal lengths; that is, are in different states of myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness). ... Aniseikonia is an ophthalmological condition caused by unequal retinal image sizes. ... Presbyopia (Greek word presbyteros (Ï€ÏÎµÏƒÎ²ÏÏ„ÎµÏÎ¿Ï‚), meaning elder) is the eyes diminished ability to focus that occurs with aging. ... Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or psychological factors. ... Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a disorder of the eye. ... Lebers congenital amaurosis is a rare inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life, typically characterized by nystagmus, sluggish or no pupillary responses, and severe vision loss or blindness. ... Asthenopia is an ophthalmological condition that manifests itself through nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, red eyes, eye strain, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache and occasional double vision. ... Hemeralopia is the exact opposite of Nyctalopia (Night Blindness). ... Photophobia (also light sensitivity) or fear of light, is a symptom of excessive sensitivity to light and the aversion to sunlight or well-lit places. ... Scintillating scotoma is the most common visual aura preceding migraine and was first described by 19th century physician Hubert Airy (1838â€“1903). ... Diplopia, commonly known as double vision, is the perception of two images from a single object. ... The word scotoma is derived from the Greek word for darkness. ... An anopsia (or anopia) is a defect in the visual field. ... Binasal hemianopsia is the medical description of a type of partial blindness that is associated with certain lesions of the eye, and of the central nervous system, such as congenital hydrocephlus. ... Paris as seen with full visual fields Paris as seen with bitemporal hemianopsia Bitemporal hemianopsia is the medical description of a type of partial blindness that is associated with lesions of the optic chiasm, the area where the optic nerves from the right and left eyes cross near the pituitary... Homonymous hemianopsia is a medical term for a type of partial blindness resulting in a loss of vision in the same visual field of both eyes. ... Quadrantanopia (or quadrant anopia, as two words) refers to an anopia affecting a quarter of the field of vision. ... Color blindness in humans is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. ... Achromatopsia is the inability to see color. ... Nyctalopia (Greek for night blindness) is a condition making it difficult or impossible to see in relatively low light. ... Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or psychological factors. ... Low vision is alternatively a general term used to describe lowered visual acuity, and a specific legal term in Canada and the United States used to designate someone with vision of 20/70 or less in the better eye with correction. ... The human eye The pupil is the central transparent area (showing as black). ... Anisocoria is a condition characterized by an unequal size of the pupils. ... Argyll Robertson pupils (â€œAR pupilsâ€) are bilateral small pupils that constrict when the patient focuses on a near object (they â€œaccommodateâ€ with near vision), but do not constrict when exposed to bright light (they do not â€œreactâ€ to light). ... The pupil dilates instead of constricting when the light moves from the good eye to the bad eye. ... Marcus Gunn Phenomenon (a. ... Adie syndrome, also Adies syndrome, is caused by damage to the postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic innervation of the eye and characterized by a tonically dilated pupil. ... Infection is also the title of an episode of the television series Babylon 5; see Infection (Babylon 5). ... Binomial name Onchocerca volvulus Bickel 1982 Onchocerciasis (pronounced ) or river blindness is the worlds second leading infectious cause of blindness. ... Nystagmus is involuntary eye movement that can be part of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), with the eyes moving first in the direction of the lesioned side (slow phase) followed by a quick correction (fast phase) to the opposite side or away from the lesioned side. ... // Mydriasis is an excessive dilation of the pupil due to disease or drugs. ... For other uses, see Floater (disambiguation). ... Leberâ€™s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) or Leber optic atrophy is a mitochondrially inherited (mother to all offspring) form of acute or subacute loss of central vision that may lead to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons; this affects predominantly young adult males. ... Many primary care physicians often deal with patients with red eyes In medicine, red eye is a non-specific term to describe an eye that appears red due to illness, injury, or some other condition. ... A fungal keratitis is an inflammation of the eyes cornea (called keratitis) that results from infection by a fungal organism. ... Xerophthalmia (Greek for dry eyes) is a medical condition in which the eye doesnt produce tears. ... Aniridia is a rare congenital condition characterized by the underdevelopment of the eyes iris. ...

Contents

Causes GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Symptoms

Epidemiology

Treatment and Prognosis

References

Causes