In computing, optical disc authoring, including CD authoring and DVD authoring, known often as burning, is the process of recording source material—video, audio or other data—onto an optical disc (compact disc or DVD). In computing, sound reproduction, and video, an optical disc is flat, circular, usually polycarbonate disc whereon data is stored. ... Packet writing is a technique used to allow writeable CD-ROM and DVD-ROM media to be used in a similar manner to a floppy disk. ... Interference colors. ... The CD-ROM (an abbreviation for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (ROM)) is a non-volatile optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. ... A CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable) is variation of the Compact Disc digital audio disc invented by Philips and Sony. ... Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW) is a rewritable optical disc format. ... DVD-R writing/reading side DVD-R with purple dye, 4. ... A DVD+R disc The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... A DVD+R disc A DVD+R is a writable optical disc with 4. ... DVD+R DL (Double Layer), also known as DVD+R9, is a derivative of the DVD+R format created by the DVD+RW Alliance. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... A spindle with discs of the DVD+RW format A DVD+RW is a rewritable optical disc with equal storage capacity to a DVD+R, typically 4. ... You can recognize a DVD-RAM immediately because visually there are lots of little rectangles distributed on the surface of the data carrier. ... The Rainbow Books are a collection of standards defining the allowed formats of compact discs. ... ISO 9660, a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization, defines a file system for CD-ROM media. ... Joliet is the name of an extension to the ISO 9660 file system. ... The Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol (RRIP, IEEE P1282) is an extension to the ISO 9660 volume format which adds POSIX file system semantics. ... What is the El Torito CD-ROM specification? El Torito is a specification published in 1994 by Phoenix Technologies and IBM that extends the ISO 9660 specification for CD-ROM drives by further adding functionality to the ability to boot from a CD-ROM. In short, it allows a CD... For other meanings of UDF, see UDF (disambiguation). ... Mount Rainier is an expansion to the Universal Disk Format (UDF). ... In computing, sound reproduction, and video, an optical disc is flat, circular, usually polycarbonate disc whereon data is stored. ... Interference colors. ... DVD-R writing/reading side DVD-R with purple dye, 4. ...

Process

Creating an optical disc usually involves first creating a disk image with a full file system designed for the optical disc, and then actually burning the image to the disc. Many programs create the disk image and burn in one bundled application, such that end-users do not even know the distinction. An ISO image (.iso) is an informal term for a disk image of an ISO 9660 file system. ... In computing, a file system is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the data they contain to make it easy to find and access them. ...

There are also packet-writing applications that do not require writing the entire disc at once, but allow writing parts at a time, allowing the disc to be used like a floppy. Packet writing is a technique used to allow writeable CD-ROM and DVD-ROM media to be used in a similar manner to a floppy disk. ...

There exist many optical disc authoring technologies for optimizing the authoring process and preventing errors. Discs whose burn failed are colloquially termed coasters since that is all they are good for.

Sessions

Data on an optical disc is laid out in sessions. Each session consists of a lead-in, containing the session's Table of Contents, the program area in which the individual tracks are located, and the lead-out.

The number of tracks is limited to 99 in a session. The specifications require at least one track in each session. The tracks are located in the program area of the session.

In multisession discs, the lead-in areas contain addresses of the subsequent sessions. The TOC written in the lead-in of the latest session is used to access the tracks.

TOC

The Table of Contents (TOC) is the area where the layout of the tracks on the disc is described. It is located in the lead-in area of the disc session. The TOC on discs is in principle similar to partition table on hard drives. In general, a partition is a splitting into parts. ... Typical hard drives of the mid-1990s. ...

Nonstandard or corrupted TOC records are abused as a form of CD/DVD copy protection, in e.g. the key2Audio scheme. CD/DVD copy protection is a set of copy protection mechanisms that prevent users from copying compact discs (CDs) or digital video discs (DVDs). ... key2audio is a copy protection system for Audio CDs, developed by Sony DADC. A hidden signature applied to the disc during glass master manufacturing prevents playback on PC/MAC and thereby prevents copying or track ripping. ...

Lead-In

The lead-in area of a CD session is the starting part of the disc. It contains the TOC for the session, and the address of the next available free part of the disc available for the start of the next session, unless the disc is closed and therefore no more sessions can be added, or the disc is not multisession.

Lead-Out

The lead-out area is the ending part of the CD session. When the session is closed, the lead-out area is written.

The first lead-out is 6750 sectors (about 13 megabytes) long, each subsequent lead-out is 2250 sectors (4 megabytes) long.

Tracks

Main articles: Track (CD), and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]

A track is a consecutive set of sectors on the disc containing a block of data. One session may contain one or more tracks of the same or different types. There are several kinds of tracks: Audio tracks, Data tracks.

Hardware

Main articles: Optical disc recorder, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]

Authoring is commonly done in software on computers with optical disc recorders. There are, however, stand-alone devices like personal video recorders which can also author and record discs. A digital video recorder (DVR) is a device that records video to a digital storage medium in digital form. ...

Software

Main articles: Optical disc authoring software, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]

Use of optical disc recorders require optical disc authoring software, (sometimes called "burning applications" or "burner applications"). Such software is usually sold with the recorder.

File systems

It is requested that this article (or section of this article) be expanded. Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. Image File history File links Wiki_letter_w. ...

Optical disk file systems include ISO-9660 (often known simply as "ISO") and Universal Disk Format (UDF). ISO is most common for CDs and UDF is most common for DVDs. ISO 9660, a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization, defines a file system for CD-ROM media. ... For other meanings of UDF, see UDF (disambiguation). ... CD may stand for: Compact Disc Canadian Forces Decoration Cash Dispenser (at least used in Japan) CD LPMud Driver Centrum-Demokraterne (Centre Democrats of Denmark) Certificate of Deposit České Dráhy (Czech Railways) Chad (NATO country code) Chalmers Datorförening (computer club of the Chalmers University of Technology) a 1960s... For other less-common meanings of UDF, see UDF (disambiguation). ...

ISO 9660

Main articles: ISO 9660, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]

ISO 9660 is a format. ISO 9660, a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization, defines a file system for CD-ROM media. ...

Universal Disk Format

Main articles: Universal Disk Format, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]], and [[{{{4}}}]], and [[{{{5}}}]]

Universal Disk Format is a format. For other meanings of UDF, see UDF (disambiguation). ...

See also

• List of CD/DVD burning software