A CD recorder drive.

A CD recorder is a compact disc drive that can be used to produce discs readable in other CD-ROM drives and audio CD players. In computing, optical disc authoring, including CD authoring and DVD authoring, known often as burning, is the process of recording source material—video, audio or other data—onto an optical disc (compact disc or DVD). ... The optical lens of a compact disc drive. ... It has been suggested that ISO image be merged into this article or section. ... Optical disc authoring software is computer software for authoring optical discs including CD-ROMs and DVDs. ... CD and DVD recorders for authoring optical discs such as CD-ROMs and DVDs have a history of various technologies. ... In optical disc authoring, there are multiple modes for recording, including Disc-At-Once, Track-At-Once, and Session-At-Once. ... Packet writing is an optical disc recording technology used to allow writeable CD and DVD media to be used in a similar manner to a floppy disk. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... A Compact Disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. ... The CD-ROM (an abbreviation for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (ROM)) is a non-volatile optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW) is a rewritable optical disc format. ... See also IBMs VM operating system family, where minidisk refers to a logical unit of storage. ... Size comparison: A 12 cm Sony DVD+RW and a 19 cm Dixon Ticonderoga pencil. ... A DVD+R disc The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... DVD-D is a self-destructing disposable DVD format. ... DVD-R DL (Dual Layer) (Also Known as DVD-R9) is a derivative of the DVD-R format standard. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... DVD+R DL (Double Layer), also known as DVD+R9, is a derivative of the DVD+R format created by the DVD+RW Alliance. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... JVC has announced they have gotten around to developing dual layered DVD-RW discs (DVD-RW DL). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... You can recognize a DVD-RAM immediately because visually there are lots of little rectangles distributed on the surface of the data carrier. ... A blank rewritable Blu-ray disc (a BD-RE) A Blu-ray Disc (also called BD) is a high-density optical disc format for the storage of digital media, including high-definition video. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... HD-DVD disc HD DVD (for High Density Digital Versatile Disc) is a digital optical media format which is being developed as one standard for high-definition DVD. HD DVD is similar to the competing Blu-ray Disc, which also uses the same CD sized (120 mm diameter) optical data... HD DVD-R is the writable disc variant of HD DVD, and is now currently available with a single-layer capacity of 15GB. Currently, HD DVD-R has slower write speeds than the competing BD-R format (1–2x vs 1–4x) and lower storage capacity. ... An example of proposed HD DVD-RAM media. ... Ultra Density Optical (UDO) is a next-generation optical disc format designed for high-density storage of high-definition video and data. ... A UMD The Universal Media Disc (UMD) is an optical disc medium developed by Sony for use on the PlayStation Portable. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Holographic memory. ... 3D Optical Data Storage is characterized by the ability to inscribe data within the volume of a data storage medium with three-dimensional resolution, as opposed to the two-dimensional resolution afforded by, for example, magnetic tape or CD. This innovation potentially allows very high data densities, but requires addressing... Although research into optical data storage has been ongoing for many decades, the first popular system was CD-ROM, introduced in 1982, adapted to data storage (the CD-ROM format) with the 1985 Yellow Book, and re-adapted as the first mass market optical storage medium with CD-R and... The Rainbow Books are a collection of standards defining the allowed formats of Compact Discs. ... ISO 9660, a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization, defines a file system for CD-ROM media. ... Joliet is the name of an extension to the ISO 9660 file system. ... The Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol (RRIP, IEEE P1282) is an extension to the ISO 9660 volume format which adds POSIX file system semantics. ... The Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol (RRIP, IEEE P1282) is an extension to the ISO 9660 volume format which adds POSIX file system semantics. ... The El Torito Bootable CD Specification is an extension to the ISO 9660 CD-ROM specification. ... Overview Apple Macintosh computers use the HFS (or HFS+) file system on hard disks, mainly. ... The Universal Disk Format (UDF) is a format specification of a file system for storing files on optical media. ... The Mount Rainier logo Mount Rainier is a format for re-writable optical discs which provides for packet writing and defect management. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A Compact Disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. ... A Compact Disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. ... The CD-ROM (an abbreviation for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (ROM)) is a non-volatile optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. ...

A DVD recorder produces DVD discs playable in stand-alone video players or DVD-ROM drives. ("DVD recorder" may also refer not just to the drive unit, but also to consumer set-top devices which record video onto DVD media.) DVR with built-in DVD recorder. ... DVD is an optical disc storage media format that is used for playback of movies with high video and sound quality and for storing data. ... DVR with built-in DVD recorder. ...

A Blu-ray disc recorder produces BDs playable in BD-ROM drives. A blank rewritable Blu-ray disc (a BD-RE) A Blu-ray Disc (also called BD) is a high-density optical disc format for the storage of digital media, including high-definition video. ... ...

Optical disc recorders are generally used for small-scale archival or data exchange, being slower and more materially expensive than the moulding process used to mass-manufacture pressed discs. Nevertheless, they (along with flash memory) have displaced floppy disks and magnetic tape in most cases because of the low cost of optical media and the near-ubiquity of optical drives in computers and consumer entertainment hardware. A USB flash drive. ... A floppy disk is a data storage device that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. ... DDS tape drive. ...

Standards and formats

A recorder encodes (or burns) data onto a recordable CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R or HD DVD-R disc (called a blank) by selectively heating parts of an organic dye layer in the disc with a laser in its write head^{[citation needed]}. This changes the reflectivity of the dye, thereby creating marks that can be read as with the "pits" and "lands" on pressed discs. The process is permanent and the media can be written to only once. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A DVD+R disc The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

For rewriteable CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE, BD-R DL, BD-RE DL, BD-RAM, HD-DVD-R, HD DVD-RW HD-DVD-R DL, HD-DVD-RW DL, HD-DVD-RAM and HD DVD-RAM media, the laser is used to melt a crystalline metal alloy in the recording layer of the disc. Depending on the amount of power applied, the substance may be allowed to melt back into crystalline form or left in an amorphous form, enabling marks of varying reflectivity to be created. Most rewriteable media is rated by manufacturers at up to 1000 write/erase cycles. Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW) is a rewritable optical disc format. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Quartz crystal Synthetic bismuth hopper crystal Insulin crystals Gallium, a metal that easily forms large single crystals A huge monocrystal of potassium dihydrogen phosphate grown from solution by Saint-Gobain for the megajoule laser of CEA. In chemistry and mineralogy, a crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms... Wax and paraffin are amorphous. ...

The competing DVD+R and DVD-R disc formats use very similar dye-based media, but differ mainly in the way timing hints for the write head are laid out on the disc surface. This is also the case with DVD+RW and DVD-RW.

Most internal CD recorders for personal computers, server systems and workstations are designed to fit in a standard 5.25" drive bay and connect to their host via an ATA, SATA or SCSI bus. External CD recorders usually have USB, FireWire or SCSI interfaces. Some portable versions for laptop use power themselves off batteries or off their interface bus. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Sun SPARCstation 1+, 25 MHz RISC processor from early 1990s A workstation, such as a Unix workstation, RISC workstation or engineering workstation, is a high-end desktop or deskside microcomputer designed for technical applications. ... Full-height, 2 half-height, and 3. ... ATA cables: 40 wire ribbon cable top, 80 wire ribbon cable bottom Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) is a standard interface for connecting storage devices such as hard disks and CD-ROM drives inside personal computers. ... A SATA power connector. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Note: USB may also mean upper sideband in radio. ... The 6-pin and 4-pin FireWire Connectors The alternative ethernet-style cabling used by 1394c FireWire is Apple Inc. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

SCSI recorders are less common and tend to be more expensive because of the cost of their interface chipsets and more complex SCSI connectors. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Some drives support Hewlett-Packard's LightScribe photothermal printing technology, using specially coated discs. The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... LightScribe is an optical disc recording technology that utilizes specially coated recordable CD and DVD media to produce laser-etched labels. ...

Compatibility

• 1. ^  Some types of CD-R media with less-reflective dyes may cause problems.
• 2. ^  May not work in non MultiRead-compliant drives.
• 3. ^  May not work in some early-model DVD-ROM drives.
• 4. ^  A large-scale compatibility test conducted by cdrinfo.com in July 2003 found DVD-R discs playable by 96.74%, DVD+R by 87.32%, DVD-RW by 87.68% and DVD+RW by 86.96% of consumer DVD players and DVD-ROM drives.
• 5. ^  Read compatibility with existing DVD drives and recorders was found by EMediaLive in November 2004 to vary greatly with the brand of DVD+R DL media used.
• 7. ^  May not work in non DVD Multi-compliant drives.
• 8. ^  Recorder firmware may blacklist or otherwise refuse to record to some brands of DVD-RW media.
• 10. ^  As of April 2005, all DVD+R DL recorders on the market are Super Multi-capable.
• 11. ^  As of October 2006, recently released BD drives are able to read and write CD media.

This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW) is a rewritable optical disc format. ... A DVD+R disc The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... DVD+R DL (Double Layer), also known as DVD+R9, is a derivative of the DVD+R format created by the DVD+RW Alliance. ... BD-R stands for Blue Ray Recordable meaning that data can only be written onto it once. ... BD-RE The rewritable form of the blu-ray format. ... The CD-ROM (an abbreviation for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (ROM)) is a non-volatile optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. ... DVD is an optical disc storage media format that is used for playback of movies with high video and sound quality and for storing data. ... ... Super Multi is an informal term used to describe a type of DVD recorder that writes DVD-R/-RW, DVD+R/+RW and DVD-RAM formats. ...

Performance

The recording speed of a drive is determined by the speed at which the spiral groove of the disc passes under its recording head, or its linear velocity. The rate at which the disc spins is its angular velocity.

Early-model recorders were CLV (constant linear velocity) drives. The recording speed on such drives was rated in multiples of 150 KiB/s; a 4X drive, for instance, would write steadily at around 600 KiB/s. The transfer rate was kept constant by having the spindle motor in the drive vary in speed and run about 2.5 times as fast when recording at the inner rim of the disc as on the outer rim. Constant Linear Velocity (CLV) refers to how information is written to or read from a rotating data disk. ... According to the International Electrotechnical Commission a kibibyte (a contraction of kilo binary byte) is a unit of information or computer storage. ...

There are mechanical limits to how quickly a disc can be spun. Beyond a certain rate of rotation, centrifugal stress can cause the disc plastic to creep and possibly shatter. This limits the maximum reading and writing speeds for CDs to about 52x (around 10000 RPM) at the outer edge of the disc. Some drives further lower their maximum read speed to around 40x on the reasoning that blank discs will be clear of structural damage, but that discs inserted for reading may not be. Without higher rotational speeds, increased read performance is still attainable by using multiple lens assemblies or by simultaneously reading from more than one point on the data groove[1], but drives with such mechanisms are expensive to manufacture and are uncommon. Block quote In materials science, creep is the term used to describe the tendency of a material to move or to deform permanently to relieve stresses. ...

To keep the rotational speed of the disc safely low, more recent high-speed recorders tend to use the Z-CLV (zoned constant linear velocity) scheme. This divides the disc into stepped zones, each of which has its own constant linear velocity. A Z-CLV recorder rated at "52X", for example, would write at 20X on the innermost zone and then progressively step up to 52X at the outer rim.

In the late 1990s, buffer underruns became a very common problem as high-speed CD recorders began to appear in home and office computers, which—for a variety of reasons—often could not muster the I/O performance to keep the data stream to the recorder steadily fed. The recorder, should it run short, would be forced to halt the recording process, leaving a truncated track that usually renders the disc useless. In computing, buffer underrun is a state occurring when a buffer used to communicate between two devices or processes is fed with data at a lower speed than the data is being read from it. ...

In response, manufacturers of CD recorders began shipping drives with "buffer underrun protection" (under various trade names, such as Sanyo's "BURN-Proof", Ricoh's "JustLink" and Yamaha's "Lossless Link"). These can suspend and resume the recording process in such a way that the gap the stoppage produces can be dealt with by the error-correcting logic built into CD players and CD-ROM drives. The first of these drives were rated at 12X and 16X. Sanyo Electric Co. ... CD and DVD recorders for authoring optical discs such as CD-ROMs and DVDs have a history of various technologies. ... Ricoh Company, Ltd. ... Yamaha redirects here. ...

Recording schemes

See also: Optical disc recording technologies

CD recording on personal computers was originally a batch-oriented task in that it required specialised authoring software to create an "image" of the data to record, and to record it to disc in the one session. This was acceptable for archival purposes, but limited the general convenience of CD-R and CD-RW discs as a removeable storage medium. CD and DVD recorders for authoring optical discs such as CD-ROMs and DVDs have a history of various technologies. ... Optical disc authoring software is computer software for authoring optical discs including CD-ROMs and DVDs. ... A disk image is a computer file containing the complete contents and structure of a data storage device. ... Removable media refers to cartridge and disc-based storage devices which can be used to easily move data between computers with the right readers. ...

Packet writing is a scheme in which the recorder writes incrementally to disc in short bursts, or packets. Sequential packet writing fills the disc with packets from bottom up. To make it readable in CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives, the disc can be closed at any time by writing a final table-of-contents to the start of the disc; thereafter, the disc cannot be packet-written any further. Packet writing, together with support from the operating system and a file system like UDF, can be used to mimic random write-access as in media like flash memory and magnetic disks. Packet writing is an optical disc recording technology used to allow writeable CD and DVD media to be used in a similar manner to a floppy disk. ... It has been suggested that Maintenance OS be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Crash counting be merged into this article or section. ... For other meanings of UDF, see UDF. The Universal Disk Format (UDF) is a format specification of a file system for storing files on optical media. ...

Fixed-length packet writing (on CD-RW and DVD-RW media) divides up the disc into padded, fixed-size packets. The padding reduces the capacity of the disc, but allows the recorder to start and stop recording on an individual packet without affecting its neighbours. These resemble the block-writeable access offered by magnetic media closely enough that many conventional file systems will work as-is. Such discs, however, are not readable in most CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives or on most operating systems without additional third-party drivers.

The DVD+RW disc format goes further by embedding more accurate timing hints in the data groove of the disc and allowing individual data blocks to be replaced without affecting backwards compatibility (a feature dubbed "lossless linking"). The format itself was designed to deal with discontinuous recording because it was expected to be widely used in digital video recorders. Many such DVRs use variable-rate video compression schemes which require them to record in short bursts; some allow simultaneous playback and recording by alternating quickly between recording to the tail of the disc whilst reading from elsewhere. Foxtel IQ, a digital video recorder and a satellite cable set-top box. ...

Mount Rainier aims to make packet-written CD-RW and DVD+RW discs as convenient to use as that of removable magnetic media by having the firmware format new discs in the background and manage media defects (by automatically mapping parts of the disc which have been worn out by erase cycles to reserve space elsewhere on the disc). As of February 2007, support for Mount Rainier is natively supported in Windows Vista. All previous versions of Windows require a third-party solution, as does Mac OS X. The Mount Rainier logo Mount Rainier is a format for re-writable optical discs which provides for packet writing and defect management. ... February 2007 is the second month of the year. ... Windows Vista is a line of graphical operating systems used on personal computers, including home and business desktops, notebook computers, Tablet PCs, and media centers. ... Mac OS X (official IPA pronunciation: ) is a line of proprietary, graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ...

Recorder Unique Identifier

Due to pressure from the music industry (as represented by the IFPI and RIAA) Philips developed the so called Recorder Identification Code (RID) to allow a media to be uniquely associated with the recorder that recorded it. This standard is contained in the Rainbow Books. The RID-Code is the opposite to the Source Identification Code (SID), an eight character supplier code that's placed on every CD-ROM. The International Federation of Phonogram and Videogram Producers (IFPI) is an international record industry organization based in Zurich, Switzerland. ... The RIAA Logo. ... Philips HQ in Amsterdam Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips Electronics N.V.), usually known as Philips, (Euronext: PHIA, NYSE: PHG) is one of the largest electronics companies in the world, founded and headquartered in the Netherlands. ... The Rainbow Books are a collection of standards defining the allowed formats of Compact Discs. ...

The RID-Code consists of a supplier code (i.e. "PHI" for Philips), a model number and the unique ID of the recorder.

See also

• Compact disc, CD-R. CD-RW
• CDDA, CD ripping, Cue sheets
• DVD, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW
• ISO image
• List of optical disc authoring software
• MultiLevel Recording
• Overburning
• Receiver (radio)

A Compact Disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Compact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW) is a rewritable optical disc format. ... Rainbow Books: Red Book (CD Digital Audio), Yellow Book (CD-ROM and CD-ROM XA), Orange Book (CD_R and CD-RW), White Book (Video CD), Blue Book (Enhanced Music CD, CD+G and CD-Plus), Beige Book (Photo CD), Green Book (CD-i). ... Ripping is the process of copying the audio or video data from one media form, such as Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) or Compact Disc (CD), to a hard disk. ... Cue Sheet in Notepad A cue sheet, or cue file, is an ASCII (plain text) file that specifies how the tracks of a compact disc should be laid out. ... Size comparison: A 12 cm Sony DVD+RW and a 19 cm Dixon Ticonderoga pencil. ... A DVD+R disc The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This is a list of optical disc authoring software. ... MultiLevel Recording (ML) was a technology developed by Calimetrics to increase the storage capacity of prerecorded and writable optical discs. ... Overburning in computer storage is the process of recording data past the normal size limit on a recordable compact disc. ... In radio terminology, a receiver is an electronic circuit that receives a radio signal from an antenna and decodes the signal for use as sound, pictures, navigational-position information, etc. ...

Notes and references

External links

• Understanding CD-R & CD-RW
• The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc (BD) FAQ by Hugh Bennett
• The Authoritative HD DVD FAQ by Hugh Bennett
• Guide to CD Writing and writing standards
• CD-Recordable FAQ
• Why Audio CD-R Discs Won't Always Play