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The Orange Order is a Protestant fraternal organisation largely based in the province of Northern Ireland and in western Scotland but which has a worldwide membership. The Orange Order was founded in Loughgall, County Armagh, Ireland in 1795. Its members and supporters see it as a pious organisation, celebrating Protestant culture and identity. Its critics accuse it of sectarianism and anti-Catholicism and it is also known for holding parades in and around areas where the local population do not welcome it. The comflict between Orangemen and Residents' Groups has sometimes sparked into violence and riots. Image File history File links Stop_hand. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... A fraternal organization is an organization that represents the relationship between its members as akin to brotherhood. ... Dieu et mon droit (Royal motto) (French for God and my right)3 Northern Irelands location within the UK Official languages English, Irish, Ulster Scots Capital and largest city Belfast First Minister Office suspended Area  - Total Ranked 4th 13,843 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 4th 1,685... Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within the UK Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... Loughgall is a town in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. ... County Armagh (Contae Ard Mhacha in Irish) is a county in Ulster, Ireland. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Piety is a desire and willingness to perform religious duties. ... Sectarianism is an adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination, it also usually involves a rejection of those not a member of ones sect. ... Anti-Catholicism is opposition to the Roman Catholic Church or to Catholics, often employing mischaracterizations, stereotypes and negative prejudices. ...

In Northern Ireland politics it was formally associated with the Ulster Unionist Party until March 12, 2005. Many of its members also belong to the Democratic Unionist Party and some (surreptitiously) to various loyalist paramilitary groups. Many of its members were opposed to the Belfast Agreement, which was signed and supported by members of the Ulster Unionist Party. Recently the Orange Order has been blamed for encouraging people to attend riots that broke out between loyalists and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI)[1]. In the aftermath the government announced plans to implement a series of redevelopment projects in the areas of the riots which are some of the poorest areas in Northern Ireland, as the unionists who live there believe that the current administration favours nationalist areas. Dieu et mon droit (Royal motto) (French for God and my right)3 Northern Irelands location within the UK Official languages English, Irish, Ulster Scots Capital and largest city Belfast First Minister Office suspended Area  - Total Ranked 4th 13,843 km² Population  - Total (2001)  - Density Ranked 4th 1,685... The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or, in a historic sense, simply the Unionist Party ) is a moderate unionist political party in Northern Ireland, which formed its government between 1921 and 1972 and was supported by most unionists throughout the Troubles. ... March 12 is the 71st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (72nd in Leap years). ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Democratic Unionist Party is a hardline unionist party in Northern Ireland led by Ian Paisley. ... For the township in Canada, see Loyalist, Ontario In general, a loyalist is an individual who is loyal to the powers that be. ... A paramilitary organization is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. ... The Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement and, more rarely, as the Stormont Agreement) was arguably a major step in the Northern Ireland peace process. ... For the township in Canada, see Loyalist, Ontario In general, a loyalist is an individual who is loyal to the powers that be. ... The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) is the police service that covers Northern Ireland. ... The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) is the police service that covers Northern Ireland. ...

Orange March in Ballyronan

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1120x840, 237 KB)12th july in ballyronan, county londonderry 2004 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1120x840, 237 KB)12th july in ballyronan, county londonderry 2004 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

History and origins

Roots

The Orange Order was founded in the 1790s, but its roots go back to conflicts arising out of the creation of English and Scottish Protestant communities in Ulster in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the Plantation of Ulster, lands were seized from the native Irish and Catholic population and "planted" with Presbyterian settlers from the Lowlands of Scotland and Anglicans from northern England. This included many of the infamous border Reiver clans. Small numbers of Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots settled the area as well. Later, in the 1690s, there were further waves of Lowland Scots and French Huguenot immigration into Ulster. (See also Plantations of Ireland). The Plantation was preceded by the defeat and exile of the native Gaelic aristocracy in Ulster. After their defeat in the Nine Years War, they fled Ulster for Catholic Europe in an event that has become known as The Flight of the Earls). Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) is one of the four provinces of Ireland. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... The Plantation of Ulster took place in the Irish province of Ulster during the early 17th century. ... Today, a plantation is a place where people plant things, usually botanics. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... Disambiguation: For the region of Scotland please see Scottish Lowlands Lowlands, also known as A Campingflight to Lowlands Paradise, is a music festival, held annually in the Netherlands in August. ... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK... Border Reivers were raiders along the Anglo-Scottish border (Border country), for nearly three hundred years from the late 13th century to the middle of the 16th century. ... Note: This page contains phonetic information presented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using Unicode. ... The Scottish Highlands are the mountainous regions of Scotland north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault. ... In the 16th and 17th centuries, the name of Huguenots came to apply to members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, or historically as the French Calvinists. ... Plantations in 16th and 17th century Ireland were the seizure of land owned by the native Irish and granting of it to colonists (planters) from Britain. ... Gael (Ancient people) : A Gael is a member of a distinct culture existing in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man whose language is one that is Gaelic. ... The Nine Years War in Ireland took place from 1594 to 1603 and is also known as Tyrones Rebellion. ... In September 1607, Hugh ONeill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone and Rory ODonnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell set sail from Rathmullan, a village on the shore of Lough Swilly in County Donegal, with ninety of their followers. ...

The resulting political vacuum allowed for the speedy implementation of the Plantation of Ulster. However, the bulk of the native Irish Catholic population remained and their hostility to the new settlers eventually led to the Irish Rebellion of 1641. October 1641 saw a massacre of up to 12,000 Protestants by Catholics determined to win back their land. In 1649, Oliver Cromwell took revenge on the Catholic population. The bloodshed of the these wars created a lasting bitterness which still resonates today. The Plantation of Ulster took place in the Irish province of Ulster during the early 17th century. ... The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted coup détat by Irish Catholic gentry, but rapidly degenerated into bloody intercommunal violence between native Irish Catholics and English and Scottish Protestant settlers. ... Events The Long Parliament passes a series of legislation designed to contain Charles Is absolutist tendencies. ... Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper, 1657. ... Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland with his New Model Army on behalf of the English Parliament in 1649. ... The Irish Confederate Wars were fought in Ireland between 1641 and 1653. ...

Another, more celebrated, round of this conflict between settler Protestants and native Catholics was fought in the 1690s, in the Williamite war in Ireland, when Irish Catholics backed the Roman Catholic King James II and Protestants supported William of Orange, who had deposed James in the so‐called Glorious Revolution. The modern Orange Order derives its name from William III's colours and celebrates his military victories over the Jacobites, notably the siege of Derry, the battle of the Boyne and the battle of Aughrim. Ulster Protestants believed that these victories had saved them from further massacres at the hands of Catholics and had guaranteed their religious and civil liberties. (See also the Glorious Revolution for political context and battle of the Boyne for the history of Irish Protestant commemorations). For the context of this war see Jacobitism and Glorious Revolution. ... James II of England and VII of Scotland ( 14 October 1633–16 September 1701 ) became King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685. ... William III King of England, Scotland and Ireland William III and II (14 November 1650–8 March 1702; also known as William Henry and William of Orange) was Prince of Orange from his birth, King of England and Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scotland from 11 April... The term Glorious Revolution refers to the overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a conspiracy between some parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau. ... This article is not about the Jacobite Orthodox Church, nor is it about Jacobinism or the earlier Jacobean period. ... For context see the Williamite war in Ireland and Jacobitism. ... William III (William of Orange) King of England, Scotland and Ireland, Stadtholder of the Netherlands The Battle of the Boyne was a turning point in the Williamite war in Ireland between the deposed King James II of England and VII of Scotland and his son-in-law and successor, William... The Battle of Aughrim was the decisive battle of the Williamite war in Ireland. ... The term Glorious Revolution refers to the overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a conspiracy between some parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau. ... William III (William of Orange) King of England, Scotland and Ireland, Stadtholder of the Netherlands The Battle of the Boyne was a turning point in the Williamite war in Ireland between the deposed King James II of England and VII of Scotland and his son-in-law and successor, William...

For the Orange Order, the Glorious Revolution remains central to its appeal. It stresses the importance of the 'Protestant succession' to the throne and of the triumph of Parliament and its Bill of Rights and Act of Settlement as the embodiment of that triumph. It celebrates the victory of William over James every year on 12 July. July 12 is the 193rd day (194th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 172 days remaining. ...

Foundation

However, while these wars were commemorated by Irish Protestants since the 17th century, the Orange Order has its direct roots in inter-communal violence of the 1790s. Many secretive Catholic agrarian groups such as the Defenders, Whiteboys, Hearts of Steele and Hearts of Oak, Thrashers, Ribbonmen, and the Carders were set up in the 1700s to defend Catholic property and rights. Protestant groups were formed to oppose these, one of which was the Peep O'Day Boys which later became the Orange Order. The Defenders (Ireland) were a militant peasant secret society in 18th century Ireland, who were involved in the 1798 rebellion. ... The Whiteboys were a secret Irish organisation. ... Heart of Oak is the official march of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom (which also incorporates the Royal Marines). ... The Atlanta Thrashers are a National Hockey League team based at Philips Arena in Atlanta, Georgia. ... Ribbonism, whose adherents were usually called Ribbonmen refers to the secret associations among 19th century lower class rural Irish Catholics, organised in opposition to Orangeism. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

After a disturbance in Benburb on 24th June 1794, in which Protestant homes were attacked, the Freemasons' organisation was appealed to by one of its members, James Wilson, to organise themselves to defend the Protestant population. The Masons refused, whereupon an indignant Wilson left them and prophesied that he "would light a star...which would eclipse them forever". He had already organised the "Orange Boys" at the Dyan (County Tyrone) in 1792, as is evidenced by the notice in the Belfast News Letter on 1st February 1793, which referred to a meeting of the 138 members of the Orange Boys held on 22nd January 1793.It is said the three main founders were James Wilson, Daniel Winter and James Sloan. It was named to commemorate the victory of the Protestant William of Orange over his father-in-law the Catholic King James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 during the Glorious Revolution. The Orange Order proper was founded in Loughgall in County Armagh in 1795 after the so-called "Battle of the Diamond". This was a pitched battle between rival gangs, the Defenders (Catholic) and Peep O'Day Boys (Protestant), based along sectarian lines over trading rights, that left around 80 dead). Benburb is a small village in County Tyrone in Northern Ireland seven miles from the city of Armagh and eight miles from the town of Dungannon. ... American Square & Compasses Freemasonry is a worldwide fraternal organization. ... This article is about County Tyrone. ... William III of England (14 November 1650 – 8 March 1702; also known as William II of Scotland and William III of Orange) was a Dutch aristocrat and a Protestant Prince of Orange from his birth, King of England and King of Ireland from 13 February 1689, and King of Scots... James II of England and VII of Scotland ( 14 October 1633–16 September 1701 ) became King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685. ... William III (William of Orange) King of England, Scotland and Ireland, Stadtholder of the Netherlands The Battle of the Boyne was a turning point in the Williamite war in Ireland between the deposed King James II of England and VII of Scotland and his son-in-law and successor, William... Events Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiters atmosphere. ... The term Glorious Revolution refers to the overthrow of James II of England in 1688 by a conspiracy between some parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau. ... Loughgall is a town in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. ... County Armagh (Contae Ard Mhacha in Irish) is a county in Ulster, Ireland. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Defenders (Ireland) were a militant peasant secret society in 18th century Ireland, who were involved in the 1798 rebellion. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

However the Orange Order's establishment was more a reaction to increasing Catholic involvement in the economy of Ulster as the Penal Laws, which discriminated against Catholics and Presbyterians were phased out, in particular the linen trade and the purchase of land, and to the creation of separatist groups of the late eighteenth century such as the United Irishmen (which was dominated by Ulster-Scots Presbyterians). In the most general sense, penal is the body of laws that are enforced by the State in its own name and impose penalties for their violation, as opposed to civil law that seeks to redress private wrongs. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... The Society of the United Irishmen was a political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain. ... Ulster-Scots is a term mainly used in Ireland and Britain (Scotch-Irish or Scots-Irishis commonly used in North America) primarily to refer to Presbyterian Scots, or their descendents, who migrated from the Scottish Lowlands to Ulster (the northern province of Ireland), largely across the 17th century. ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ...

Shortly after the Order's establishment, the Governor of Armagh, Lord Gosford, gave his opinion of the new group to a meeting of magistrates: "It is no secret that a persecution is now raging in this country ... the only crime is ... profession of the Roman Catholic faith. A lawless banditti have constituted themselves judges ..." Butch Cassidy, a famous outlaw An outlaw, a person living the lifestyle of outlawry, is most familiar to contemporary readers as a stock character in Western movies. ...

In 1818, the Mayor of Liverpool prevented Orangemen from publicly burning effigies of the Pope and the local cardinal after a parade. 1818 is a common year starting on Thursday. ... Liverpool waterfront by night, as seen from the Wirral. ... The Pope (from Greek: pappas, father; from Latin: papa, Papa, father) is the successor of St. ... A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official in the Roman Catholic Church, ranking just below the Pope and appointed by him as a member of the College of Cardinals during a consistory. ...

The Orange Order, along with other organisations, was banned between 1823 and 1845 by the British government because of its involvement in promoting sectarian tension in Ulster. Although they were then illegal, the parades continued. In 1829, seven people were killed during disturbances in Clones, County Monaghan, and eight in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh. The first Orange-related disturbances in Scotland were reported in 1830. 1823 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1845 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy. ... Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) is one of the four provinces of Ireland. ... Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Clones (Irish:Cluain Eois) – pronounced /kl@UnIs/ (SAMPA) – is a small town in western County Monaghan, in the border area of Ireland. ... Monaghan (Irish: Contae Muineachán) is a county in the Republic of Ireland. ... Coles Monument Enniskillen (Inis Ceithleann in Irish) is the county town of Fermanagh in Northern Ireland. ... County Fermanagh (Contae Fhear Manach or Fear Manach in Irish), is the westernmost of the six counties that form Northern Ireland. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1834 Presbyterians were allowed to join. In 1835, a Parliamentary Committee set up to investigate the activities of the Order heard from a local magistrate, William Hancock, that: "For some time past the peaceable inhabitants of the parish of Drumcree have been insulted and outraged by large bodies of Orangemen parading the highways, playing party tunes, firing shots, and using the most opprobrious epithets they could invent...a body of Orangemen marched through the town and proceeded to Drumcree church, passing by the Catholic chapel though it was a considerable distance out of their way." 1834 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... | Come and take it, slogan of the Texas Revolution 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1836, the British army used artillery to quell trouble at the annual gathering at Scarva, County Down. Charles Darwin 1836 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... County Down, (An Dún in Irish) is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland, covering an area of 2,448 km² (945 square miles). ...

The Battle of Garvagh

A report from the time says: "The 26th July, 1813 is memorable as the day on which a conflict occurred between Loyalists and Ribbonmen. The latter, who assembled to the number of 1500, attacked the house of a resident named Davidson, where the Orange Lodges were in the habit of meeting. The owner of the doomed premises, warned of their intentions, had a few trusty friends at hand to lend any necessary assistance. Three of the Ribbonmen were killed outright, while others, mortally wounded, died soon after. This did not end the trouble because a month later twelve men from the neighbourhood of Garvagh were charged before Judge Fletcher at Londonderry for murder. Three of the accused were acquitted and the others found guilty of manslaughter." Of the acquittal a song says: "The Judge he then would us condemn Had it not been for the jurymen Our grateful thanks are due to them For they cleared the boys of Garvagh". The Ribbonmen were found guilty but were acquitted at a later assizes when it was stated "that both parties had become reconciled and were ready to give bail for their future good behaviour." For the township in Canada, see Loyalist, Ontario In general, a loyalist is an individual who is loyal to the powers that be. ... Derry or Londonderry (in Irish , Doire Cholm Chille or Doire), often called the Maiden City, is a city in Northern Ireland. ... Garvagh is a village in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, 18 kilometres south of Coleraine on the A29 route, the main trunk road between Coleraine and Maghera. ...

The Defence Of Crossgar

The Whiteboys, a mid-18th century secret agrarian society, were later known by different names such as Carders, Terry Alts, Rockites, Whitefeet and Thrashers. Many Orange songs of the period suggest that the Irish Constabulary were sympathetic to the Thrashers and turned a blind eye to numerous skirmishes in County Down. In July 1849 near Castlewellan, in Down there was a skirmish shortly before the "battle of Dolly's Brae". (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... Castlewellan is a town in County Down, Northern Ireland, situated beside Castlewellan Lake and Slievenaslat mountain 25km south west of Downpatrick. ...

Battle of Dolly's Brae

12 July 1849 saw the "Battle" of Dolly's Brae when at least 30 Catholics were killed in clashes between Ribbonmen and Orangemen. The British government banned Orange Order marches again after this incident. The Grand Master of the Order, Lord Roden, is forced to resign his position as a justice of the peace after it emerges that he incited the Orangemen before the incident at a gathering hosted on his estate nearby. July 12 is the 193rd day (194th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 172 days remaining. ... 1849 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy. ...

The Twelfth

Main article: The Twelfth

The Twelfth however remains a deeply divisive issue, not least because of allegations of triumphalism and anti-Catholicism against the Orange Order in the conduct of its marches and criticism of its behaviour towards Roman Catholics. Most Orange Order marches in Ireland are uncontroversial; marches in the Republic of Ireland, notably in Rossknowlagh, County Donegal, require minimal policing and attract non-Orange Order members, including Roman Catholics, to watch. However at a few flashpoints, marches have become highly controversial. Many of the bands hired by the Order for the parades openly advertise their association with loyalist paramilitary groups (responsible for the deaths of hundreds of Catholics) with flags and banners. Annual Protestant celebrations on the 12th of July, originating in Ireland, commonly known as The Twelfth but also as, Orangemens Day or as the Boyne celebrations, commemorating the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 and the Glorious Revolution. ... County Donegal (Irish: Contae Dhún na nGall) is a county in the northwest of Ireland. ... For the township in Canada, see Loyalist, Ontario In general, a loyalist is an individual who is loyal to the powers that be. ... A paramilitary organization is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. ...

Lambeg Drum competition at County Tyrone 12th

The very first Orange parades were held in 1796, in different venues in County Armagh. The Northern Star newspaper reported that an Orangeman by the name of M'Murdie, died of stab wounds following clashes with the local yeomanry, in Aghalee. The next year, 1797, fourteen people were killed in disturbances during an Orange parade in Stewartstown, Tyrone. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x409, 31 KB)lambeg drum competition at coagh, county tyrone 2002 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1000x409, 31 KB)lambeg drum competition at coagh, county tyrone 2002 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... 1796 was a leap year starting on Friday. ... County Armagh (Contae Ard Mhacha in Irish) is a county in Ulster, Ireland. ... Northern Star was the first solo album released by former Spice Girls singer Melanie C. It was released in 1999. ... Aghalee is a small village in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. ... 1797 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Stewartstown can refer to: Stewartstown, New Hampshire Stewartstown, Pennsylvania This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... This article is about County Tyrone. ...

To Orange Order members, the "right" to march anywhere on the "Queen's highway" is of fundamental importance in upholding the principles of the "Glorious Revolution". To critics, their demand to walk their traditional routes, even some of those which have become Catholic areas, is seen as provocative, triumphalist and as asserting the supremacy of Protestants in Ulster. Many of the traditional tunes of the bands that accompany the marching Orangemen have lyrics that are insulting and threatening to Catholics. In addition changing geographic and religious boundaries compound problems. Orange parades have been the catalysts for serious disturbances, rioting and deaths. In 1935, thousands of Catholics were forced to leave their homes after rioting left several dead. In 1972, the IRA called off a ceasefire after the British army forced through a parade in Portadown. Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh, IPA: ) is one of the four provinces of Ireland. ... 1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year that started on a Tuesday. ... The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA; more commonly referred to as the IRA, the Provos, or by some of its supporters as the army or the RA) is an Irish Republican paramilitary organization dedicated to the end of British rule in Northern Ireland and to a United Ireland. ... The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. ... Portadown is a town in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. ...

Notice placed by nationalist residents of Garvaghy Road, highlighting the Order's refusal to talk with them.

A classic example occurred throughout the 1990s at Garvaghy Road on the outskirts of Portadown (and in the adjacent Obin Street area from the 1800s until 1986 when the march was rerouted). The Orange Order had marched the same route through open countryside for nearly two centuries. In a religiously divided Portadown, Catholics came to reside in large working class housing estates built on fields along the Orange Order marching route. Each side demanded that their community's "rights" get priority. To the Order, that meant upholding their "right" to follow their traditional route along that roadway. To nationalists and republicans, that meant the "right" to insist that they should not have the anti-Catholic Orange Order parading down the main roadway through the new Catholic area. Moves by the Parades Commission to secure a compromise by negotiation between the Order and the local residents have continually been frustrated by the Order's refusal to meet with the residents' associations. Initially, this was a high-handed refusal to accept any restriction to walk where ever they liked, when ever they liked - just as if it were an evening stroll. Recognising the poor PR value of that position, it is now the official policy of the Order never to talk to resident's groups for as long as their leadership includes past or present members of Sinn Féin. Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... Image File history File links This work is copyrighted. ... Portadown is a town in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. ... Irish nationalism refers to political movements that desire greater autonomy or the independence of Ireland from Great Britain. ... Irish Republicanism is the nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a united independent republic. ... It has been suggested that Provisional Sinn Féin be merged into this article or section. ...

While the membership of the Order in Ireland is usually put at around 100,000, it is thought that many members have left in recent years because of the increasing number of confrontations with police. A study for the University of Ulster put the number of current members at 40,000. The University of Ulster (UU) is a multi-site university located in Northern Ireland and is the largest university on the island of Ireland. ...

Some Orange parades in Scotland have also proved contentious, and Scottish police have moved recently to restrict their number. In 1996, Perth and Kinross Council banned a march, telling the County Lodge that "Intolerance, bigotry and prejudice are implicit and explicit in a march of this kind." Glasgow council have indicated that they will ask the police not to allow parades in the city centre after recent disturbances. Pat Watters, the president of the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities, has said councils should have the authority to ban troublesome marches (which currently rests with the police), and he intends to ask the Scottish Minister for Justice to allow councils to do so. During the 1992 marching season, the then British Secretary of State, Sir Patrick Mayhew declared "the actions of the marchers would have disgraced a tribe of cannibals" after Orangemen taunted residents of a Catholic neighbourhood they were marching through about the recent murders of five locals by the UDA. The UDA members had killed the men (who had no paramilitary connections) when they sprayed a betting-shop with gunfire. A statement from the UFF concluded with the words "Remember Teebane", referring to the IRA bombing of 17 January 1992 which resulted in the killing of eight Protestant civilians who had been helping to reinforce a British army base, as they travelled in a minibus past Teebane crossroads between Cookstown and Omagh in County Tyrone. The UDA was made an illegal organisation by the British government shortly afterwards. Royal motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (English: No one provokes me with impunity) Scotlands location within the UK Languages English, Gaelic, Scots Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow First Minister Jack McConnell Area - Total - % water Ranked 2nd UK 78,782 km² 1. ... 1996 (MCMXCVI) is a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... Perth and Kinross (Peairt agus Ceann Rois in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council areas in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy Area. ... Glasgow (or Glaschu in Gaelic) is Scotlands largest city and unitary council, situated on the River Clyde in the countrys west central lowlands. ... In several countries, Secretary of State is a senior government position. ... The Right Honourable Patrick Mayhew, Baron Mayhew of Twysden, PC, is a British barrister, and politician for the Conservative Party. ... Cannibalism is the act or practice of eating members of the same species, e. ... Possible meanings: Ulster Defence Association Unified Driver Architecture Universal Database Access Utah Dental Association This page concerning a three-letter acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title. ... ... Cookstown may refer to either of the following: Cookstown, County Tyrone Cookstown, Ontario This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Omagh (Irish, An Ómaigh) is the county town (and largest town) of County Tyrone in Northern Ireland, situated where the rivers Drumragh and Camowen meet to form the Strule. ... This article is about County Tyrone. ... The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy. ...

Requirements for entry

Members are required to be Protestant with a belief in the Trinity, which excludes Unitarians and certain other Christian denominations and all non-Christians. Most jurisdictions require both the spouse and parents of potential applicants to be Protestant, although the Grand Lodge can be appealed to make exceptions for converts. Members of the Order face the threat of expulsion for attending any Catholic religious ceremonies. When in 1998 Ulster Unionist Party leader and Northern Ireland First Minister-designate, David Trimble representing Northern Ireland attended the funeral Mass for a child murdered in a Real IRA bombing, many Orangemen demanded that he be expelled by the Orange Order for attending a "Papist ceremony". Members are forbidden to marry Catholics, as the Catholic Church requires its adherents to make all reasonable efforts to raise all their children in the same religion, regardless of the other parent's faith. Historic Unitarianism believed in the oneness of God as opposed to traditional Christian belief in the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). ... The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or, in a historic sense, simply the Unionist Party ) is a moderate unionist political party in Northern Ireland, which formed its government between 1921 and 1972 and was supported by most unionists throughout the Troubles. ... David Trimble The Right Honourable William David Trimble (born on October 15, 1944) is a Northern Ireland politician, who served as leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) and the first First Minister of Northern Ireland. ... Mass is the term used of the celebration of the Eucharist in the various liturgical rites of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglo-Catholic tradition of Anglicanism, and in certain Lutheran parishes and provinces, such as the Church of Sweden which are largely High Church. ... Categories: Wikipedia cleanup | Organization stubs | Terrorist organizations in Northern Ireland | Rebellion ... Papist is a slur referring to Roman Catholics. It was coined during the English Reformation to indicate one who believed in Papal supremacy over all Christians. ... Ne Temere (literally meaning not rashly in Latin) is a decree (named for its opening words) of the Roman Catholic Congregation of the Council declaring invalid any marriage of a Roman Catholic or any person who has ever been a Roman Catholic, unless contracted before a qualified Roman Catholic priest...

Qualifications of an Orangeman according to the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland The Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland is the governing body of the Orange Order in Ireland. ...

An Orangeman should have a sincere love and veneration for his Heavenly Father;

A humble and steadfast faith in Jesus Christ, the Saviour of mankind, believing in Him as the only Mediator between God and man.

He should cultivate truth and justice, brotherly kindness and charity, devotion and piety, concord and unity, and obedience to the laws;

His deportment should be gentle and compassionate, kind and courteous;

He should seek a society of the virtuous, and avoid that of the evil;

He should honour and diligently study the Holy Scriptures, and make them the rule of his faith and practice;

He should love, uphold, and defend the Protestant religion, and sincerely desire and endeavour to propagate its doctrines and precepts;

He should strenuously oppose the fatal errors and doctrines of the Church of Rome, and scrupulously avoid countenancing (by his presence or otherwise) any act of ceremony of Popish worship; The Pope (from Greek: pappas, father; from Latin: papa, Papa, father) is the successor of St. ...

He should by all lawful means, resist the ascendancy of that Church, its encroachments, and the extension of its power, ever abstaining from all uncharitable words, actions or sentiments, towards his Roman Catholic brethren;

He should remember to keep holy the Sabbath day, and attend the public worship of God, and diligently train up his offspring, and all under his control, in the fear of God, and in the Protestant faith; This article concerns the Sabbath in Christianity. ...

He should never take the name of God in vain, but abstain from all cursing and profane language, and use every opportunity of discouraging these, and all other sinful practices, in others; his conduct should be guided by wisdom and prudence, and marked by honesty, temperance, and sobriety;

The glory of God and the welfare of man, the honour of his Sovereign, and the good of his country, should be the motive of his actions.

Candidates must promise to:

at all times conform to the Laws and Ordinances of the Loyal Orange Institution of Ireland, and will at all times recognise and support the authority of the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland.

I promise that, if admitted a member of this Lodge, I will always show due respect to the Worshipful Master and other Officers, and will endeavour to conduct myself as a Brother ought towards all members of the Lodge and of the Brotherhood, and that I will always observe and never knowingly violate, the By-Laws of the Lodge.

I was born at ................... in the county of ...................... of Protestant parents, was educated in the Protestant faith, and have never been in any way connected with the Church of Rome. My wife is a Protestant/I am unmarried..

The "Laws and Constitutions of the Loyal Orange Institution of Scotland", 1986 state: "No ex-Roman Catholic will be admitted into the Institution unless he is a Communicant in a Protestant Church for a reasonable period." Likewise the "Constitution, Laws and Ordinances of the Loyal Orange Institution of Ireland" (1967) state: "No person who at any time has been a Roman Catholic.... shall be admitted into the Institution, except after permission given by a vote of seventy five per cent of the members present founded on testimonials of good character . . . " In the 19th century, Rev. Dr. Mortimer O'Sullivan, a converted Roman Catholic was a Grand Chaplain of the Orange Order in Ireland.

In the 1950's Scotland also had a converted Roman Catholic as a Grand Chaplain - Rev. William McDermott

Religion and Culture

Orange Order poster depicting historical and religious symbolism

The basis of the modern Orange Order is the promotion and propagation of "biblical Protestantism" and the principles of the Reformation. As such the Order only accepts those who confess a belief in a Protestant religion. Monthly meetings are held in Orange Halls or "Lodges." The Order has a system of "degrees" which new members advance through. These degrees are interactive "plays" founded solely on passages of the Bible. Parades form a large part of Orange culture. Most Orange Lodges hold an annual parade from their Orange Hall to a local church. The sect of the church is quite often rotated, depending on local demographics. The main parade of the year is the annual "Twelfth" of July celebrations which commemorate the Battle Of The Boyne and the victory of King William Of Orange after whom the Order is named. The lodges are usually accompanied by various marching bands playing flutes, fifes, accordions, bagpipes and brass instruments. This parade often involves thousands of marchers at each of the many locations and draws crowds of spectators. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x1212, 184 KB)Orange Order poster depicting historical, religious and biblical scenes and some of the biblical symbols used in the Orange Order degree system. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (800x1212, 184 KB)Orange Order poster depicting historical, religious and biblical scenes and some of the biblical symbols used in the Orange Order degree system. ... Protestantism is a movement within Christianity, representing a splitting away from the Roman Catholic Church during the mid-to-late Renaissance in Europe —a period known as the Protestant Reformation. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... The Bible (Hebrew תנ״ך [tanakh], Greek η Βίβλος [he biblos] ) (sometimes The Holy Bible, The Book, Good Book, Word of God, The Word, or Scripture), from Greek (τα) βιβλια, (ta) biblia, (the) books, is the classical name for the Hebrew Bible of Judaism or the combination of the Old Testament and New Testament of Christianity...

Orange Halls on both sides of the Irish border often function as community halls for Protestants and sometimes those of other faiths, though this was more common in the past. The halls quite often host community groups such as credit unions, local marching bands, Ulster Scots and other cultural groups as well as religious missions and political parties such as the Ulster Unionist Party. A credit union is a not-for-profit co-operative financial institution that is owned and controlled by its members, through the election of a volunteer Board of Directors elected from the membership itself. ... Ulster-Scots is a term used to refer to the people descended from Presbyterians of Scotland who live in Ulster, Ireland. ...

In 2005, controversy was generated when the organisers of Cork's St Patrick's Day parade (in the Republic of Ireland) invited representatives of the Orange Order to march in the celebrations, part of the year-long celebration of Cork's position of European Capital of Culture. The Orange Order accepted the invitation and was to parade with their wives and children alongside Chinese, Filipino and African community groups in an event designed to recognise and celebrate cultural diversity. A threatening phone call was made to a person connected to the parade’s organising committee. An anonymous male caller said: "Be careful. We know what you’re planning." Subsequently, after consultation with the Garda Síochána (the Irish police force), the Orange Order grand secretary Drew Nelson said both his organisation and the parade organisers were disappointed that the Order would not be attending the festivities. He added that he welcomed the invitation and hoped the Order would be able to participate in the event next year. A Church of Ireland clergyman, Reverend David Armstrong, spoke out against the invitation. Now based in Carrigaline, near Cork, Reverend Armstrong and his family were forced to leave their home in Limavady, County Londonderry, by loyalist paramilitaries after he spoke out against the bombing of the local Catholic church. He stated that local Orangemen told him at the time that "the bombing was God's work." Cork (Corcaigh in Irish) is the second city of the Republic of Ireland. ... St. ... The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one year during which it is given a chance to showcase its cultural life and cultural development. ... A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. ... A member of the motorcycle unit of the Garda Síochána. ... The Church of Ireland is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating seamlessly across the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. ... Carrigaline (Carraig Uí Leighin in Irish) is a single-street village (or sráidbhaile) in County Cork, Ireland. ... Limavady is a town in County Londonderry in Northern Ireland. ... County Londonderry or County Derry (Contae Dhoire or Doire in Irish) is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland, in the province of Ulster. ... Michelangelos depiction of God in the painting Creation of the Sun and Moon in the Sistine Chapel) This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and derived henotheistic forms. ...

The Order takes the Third Commandment seriously. In March 2002 it threatened "to take every action necessary, regardless of the consequences" to prevent the Ballymena Show being held on a Sunday. The County Antrim Agricultural Association immediately complied with the Order's wishes. Ballymena (Irish: An Baile Meánach, middle town) is a town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland and the seat of Ballymena Borough Council. ... County Antrim ( in [Gaelic) is one of the six Irish counties that form Northern Ireland. ...

In June 2005, the Order's Grand Master Robert Saulters was cautioned by police over his involvement in an apparently illegal parade. However, the Parades Commission were forced to back down on other parades because of the threat of loyalist violence (notably the annual 1st July East Belfast "mini-twelfth" which was declared illegal, on the basis that the "11-1 forms", notice of intention to organise a public procession, were filled out incorrectly). The lodges had been filing 11-1 forms collectively to avoid legal culpability for failing to follow the Commission's guidelines, instead of naming an individual prepared to take responsibility, which the parades commission deemed to be illegal. The PSNI and British government later said there was no illegality. In his Twelfth of July speech in 2005, Saulters compared the PSNI to the Gestapo in their cautioning of him. This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. ... The Parades Commission is a quasi-judicial body responsible for placing restrictions on or banning outright any parades in Northern Ireland it deems contentious or offensive. ... For the township in Canada, see Loyalist, Ontario In general, a loyalist is an individual who is loyal to the powers that be. ... The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) is the police service that covers Northern Ireland. ... The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy. ... 12 (twelve) is the natural number following 11 and preceding 13. ... The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) is the police service that covers Northern Ireland. ... The Deaths Head emblem similar to Skull and crossbones, often used as the insignia of the Gestapo The ▶ (help· info) (acronym of Geheime Staatspolizei; secret state police) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ...

In September 2005, Police Service of Northern Ireland Chief Constable Hugh Orde blamed the Orange Order for inciting serious rioting after an Orange parade in Belfast was banned. Television coverage of the rioting showed Orangemen throwing missiles at the police. Orde's accusation was disputed by senior Orangeman who stated that the police were heavy handed, and that some responsibility lay with the Parades Commision. [2] The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) is the police service that covers Northern Ireland. ... Chief Constable is the title given to the commanding officer of every territorial police force in the United Kingdom except the two responsible for Greater London. ... Sir Hugh Stephen Orde OBE is the Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). ...

Ian Wilson, the Grand Master of the Grand Orange Lodge of Scotland, began contributing a column to the weekly newspaper, the Scottish Catholic Observer, at the invitation of Harry Conroy, the editor, which is distributed in hundreds of Catholic churches across Scotland. The first article, published in January 2006, set out a more conciliatory approach to be adopted by the Orange Order towards the Catholic Church. It sought to explain the ethos of the order and its mission to modernise. Ian Wilson is quoted as saying the following to the Sunday Times: Ian Wilson (born 1941) is the prolific author of religious and scientific books. ...

“At the end of the day it’s not an exercise in apologising for who we are and what we are,” he said. “We’re not about to abandon being a purely Protestant fraternity, that is going to continue. What it’s about is saying we have a right to exist. We are a legal, law-abiding, perfectly wholesome organisation — and if you have any doubts about that come and see us. We’re not the ogres that we are sometimes portrayed as being.”

Political links

Until March 2005, the Orange Order was entitled to a voting bloc on the Ulster Unionist Council, the decision-making body of the Ulster Unionist Party. This had been the position since 1905, and though the UUP had long mulled over breaking the link, it was, in the end, Orange Order that broke away. The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, sometimes referred to as the Official Unionist Party or OUP or, in a historic sense, simply the Unionist Party ) is a moderate unionist political party in Northern Ireland, which formed its government between 1921 and 1972 and was supported by most unionists throughout the Troubles. ...

The Order first became overtly political during Charles Stewart Parnell's campaign for Home Rule in the 1880s. In 1886, when William Ewart Gladstone's Home Rule Bill was before Parliament, Lord Randolph Churchill coined the famous phrase "Ulster will fight, and Ulster will be right" in an open letter to Irish Unionists. The Bill was defeated in June, and serious rioting broke out in Ulster, continuing on into the marching season in July. By September, fifty people were dead, and thousands had been driven from their homes. This marked the beginning of a period when the upper classes began to realise the potential of the Order in preventing unwanted constitutional change, which culminated in the formal link in 1905. Support for the Land League (which fought for the rights of small farmers) from some elements of the Order (especially in Armagh) was effectively smothered as the landed gentry extended their influence. Fifty Orangemen from Cavan and Monaghan volunteered to bring in the harvest for Captain Boycott in County Mayo after he was ostracised by his local community (who usually provided him with labour) for rackrenting. Charles Stewart Parnell (June 27, 1846 – October 6, 1891) was an Irish political leader and one of the most important figures in 19th century Ireland and the United Kingdom; William Ewart Gladstone thought him the most remarkable person he had ever met. ... Devolution or Home rule is the pooling of powers from central government to government at regional or local level. ... // Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered automobile by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and Maybach First commercial production and sales of phonographs and phonograph recordings. ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... The Right Honourable William Ewart Gladstone (29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British Liberal statesman and Prime Minister (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894). ... Randolph Frederick Edward Spencer Churchill (May 28, 1911-June 6, 1968) was the son of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine. ... In the context of Irish politics, Unionists are people in Northern Ireland, who wish to see the continuation of the Act of Union 1800, as amended by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, under which Northern Ireland, created in that latter Act, remains part of the United Kingdom of Great... The Irish Land League was an Irish political organization of the late 19th century which aimed to help poor tenant famers. ... Captain Charles Cunningham Boycott (1823-1897) was a British land agent whose ostracism by his local community in Ireland as part of a political campaign in 1880 gave the English language the verb to boycott, meaning to ostracise. Charles Boycott was born in Norfolk in 1823. ... County Mayo (Irish: Contae Mhaigh Eo, the plain of the yews) is a county on the west coast of Ireland. ...

Related organisations

There are two related organisations, the Apprentice Boys of Derry (named after Protestant guild apprentices who closed the city gates on a Jacobite army seeking to enter the walled city of Londonderry in 1688 and helped withstand the siege of Derry), whose roots lie in urban working-class Protestant communities, and the Royal Black Preceptory. The latter has been the most willing of the marching groups not to enter Catholic areas without permission. There is some dispute as to the RBP's origins, some suggesting that they are descended from the remnants of the Knights of the Order of St John. The Apprentice Boys Of Derry are a Protestant fraternal society with a worldwide membership, founded in 1814. ... If youre looking for the TV show, see The Apprentice. ... This article concerns the political movement supporting the restoration of the House of Stuart, not the earlier Jacobean period. ... Derry or Londonderry (in Irish , Doire Cholm Chille or Doire), often called the Maiden City, is a city in Northern Ireland. ... // Events A high-powered conspiracy of notables, the Immortal Seven, invite William and Mary to depose James II of England. ... For context see the Williamite war in Ireland and Jacobitism. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Knights Hospitaller (also known by such names as Knights of Rhodes, Knights of Malta, Cavaliers of Malta, and Order of St John of Jerusalem) is a tradition which began as a Benedictine nursing Order founded in Jerusalem, following the First Crusade, ca. ...

The Orange Order throughout the world

The Orange Institution spread throughout the English-speaking world and further abroad. It is headed by the Imperial Grand Orange Council. It has the power to arbitrate in disputes between Grand Lodges, and in internal disputes when invited. The Council represents the Grand Lodges of Ireland, Scotland, England, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Ghana and Togo. There are entirely black lodges in Africa and a Mohawk lodge in Canada. An anglophone is someone who speaks English natively or by adoption. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population – Total (mid-2004) – Total (2001 Census) – Density Ranked 1st UK... A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. ... The Mohawk (Kanienkeh or Kanienkehaka meaning People of the Flint) are an indigenous people of North America who live around Lake Ontario and the St. ...

Most English lodges are based in the Liverpool area, including Bootle. An estimated 4000 Orangemen, women and children parade in Liverpool and Southport every 12th July, watched by thousands more. Liverpool waterfront by night, as seen from the Wirral. ... Location within the British Isles Bootle is a town in Sefton, Merseyside, North West England. ... Map sources for Southport at grid reference SD3317 Southport is a seaside town in Sefton, Merseyside, England to the north of Liverpool. ...

The Orange Institution can claim many historical figures amongst its ranks. Orangeman Alexander James Muir (Ontario LOL 142) wrote both the music and lyrics to the former Canadian National Anthem "The Maple Leaf Forever" in 1867. He was also a soldier in the Queen's Own Rifles of Toronto and was involved in fighting and defeating the Fenians at Ridgeway, Ontario in 1866. An obelisk there marks the spot where Orangemen died in defending the colony against an attack by members of Clan na Gael (commonly known as Fenians). A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that is formally recognized by a countrys government as their official national song. ... The Maple Leaf Forever was written by Alexander Muir (1830–1906) in 1867, the year of Canadas Confederation. ... The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) played an important role in the history of Ireland. ... There are several places named Ridgeway: In England: Ridgeway, Derbyshire The Ridgeway National Trail, often referred to as The Ridgeway. In Canada: Ridgeway, Ontario In the United States: Ridgeway, Alaska Ridgeway, Iowa Ridgeway, Ohio Ridgeway, Missouri Ridgeway, New York Ridgeway, South Carolina Ridgeway, Virginia Ridgeway, Wisconsin Ridgeway (town), Wisconsin Ridgeway... In politics and in history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a geographically-distant state (or city, in ancient times). ... With Irish immigration to the United States of America in the 18th_century there arose Irish ethnic organizations. ... Fenian is a term used since the 1860s for an Irish nationalist who espouses violence, usually by people opposed to their aims. ...

Orangemen fought with General Isaac Brock at the Battle of Queenston Heights in the War of 1812. Sir Isaac Brock KB (6 October 1769 – October 13, 1812) was a British Major-General and administrator. ... Combatants Britain United States Commanders Isaac Brock † Roger Sheaffe Stephen Van Rensselaer Strength 1,300 regulars and natives 6,000 regulars and militia Casualties 14 dead 77 wounded 300 dead or wounded 925 captured The Battle of Queenston Heights was a battle of the War of 1812 which took place... The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and British Empire from 1812 to 1815, on land in North America and at sea around the world. ...

Lieutenant-Colonel Ogle Robert Gowan commanded the Queen's Royal Borderers. He was wounded at the Battle of the Windmill, near Prescott, Ontario, in 1838 while Canadians were defending themselves from an attack from the United States. Combatants Republican rebels United Kingdom Commanders Nils von Schoultz Unknown Strength 250 militia 800 regulars and militia Casualties 80 dead 137 captured 16 dead 60 wounded The Battle of the Windmill is also a fictional battle in the book Animal Farm. ... Prescott is a town of approximately 5,000 people on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River in Ontario, Canada, directly across from Ogdensburg, New York. ...

Orangemen played a big part in suppressing the Upper Canada rebellion of William Lyon Mackenzie in 1837. Though the rebellion was but a skirmish and short-lived, nevertheless, 317 Orangemen were sworn in to the local militia by the Mayor of Toronto and then resisted Mackenzie's march down Yonge Street in 1837. Orangemen in western Canada helped suppress the rebellions of Louis Riel in 1870 and 1885. Upper Canada Village in Morrisburg, Ontario Upper Canada is an early name for the land at the upstream end of the Saint Lawrence River in early North America – the territory south of Lake Nipissing and north of the St. ... A militia is a group of citizens organized to provide paramilitary service. ... For other uses, see Toronto (disambiguation). ... Louis Riel Louis David Riel (October 22, 1844 – November 16, 1885), was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and leader of the Métis people of the Canadian prairies. ...

In 1871, in New York City, Mayor Hall and Superintendent Kelso, head of the New York Police Department, issued a decree on 10th July banning the 12th July demonstration. Nine people had been killed and more than a hundred injured (including women and children) during the parade the year before, when a riot broke out after the marchers had taunted Irish Catholics with sectarian songs and slogans. The ban appalled many nativists, who saw it as bowing down to the wishes of the Irish Catholic immigrant community. The New York Times had a July 11 headline, "Terrorism Rampant. City Authorities Overawed by the Roman Catholics." The ban was revoked by State Governor Hoffman, after pressure from the city's elite. He promised the Orangemen protection by the state and Federal authorities if the city of New York could not provide it. Nickname: The Big Apple Motto: Official website: City of New York Location Location in the state of New York Government Counties (Boroughs) Bronx (The Bronx) New York (Manhattan) Queens (Queens) Kings (Brooklyn) Richmond (Staten Island) Mayor Michael Bloomberg (R) Geographical characteristics Area Total 468. ... The New York City Police Department (NYPD) , the largest police department in the United States, has primary responsibility for law enforcement and investigation within the five boroughs of New York City. ... Irish Catholics are persons of predominantly Irish descent who adhere to the Roman Catholic faith. ... Sectarianism refers (usually pejoratively) to a rigid adherence to a particular sect or party or denomination. ... The term Nativism is used in both politics and psychology in two fundamentally different ways. ... Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Official language(s) None, English de facto Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 27th 141,205 km² 455 km 530 km 13. ...

Over 1000 state militiamen (the mainly Catholic 69th Regiment had been confined to barracks) formed a protective barrier around less than 100 Orangemen. Thousands protested the march on Eighth Avenue, throwing bottles and rotten food at the marchers, and the day soon descended into mayhem when shooting broke out. The death toll of the day was 50 protesters and six policemen: 300 protesters were injured, and 60 police and army personnel. Only two Orangemen were injured. Almost 400 Irish Roman Catholics were arrested for various offences. There was no trouble in the 1872 demonstration in New York and no demonstration in 1873. At the second sessions of the State Grand Lodge of New York in June, 1874 there were discussions on further Twelfth marches in New York. The report concluded: "The prevailing opinion is that parading through the streets on the Twelfth of July is entirely unnecessary, and as the authorities have decided in favour of the society have the same rights extended to them as other societies -- the right to parade it is now deemed not at all necessary ... that instead each lodge should meet at their headquarters and celebrate the anniversary ... by a social reunion". The Twelfth, 1874, being a Sunday, the brethren attended services at Holy Trinity Church where the Rev. S. H. Tynge was the preacher. He said of the Orangemen: "They were American Protestants -- no longer Irish Protestants. They did well to remember the deeds of the brave men of Enniskillen, and sternness of Prince William, but he would beseech them to be done with the enmities, to cast aside the prejudices born in these hours of trial." The next Orange parade was in 1890 when there was a march with a picnic in Jones Wood at which 4,000 were present. The last New York parade was in 1900 when the Imperial Grand Orange Council of the World had its sessions in the city. Eighth Avenue is a north-south avenue on the West Side of Manhattan in New York City, carrying northbound traffic. ... Coles Monument Enniskillen (Inis Ceithleann in Irish) is the county town of Fermanagh in Northern Ireland. ...

The best-known Orangeman of the Second Boer War was probably Sir