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Encyclopedia > Orb weaver spider
Orb weaver spider
Eriophora transmarina from Australia
Eriophora transmarina from Australia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Suborder: Araneomorphae
Superfamily: Araneoidea
Family: Araneidae
Simon, 1895
Diversity
166 genera, 2840 species

Genera

Aculepeira
Arachnura
Araneus
Araniella
Argiope (St Andrew's Cross spider)
Austracantha
Bertrana
Celaenia
Chorizopes
Cladomelea
Cyclosa
Cyrtophora
Dicrostichus
Eriophora
Gasteracantha (Spiny orb-weavers)
Kaira
Larinia
Larinioides
Lewisepeira
Mangora
Mastophora
Melychiopharis
Metepiera
Micrathena
Neoscona
Nuctenea
Ordgarius
Perilla
Zygiella
many others
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 197 KB) Orb Weaver File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Subphyla and Classes Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Trilobita - Trilobites (extinct) Subphylum Chelicerata Arachnida - Spiders, Scorpions, etc. ... Orders Acarina Amblypygi Araneae Opiliones Palpigradi Pseudoscorpionida Ricinulei Schizomida Scorpiones Solifugae Uropygi The arachnids, Arachnida, are a class of invertebrate animals in the subphylum Chelicerata. ... For other uses, see Spider (disambiguation). ... The Araneomorphae, previously called the Labidognatha, are a suborder of spiders. ... Diversity 14 families, 11155 species Families see text. ... Eugène Simon (April 30, 1848 - November 17, 1924) was a French arachnologist. ... Year 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... This page lists all described species of the spider family Araneidae as of May 31, 2006. ... Image File history File links Distribution. ... Wikispecies has information related to: Aculepeira Aculepeira is a spider genus in the Araneidae family. ... Diversity 13 species Species See text. ... Araneus is a genus of orb-weaving spiders including the common garden spider and the barn spider. ... Araniella is a spider genus from the Araneidae family. ... Diversity 78 species Species A. aetherea A. appensa A. aurantia A. bruennichi A. keyserlingi A. mascordi A. picta many more The genus Argiope includes rather large and spectacular spiders that have often a strikingly coloured abdomen. ... Species A. aurantia A. bruennichi The St Andrews Cross spiders are large and spectacular spiders of the genus Argiope, also commonly called black and yellow argiopes due to the markings on their abdomens. ... Diversity 1 species, 4 subspecies Binomial name Austracantha minax (Thorell, 1859) Wikispecies has information related to: Austracantha_minax Austracantha minax (with common names including Australian jewel spider, Christmas spider and spiny spider) is a distinctive Australian spider. ... Diversity 12 species Species See text. ... Diversity 11 species Species See text. ... Diversity 165 species Species C. conica  many more Cyclosa is a spider genus in the family Araneidae. ... Diversity 38 species Species See text. ... Binomial name Eriophora transmarina Keyserling, 1865 Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Australian garden orb weaver spider The Australian garden orb weaver spider (Eriophora transmarina) is a very common species of spider with many close variants in size, shape and colour within Australia. ... Species The spiny orb-weavers (genus Gasteracantha) are a type of spider. ... Diversity 16 species Type species Kaira gibberosa O. P-Cambridge, 1890 Species See text. ... Diversity 7 species Species See text. ... Mangora can refer to: Mingora in Swat, Pakistan Mangora, a genus of the family Araneidae, or Orb-weaver spiders Category: ... Diversity 1 species Binomial name Simon, 1895 Species See text. ... Diversity 105 species Species M. gracilis  many more The spider genus Micrathena contains more than hundred species, most of them Neotropical woodland orb-weavers. ... Diversity 81 species Species  many more Neoscona is a spider genus with a mostly pantropical distribution. ... Diversity 3 species The spider genus Nuctenea belongs to the Araneidae family. ... Diversity 11 species Species See text. ... Perilla is a genus in the spider family Araneidae. ... Diversity 12 species Species See text. ...

The orb-weaver spiders (family Araneidae) are the builders of spiral wheel-shaped webs often found in gardens, fields and forests. The family is a large one, including over 2800 species in over 160 genera worldwide, making it the third largest family of spiders known (behind Salticidae and Linyphiidae). The oldest known orb-weaving spider is Mesozygiella dunlopi, with specimens in amber dating from the Early Cretaceous. For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Spider (disambiguation). ... Genera Bagheera Corythalia Eris Freya Ghelna Habronattus Hentzia Lyssomanes Maevia Marpissa Messua Metacyrba Naphrys Paramarpissa Paraphidippus Phidippus Portia Salticus Sarinda Sassacus Sitticus Synemosyna Thiodina Zygoballus and many others The jumping spiders (Salticidae) are a family of spiders containing more than 4,000 species. ... Genera many, see text The bowl and doily and dwarf spiders, also known as money spiders (family Linyphiidae) include nearly 4250 species in over 550 genera worldwide. ... Binomial name Mesozygiella dunlopi Mesozygiella dunlopi is an extinct species of orb-weaving spider, dating from the Lower Cretaceous, making it the earliest orb-weaver yet discovered. ... For other uses, see Amber (disambiguation). ... The Early Cretaceous (timestratigraphic name) or the Lower Cretaceous (logstratigraphic name), is the earlier of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous period. ...


Generally, orb-weaving spiders are three-clawed builders of flat webs with sticky spiral capture silk. The building of a web is an engineering feat, begun when the spider floats a line on the wind to another surface. The spider secures the line and then drops another line from the center, making a "Y". The rest of the scaffolding follows with many radii of non-sticky silk being constructed before a final spiral of sticky capture silk. The third claw is used to walk on the non-sticky part of the web. Characteristically, the prey insect that blunders into the sticky lines is stunned by a quick bite and then wrapped in silk. If the prey is a venomous insect, such as a wasp, wrapping may precede biting. Spiders web redirects here. ... Spider silk is a fibre secreted by spiders. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... It has been suggested that Snake poison be merged into this article or section. ...

Marbled Orb Weaver Araneus marmoreus.
Marbled Orb Weaver Araneus marmoreus.

Some "orb-weavers" do not build webs at all. Members of the genera Mastophora in the Americas, Cladomelea in Africa and Ordgarius in Australia produce sticky globules, which contain a pheromone analog. The globule is hung from a silken thread dangled by the spider from its front legs. The pheromone analog attracts male moths of only a few species. These get stuck on the globule and are reeled in to be eaten. Interestingly, both types of bolas spiders are highly camouflaged and difficult to locate. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x760, 226 KB) Description: jpeg image, marbled orb weaver spider Araneus marmorus Source: Own work http://www. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1024x760, 226 KB) Description: jpeg image, marbled orb weaver spider Araneus marmorus Source: Own work http://www. ... Fanning honeybee exposes Nasonov gland (white-at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive A pheromone is a chemical that triggers an innate behavioural response in another member of the same species. ... Diversity 66 species Genera Cladomelea Mastophora Ordgarius Bolas Spiders are unusual orb-weaver spiders that have given up spinning the typical web. ...


The spiny orb-weaving spiders in the genera Gasteracantha and Micrathena look like plant seeds or thorns hanging in their orb-webs. Some species of Gasteracantha have very long horn-like spines protruding from their abdomens.


One feature of the webs of some orb-weavers is the stabilimentum, a crisscross band of silk through the center of the web. It is found in a number of genera, but Argiope, which includes the common garden spider of Europe as well as the yellow and banded garden spiders of North America, is a prime example. The band has been hypothesized to be a lure for prey, a marker to warn birds away from the web and a camouflage for the spider when it sits in the center of the web. Argiope trifasciata Web decorations, sometimes termed stabilimenta, are conspicuous silk structures included in their webs by many species of orb-web spider. ... Diversity 78 species Species A. aetherea A. appensa A. aurantia A. bruennichi A. keyserlingi A. mascordi A. picta many more The genus Argiope includes rather large and spectacular spiders that have often a strikingly coloured abdomen. ... This article is about protective camouflage used to disguise people, animals, or military targets. ...


Most arachnid webs are vertical and the spiders usually hang with their head downward. A few webs, such as those of orb-weaver in the genus Metepiera have the orb hidden within a tangled space of web. Some Metepiera are semi-social and live in communal webs. In Mexico such communal webs have been cut out of trees or bushes and used for living fly paper. [citation needed]

Contents

Natural history

The oldest known true orb-weaver is Mesozygiella dunlopi, from the Lower Cretaceous. Several fossils provide direct evidence that the three major orb weaving families, namely Araneidae, Tetragnathidae and Uloboridae, had evolved by this time, about 140 million years ago. They probably originated during the Jurassic (200-140 million years ago). All three families very likely have a common origin.[1] Binomial name Mesozygiella dunlopi Mesozygiella dunlopi is an extinct species of orb-weaving spider, dating from the Lower Cretaceous, making it the earliest orb-weaver yet discovered. ... The Cretaceous period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic period (about 135 mya) to the beginning of the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary period (65 mya). ...


Systematics

The categorization into subfamilies and tribes follows Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog. This is a list of genera of the spider family Araneidae. ... In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic classification in between family and genus. ...


The Nephilidae have been elevated to family status in 2006. Some researchers also consider the genera Leviellus, Parazygiella, Stroemiellus and Zygiella to reside in the family Zygiellidae. Diversity 4 genera, 75 species Genera see text The Nephilidae are a spider family with 75 described species in four genera. ...

  • Araneinae Simon, 1895
  • Anepsiini
  • Arachnurini
  • Araneini
  • Arkycini
  • Bertranini
  • Celaenini
  • Cyclosini
  • Dolophonini
  • Exechocentrini
  • Heterognathini
  • Hypognathini
  • Mangorini
  • Poltyini
  • Pseudartonini
  • Testudinarini
  • Ursini
  • incertae sedis
Glyptogona Simon, 1884
  • Argiopinae
  • Cyrtarachninae Simon
  • Cyrtarachnini Simon
  • Mastophorini
  • Cyrtophorinae
  • Gasteracanthinae
  • Caerostrini
  • Gasteracanthini
  • Micratheninae
  • incertae sedis
  • Artonis Simon, 1895
  • Colphepeira Archer, 1941
  • Enacrosoma Mello-Leitão, 1932
  • Encyosaccus Simon, 1895
  • Melychiopharis Simon, 1895
  • Micrepeira Schenkel, 1953
  • Parmatergus Emerit, 1994
  • Pronous Keyserling, 1881
  • Sedasta Simon, 1894
  • Singafrotypa Benoit, 1962
  • Tethneus Scudder, 1890 † (fossil, oligocene)
  • Tethneus guyoti (Scudder, 1890) †
  • Tethneus henzii (Scudder) †
  • Tethneus robustus (Petrunkevitch) †

Incertae sedis—of uncertain position (seat)—is a term used to define a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. ... Diversity 1 species Binomial name Simon, 1895 Species See text. ... The Oligocene epoch is a geologic period of time that extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present. ...

Gallery

See also

This page lists all described species of the spider family Araneidae as of May 31, 2006. ... Diversity 111 families Families see table The Araneae are an order of the arthropod class Arachnida with about 40,000 described species, although there are probably many species that have escaped the human eye to this day, and lots of specimen stored in collections waiting to be described and classified. ...

Footnotes

  1. ^ Penney & Ortuño 2006

References

  • The Life of the Spider by John Crompton. Mentor, 1950.
  • How to Know the Spiders by B. J. Kaston. Dubuque, 1953.
  • Spiders by Barbara York Main. Sidney, 1976.
  • Biology of Spiders, by Rainer F. Foelix, second edition, 1996
  • Levi, H.W. (1993): The new orb-weaver genus Lewisepeira (Araneae: Araneidae). Psyche 100: 127-136. PDF
  • Penney, David & Ortuño, Vicente M. (2006): Oldest true orb-weaving spider (Araneae: Araneidae). Biology Letters 2: 447-450. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0506 - PDF

Year 1950 (MCML) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... January 7 - President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

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