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Organ donationcan only be peformed by untrained workers who do not have a drivers license and are poor. due to saftey restrictions they must prepare for the operation by rubbing their hands in fresh cow dung then they must smoke a cigar and eat five family sized pepperoni pizzas and wash it down with orange juice. is the removal of the tissues of the human body from a person who has recently died, or from a living donor, for the purpose of transplanting or grafting them into other persons. Organs and tissues are removed in procedures similar to surgery, and all incisions are closed at the conclusion of the surgery. Steps are taken to provide a traditional funeral viewing so that people will not know the deceased was a donor. People of all ages may be organ and tissue donors. See "organ transplant" for discussion of the mechanics and history of organ transplantation. Image File history File links Circle-contradict. ... Biological tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism. ... The human body is the entire physical structure of a human organism. ... Death is the cessation of physical life in a living organism or the state of the organism after that event. ... An organ transplant is the moving of a whole or partial organ from one body to another (or from a donor site on the patients own body), for the purpose of replacing the recipients damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor site. ... In medicine, grafting is a surgical procedure to transplant tissue without a blood supply. ... A cardiothoracic surgeon performs a mitral valve replacement at the Fitzsimons Army Medical Center. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... An organ transplant is the moving of a whole or partial organ from one body to another (or from a donor site on the patients own body), for the purpose of replacing the recipients damaged or failing organ with a working one from the donor site. ...

In numerical terms, donations from dead donors far outweigh donations by living ones. The laws of different countries allow either the potential organ donor to consent or dissent to the donation during his life time, or his relatives to consent or dissent. Due to these different legislative possibilities, the number of donations per million people varies substantially in different countries.

Organs and tissues which can be donated

Organs that can be procured include:^[1] the heart, intestines, kidneys, lungs, liver, pancreas. These are procured from a brain dead donor or a donor where the family has consent for donation after cardiac death also know as DCD. This is where the donor has not progressed to brain death. The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ... In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine (or colon). ... The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. ... Human respiratory system The lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... The pancreas is an organ in the digestive and endocrine system (of vertebrates[2]). It is both exocrine (secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin). ... Brain death is defined as a complete and irreversible cessation of brain activity. ... DCD is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, including: DEDHAM COUNTRY DAY SCHOOL Data Carrier Detect, a term used with modems. ... Brain death is defined as a complete and irreversible cessation of brain activity. ...

The following tissues can be procured include: bones, tendons, corneas, heart valves, femoral veins, great saphenous veins, small saphenous veins, pericardium, skin grafts. These are only procured after someone has died. Bone grafting is a surgical procedure where bone is taken from a donor site and implanted into the patient. ... A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone and is built to withstand tension. ... The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber, providing most of an eyes optical power [1]. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light and, as a result, helps the eye to focus. ... Grays Fig. ... Grays Fig. ... Great saphenous vein and its tributaries. ... Small saphenous vein and its tributaries. ... The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels. ... Skin grafting is a type of organ transplant involving the transplantation of skin. ... Death is the cessation of physical life in a living organism or the state of the organism after that event. ...

Organs that can be donated from living donors include the lung, partial liver or pancreas and the kidney. A pancreas transplant is an organ transplant that involves implanting a healthy pancreas (one that can produce insulin) into a person who has diabetes. ...

Legislation regarding organ donation

There are basically four different legislative approaches to the donation, if the donor has not explicitly dissented. The least restrictive approach is the "dissent solution", according to which the donor has to explicitly dissent to donation during his lifetime. According to the "extended dissent solution", relatives may dissent in the event the potential donor has not consented.

The different legislative approaches are the main reason that countries like Spain (27 donors per million inhabitants) or Austria (24 donors per million inhabitants) have higher "donor rates" than Germany (13 donors) or Greece (6 donors). In most countries with the dissent solutions, there is no "waiting list" for donations, or the list is short, while most countries with consent solutions have substantial "organ shortages".

Under United States law, the regulation of organ donation is left to states within the limitations of the federal National Organ Transplant Act of 1968. Each state's Uniform Anatomical Gift Act seeks to streamline the process and standardize the rules among the various states, but it still requires that the donor make an affirmative statement during her or his lifetime that she or he is willing to be an organ donor. Many states have sought to encourage the donations to be made by allowing the consent to be noted on the driver's license. Still, it remains a pure consent system rather than an extended consent system or even a dissent opt-out system. Curiously, though, relatives can still dissent even in the presence of evidence of explicit consent by the potential organ donor (driver's liscence, living will, registry information, etc.). As such, many organ donation campaigns in the United States encourage family communication about one's decision to donate or not to donate. A U.S. state is any one of the 50 states which have membership of the federation known as the United States of America (USA or U.S.). The separate state governments and the U.S. federal government share sovereignty. ... The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act is one of the uniform acts that attempt to harmonize the law in force in the fifty U.S. states. ... German version reverse 9. ...

Bioethical issues in organ donation

Since the mid-1970s, bioethics, a relatively new area of ethics, has emerged at the forefront of modern clinical science. Many philosophical arguments against organ donation stem from this field. Generally, the arguments are rooted in either deontological or teleological ethical considerations. The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Ethics (from the Ancient Greek Ä“thikos, the adjective of Ä“thos custom, habit), a major branch of philosophy, including genetics is the study of values and customs of a person or group. ... In moral philosophy, deontology is the view that morality either forbids or permits actions, which is done through moral norms. ... Teleology (telos: end, purpose) is the philosophical study of design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in nature or human creations. ...

Deontological issues

Pioneered by Paul Ramsey and Leon Kass, few modern bioethicists disagree on the moral status of organ donation. Certain groups, like the Roma ("gypsies"), oppose organ donation on religious grounds, but most of the world's religions support donation as a charitable act of great benefit to the community. Issues surrounding patient autonomy, living wills, and guardianship make it nearly impossible for involuntary organ donation to occur. In issues relating to public health, it is possible that a compelling state interest overrules any patient right to autonomy. Paul Ramsey (December 10, 1913 - February 29, 1988) was a professor of religion and a scholar of ethics, applied ethics, bio-ethics, medical ethics, Just War Theory, and Christian Ethics. ... Leon Kass Leon Kass is the Addie Clark Harding Professor in the Committee on Social Thought and the College at the University of Chicago (currently on leave). ... Languages Romani, languages of native region Religions Christianity, Islam Related ethnic groups South Asians (Desi) The Roma (singular Rom; sometimes Rroma, Rrom) or Romanies are an ethnic group living in many communities all over the world. ... A living will, also called will to live, advance health directive, or advance health care directive, is a specific type of power of attorney or health care proxy or advance directive. ... Child custody and guardianship are the legal terms used to describe the legal and practical relationship between a parent and child, including e. ... Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ...

From a philosophical standpoint, the primary issues surrounding the morality of organ donation are semantical in nature. The debate over the definition of life, death, human, and body is ongoing. For example, whether or not a brain-dead patient ought to be kept artificially animate in order to preserve organs for harvesting is an ongoing problem in clinical bioethics. For other uses, see Life (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mammalian species Homo sapiens (Latin: wise man or knowing man) in the family Hominidae (the great apes). ... With regard to living things, a body is the integral physical material of an individual. ... Brain death is defined as a complete and irreversible cessation of brain activity. ... Look up artificial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Animate Ikebukuro main store Animate (株式会社アニメイト) is the retailing arm of MOVIC and is the largest retailer of anime, games, and manga in Japan. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Jewish medical ethics takes a unique approach. It accepts organ donation as a meritorious charitable act, but with two conditions: that the donor be deceased before removal of the organ and that the organ be treated respectfully (and not, for instance, merely discarded if it for some reason becomes unusable). The ethical problem stems from a lack of consensus on the definition of "deceased." According to the strictest interpretation of halachah, "deceased" means the cessation of all brain stem activity. For most organs, this point is too late for the donation to be medically useful; nevertheless, for the adherent to this view, any prior removal would be tantamount to murder. Given the nature of the "market" for donated organs, the second condition would limit donation to a case where there is a known and ready need for that specific organ. A movement to promote organ donation from Jews to the general population in consonance with halachah has been spearheaded by the Halachic Organ Donor Society. Halakha (הלכה in Hebrew or Halakhah, Halacha, Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish law, custom and tradition regulating all aspects of behavior. ... Halakha (הלכה in Hebrew or Halakhah, Halacha, Halachah) is the collective corpus of Jewish law, custom and tradition regulating all aspects of behavior. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

Further, the use of cloning to produce organs with an identical genotype to the recipient has issues all its own. Cloning is still a controversial topic, more so when the clone is created with the express purpose of being destroyed for harvesting. While the benefit of such a cloned organ is a zero-percent chance of transplant rejection, the ethical issues involved with creating and killing a clone may outweigh these benefits. Cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of something. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Transplant rejection occurs when the immune system of the recipient of a transplant attacks the transplanted organ or tissue. ...

A relatively new field of transplantation has reinvigorated the debate. Xenotransplantation, or the transfer of animal (usually pig) organs into human bodies, promises to eliminate many of the ethical issues while creating many of its own. While xenotransplantation promises to increase supply of organs considerably, the threat of organ transplant rejection coupled with the general anathema to the somewhat alien idea decreases the functionality of the technique. Some animal rights groups oppose the sacrifice of an animal for organ donation and have launched campaigns to ban them. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Transplant rejection occurs when the immune system of the recipient of a transplant attacks the transplanted organ or tissue. ...

Teleological issues

On teleological or utilitarian grounds, the moral status of "black market organ donation" relies upon the ends, rather than the means. In so far as those that donate organs are often impoverished and those that can afford black market organs are typically well-off, it would appear that there is an imbalance in the trade. In many cases, those in need of organs are put on waiting lists for legal organs for indeterminate lengths of time — many die while still on a waiting list. Teleology is the philosophical study of purpose (from the Greek teleos, perfect, complete, which in turn comes from telos, end, result). ... Utilitarianism is a suggested theoretical framework for morality, law and politics, based on quantitative maximisation of some definition of utility for society or humanity. ...

Organ donation is fast becoming an important bioethical issue from a social perspective as well. While most first-world nations have a legal system of oversight for organ transplantation, the fact remains that demand far outstrips supply. Consequently, there has arisen a black market often referred to as transplant tourism. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into underground economy. ...

The issues are weighty and controversial. On the one hand are those who contend that those who can afford to buy organs are "exploiting" those who are desperate enough to sell their organs. Many suggest this results in a growing inequality of status between the rich and the poor. On the other hand are those who contend that the desperate should be allowed to sell their organs, and that stopping them is merely contributing to their status as impoverished. Further, those in favor of the trade hold that "exploitation" is morally preferable to "death," and insofar as the choice lies between abstract notions of "justice" on the one hand and a dying person desperately in need of an organ on the other hand, the organ trade should be legalized. Conversely, surveys conducted among living donors postoperatively and in a period of five years following the procedure have shown an extreme regret in a majory of the donors who said that given the chance to repeat the procedure, they would not ^[2]. Additionally, many study participants reported a decided worsening of economic condition following the procedure ^[3]

Legalization of the organ trade carries with it its own sense of "justice" as well. Continuing black-market trade creates further disparity on the demand side: only the rich can afford such organs. Legalization of the international organ trade could lead to increased supply, lowering prices so that persons outside the welathiest segments could afford such organs as well.

Exploitation arguments generally come from two main areas:

• Physical exploitation suggests that the operations in question are quite risky, and, taking place in third-world hospitals or "back-alleys," even more risky. Yet, if the operations in question can be made safe, there is little threat to the donor.

• Financial exploitation suggests that the donor (especially in the Indian subcontinent and Africa) are not paid "enough." Commonly, accounts from persons who have sold organs in both legal and black market circumstances put the prices at between $150 and $5,000, depending on the local laws, supply of ready donors and scope of the transplant operation ^[4], ^[5], ^[6]. In Chennai, India where one of the largest black markets for organs is known to exist, studies have placed the average sale price at little over $1,000 ^[7]. Many accounts also exist of donors being postoperatively denied their promised pay ^[8].

• The New Cannibalism is a phrase coined by anthropologist Nancy Scheper-Hughes in 1998 for an article written for The New Internationalist. Her argument was that the actual exploitation is an ethical failing, a human exploitation; a perception of the poor as organ recepticles which may be used to extend the lives of the wealthy[[1]].

A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... New Internationalist Publications is a co-operative-run publisher based in Oxford. ...

Political issues

There are also controversial issues regarding how organs are allocated between patients. For example, some believe that livers should not be given to alcoholics in danger of reversion, while others view alcoholism as a medical condition like diabetes.

Faith in the medical system is important to the success of organ donation. Brazil switched to an opt-out system and ultimately had to withdraw it because it further alienated patients who already distrusted the country's medical system.[2]

Adequate funding, strong political will to see transplant outcomes improve, and the existence of specialized training, care and facilities also increase donation rates. Expansive legal definitions of death, such as Spain uses, also increase the pool of eligible donors by allowing physicians to declare a patient to be dead at an earlier stage, when the organs are still in good physical condition.

Allowing or forbidding payment for organs affects the availability of organs. Generally, where organs can not be bought or sold, quality and safety are high, but supply is not adequate to the demand. Where organs can be purchased, the supply increase somewhat, but safety declines, as families and living donors have an incentive to conceal unfavorable information.

Some political decisions have unintended consequences for donation rates. For example, motorcycle helmet laws and drunk driving laws have lowered the number of sudden deaths in vehicle accidents, and therefore lowered the number of otherwise healthy corpses which could have been organ donors.

Healthy humans have two kidneys, a redundancy that enables living donors (inter vivos) to give a kidney to someone who needs it. The most common transplants are to close relatives, but people have given kidneys to other friends. The rarest type of donation is the undirected donation whereby a donor gives a kidney to a stranger. Less than a few hundred of such kidney donations have been performed. In recent years, searching for "good Samaritan" donors via the internet has also become a way to find life saving organs. A living trust (or inter vivos trust) is a type of trust created for the purpose of holding ownership to an individuals assets during the persons lifetime, and for distributing those assets after death. ... The Good Samaritan The Good Samaritan is a famous New Testament parable, that appears only in the Gospel of Luke (10:25-37). ...

The Spanish transplant system is one of the most successful in the world, but it still can't meet the demand, as 10% of those needing a transplant die while still on the transplant list.^[9] Donations from corpses are anonymous, and a network for communication and transport allows fast extraction and transplant across the country. Under Spanish law, every corpse can provide organs unless the deceased person expressly rejected it. Nonetheless, carefully trained doctors ask the family for permission, making it very similar in practice to the United States system.^[10]

In the overwhelming majority of cases, organ donation is not possible for reasons of recipient safety, match failures, or organ condition. Even in Spain, which has the highest organ donation rate in the world, there are only 35.1 actual donors per million people, and there are hundreds of patients on the waiting list.[3] This rate compares to 24.8 per million in Austria, where families are rarely asked to donate organs, and 22.2 per million in France, which -- like Spain -- has a presumed-consent system and routinely asks families for the gift of life.

Issues specifically arising in countries that have implemented the consent solution

Organ shortfall

A persistent issue relating to organ donation is the scarcity of organ donors relative to the number of potential recipients on organ donation waiting lists. In the United States, the waiting list is quoted to be about 96,522 people long.^[11] It is not uncommon for those on the waiting list to die before receiving a suitable organ.

Approaches to addressing this shortfall include:

• donor registries and "primary consent" laws, to remove the burden of the donation decision from the legal next-of-kin
• monetary incentives for signing up to be a donor
• an opt-out system ("dissent solution"), in which a potential donor or its relatives must take specific action to be excluded from organ donation, rather than specific action to be included
• social incentive programs, wherein members sign a legal agreement to direct their organs first to other members who are on the transplant waiting list

Sources

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... May 29 is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• United Network for Organ Sharing
• National Institute of Health's MedLine on Organ Donation
• OrganDonor.gov
• Gift of Hope (Illinois Organ and Tissue Procurement Agency)
• Mid-America Transplant Services (Missouri Organ and Tissue Procurement Agency)
• Donor Alliance (Colorado Organ and Tissue Procurement Agency)
• Lifesharing (California Organ and Tissue Procurement Agency)
• Donate Life
• Living Donors Online
• Online Community for Dialysis Patients by Dialysis Patients
• BBC Health about UK Organ Donation
• Organ Donation & Transplant Association of Canada
• DonateTheGiftOfLife.com
• Donate Life America
• Upstate New York Transplant Services
• New York Organ Donor Network
• Halachic Organ Donor Society
• Lifesharers
• Organs Watch
• The Initiative on Global Organ Trafficking
• Students for Organ Donation - Official Website