FACTOID # 12: Americans and Icelanders go to the cinema 5 times a year, on average. The average Japanese person goes only once.
 
 Home   Encyclopedia   Statistics   Countries A-Z   Flags   Maps   Education   Forum   FAQ   About 
 
 
 
WHAT'S NEW
RECENT ARTICLES
More Recent Articles »
 

SEARCH ALL

FACTS & STATISTICS    Advanced view

Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums:

 

 

(* = Graphable)

 

 


Encyclopedia > Organic food
Organic vegetables at a farmers' market in Argentina.
Organic vegetables at a farmers' market in Argentina.

Organic foods are produced according to certain production standards, meaning they are grown without the use of conventional pesticides, artificial fertilizers, human waste, or sewage sludge, and that they were processed without ionizing radiation or food additives.[1] Livestock are reared without the routine use of antibiotics and without the use of growth hormones. In most countries, organic produce must not be genetically modified. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 573 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1536 × 1608 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 573 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1536 × 1608 pixel, file size: 2. ... “Standard” redirects here. ... A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used for preventing, controlling, or lessening the damage caused by a pest. ... Spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (also spelled fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either through the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ... Human waste is a waste type usually used to refer to byproducts of digestion, such as feces and urine. ... Sludge is a generic term for solids separated from suspension in a liquid by a variety of processes. ... Radiation hazard symbol. ... Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or improve its taste and appearance. ... Shepherd with his sheep in Făgăraş Mountains, Romania. ... Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics test plate. ... Bovine somatotropin (abbreviated bST and BST) is a protein hormone produced in the pituitary glands of cattle. ... GMO redirects here. ...


Organic food production is legally regulated. Currently, the United States, the European Union, Japan and many other countries require producers to obtain organic certification in order to market food as organic. For other uses, see Law (disambiguation). ... Mixed organic bean sprouts Organic certification is a certification process for producers of organic food and other organic agricultural products. ...


Historically, organic farms have been relatively small family-run farms[2] — which is why organic food was once only available in small stores or farmers' markets. However, since the early 1990s organic food has had growth rates of around 20% a year, far ahead of the rest of the food industry, in both developed and developing nations. As of April 2008, organic food accounts for 1-2% of food sales worldwide. Future growth is expected to range from 10-50% annually depending on the country. Organic farming is a way of farming that avoids the use of synthetic chemicals and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and usually subscribes to the principles of sustainable agriculture. ... For the free-jazz group, see Farmers Market (band). ...

Contents

Identifying organic food

Mixed organic bean sprouts
Mixed organic bean sprouts
See also: Organic farming for information on the production of organic food.

Processed organic food usually contains only organic ingredients, or where there are a number of ingredients, at least a minimum percentage of the plant and animal ingredients must be organic (95% in the United States[3] and Australia). Any non-organically produced ingredients must still meet requirements. Foods claiming to be organic must be free of artificial food additives, and are often processed with fewer artificial methods, materials and conditions (no chemical ripening, no food irradiation, and no genetically modified ingredients, etc.). Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1930 KB) Mixed Organic Bean Shoots Image by Atelier Joly April 5th 2005 Sony Cybershot DSC-P72 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Organic food Sprouting... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2048x1536, 1930 KB) Mixed Organic Bean Shoots Image by Atelier Joly April 5th 2005 Sony Cybershot DSC-P72 File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Organic food Sprouting... Mixed bean sprouts Sprouting is the practice of soaking, draining, then rinsing at regular intervals seeds until they germinate and begin to sprout. ... Organic farming is a form of agriculture which excludes the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, plant growth regulators, livestock feed additives, and genetically modified organisms. ... Food additives are substances added to food to preserve it, or to improve its flavour and appearance. ... SmartFresh (SmartFresh Quality System) is a brand of 1-MCP and is a synthetic produce quality enhancer based on 1-methylcyclopropene (0. ... The Radura logo, used to show a food has been treated with radiation. ... Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM), and gene splicing (once in widespread use but now deprecated) are terms for the process of manipulating genes in an organism, usually outside of the organisms normal reproductive process. ...


They may also be required to be produced using energy-saving technologies and packaged using recyclable or biodegradable materials when possible.[citation needed]


Early consumers interested in organic food would look for non-chemically treated, fresh or minimally processed food. They mostly had to buy directly from growers: "Know your farmer, know your food" was the motto. Personal definitions of what constituted "organic" were developed through firsthand experience: by talking to farmers, seeing farm conditions, and farming activities. Small farms grew vegetables (and raised livestock) using organic farming practices, with or without certification, and the individual consumer monitored. As demand for organic foods continues to increase, high volume sales through mass outlets such as supermarkets are rapidly replacing the direct farmer connection. However, for supermarket consumers, food production is not easily observable, and product labelling, like "certified organic", is relied on. Government regulations and third-party inspectors are looked to for assurance. A "certified organic" label is usually the only way for consumers to know that a processed product is "organic". Organic farming is a form of agriculture which excludes the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, plant growth regulators, livestock feed additives, and genetically modified organisms. ...


Legal definition

The National Organic Program (run by the USDA) is in charge of the legal definition of organic in the United States and does organic certification.
The National Organic Program (run by the USDA) is in charge of the legal definition of organic in the United States and does organic certification.
Main article: Organic certification
See also: List of countries with organic agriculture regulation‎

To be certified organic, products must be grown and manufactured in a manner that adheres to standards set by the country they are sold in: Image File history File links National_Organic_Program. ... Image File history File links National_Organic_Program. ... In the United States, the National Organic Program (NOP) is the federal regulatory framework governing organic food. ... Mixed organic bean sprouts Organic certification is a certification process for producers of organic food and other organic agricultural products. ... Mixed organic bean sprouts Organic certification is a certification process for producers of organic food and other organic agricultural products. ... List of countries with regulations on organic agriculture Source: Huber, Silva, Gelman, FiBL Switzerland, survey 2006 Countries with Regulations in Development   Source: Huber, Silva, Gelman, FiBL Switzerland, survey 2006 Categories: | ...

The European Union regulation (EEC) N° 2092/91 of the European Council of June 24 1991 on organic production of agricultural products and indications referring thereto on agricultural products and foodstuffs (EU-Eco-regulation) defines how agricultural products and foods that are designated as ecological products have to be grown. ... In the United States, the National Organic Program (NOP) is the federal regulatory framework governing organic food. ...

Environmental impact

Several surveys and studies have attempted to examine and compare conventional and organic systems of farming. The general consensus across these surveys[4][5] is that, in the short term, organic farming is less damaging for the following reasons:

  • Organic farms do not consume or release synthetic pesticides into the environment — some of which have the potential to harm soil, water and local terrestrial and aquatic wildlife.
  • Organic farms are better than conventional farms at sustaining diverse ecosystems, i.e., populations of plants and insects, as well as animals.
  • When calculated either per unit area or per unit of yield, organic farms use less energy and produce less waste, e.g., waste such as packaging materials for chemicals.

However, many critics of organic farming methods believe that the increased land needed to farm organic food could potentially destroy the rainforests and wipe out many ecosystems.[6] [7]


Yield

One study found a 20% smaller yield from organic farms using 50% less fertilizer and 97% less pesticide.[8] Studies comparing yields have had mixed results.[9] Supporters claim that organically managed soil has a higher quality[10] and higher water retention. This may help increase yields for organic farms in drought years. One study of two organic farming systems and one conventional found that, in one year's severe crop season drought, organic soybean yields were 52% and 96% higher than the conventional system and organic maize yields were 37% higher in one system, but 62% lower in the other.[11]


One study from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency found that, area-for-area, organic farms of potatoes, sugar beet and seed grass produce as little as half the output of conventional farming.[12] Findings like these, and the dependence of organic food on manure from low-yield cattle, has prompted criticism from many scientists that organic farming is environmentally unsound and incapable of feeding the world population.[13] Among these critics are Norman Borlaug, father of the "green revolution," and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, who asserts that organic farming practices can at most feed 4 billion people, after expanding cropland dramatically and destroying ecosystems in the process.[14] Norman Ernest Borlaug (born March 25, 1914) is an American agronomist, humanitarian, Nobel laureate, and has been called the father of the Green Revolution. ...


However a recent study [15] compiling research from 293 different comparisons into a single study to assess the overall efficiency of the two agricultural systems has concluded that

organic methods could produce enough food on a global per capita basis to sustain the current human population, and potentially an even larger population, without increasing the agricultural land base (from the abstract)

The researchers also found that while in developed countries, organic systems on average produce 92% of the yield produced by conventional agriculture, organic systems produce 80% more than conventional farms in developing countries, because the materials needed for organic farming are more accessible than synthetic farming materials to farmers in poor countries.


Energy Efficiency

Some studies are also consistent in showing that organic farms are more energy efficient.[16] However, alternative views hold that this may be deceptive, based on fossil fuel usage but ignoring energy costs of plowing and other laborious practices used on organic farms to maintain yields[citation needed]. tytytrtyty This article is about energy efficiency as a ratio. ...


Pesticides and farmers

There have been many studies on the health effects of pesticide exposure to those who work on farms.[17] Even when pesticides are used correctly, they still end up in the air and bodies of farm workers. Through these studies, organophosphate pesticides have become associated with acute health problems such as abdominal pain, dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, as well as skin and eye problems.[18] In addition, there have been many other studies that have found pesticide exposure is associated with more severe health problems such as respiratory problems, memory disorders, dermatologic conditions,[19][20] cancer,[21] depression, neurologic deficits,[22][23] miscarriages, and birth defects.[24] Summaries of peer-reviewed research have examined the link between pesticide exposure and neurological outcomes and cancer in organophosphate-exposed workers.[25][26] Abdominal pain can be one of the symptoms associated with transient disorders or serious disease. ... A congenital disorder is any medical condition that is present at birth. ...


Imported fruits and vegetables from South America are more likely to contain high level of pesticides,[27] even pesticides banned for use in the United States.[28] Migratory birds, such as Swainson’s hawks, have wintering grounds in Argentina where thousands of them were found dead from monocrotophos insecticide poisoning. Monocrotophos is an organophosphate insecticide. ...


Pesticide residue

A study published in 2002 showed that "Organically grown foods consistently had about one-third as many residues as conventionally grown foods."[29][30]


Monitoring of pesticide residues in the United States is carried out by the Pesticide Data Program (part of USDA, which was created in 1990. It has since tested over 60 different types of food for over 400 different types of pesticides - with samples collected close to the point of consumption. Their most recent results found in 2005 that: A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used for preventing, controlling, or lessening the damage caused by a pest. ... USDA redirects here. ...

“ These data indicate that 29.5 percent of all samples tested contained no detectable pesticides [parent compound and metabolite(s) combined], 30 percent contained 1 pesticide, and slightly over 40 percent contained more than 1 pesticide. ”

—USDA, Pesticide Data Program[31] The U.S. Department of Agriculture, also called the Agriculture Department, or USDA, is a Cabinet department of the United States Federal Government. ...

Several studies corroborate this finding by having found that while 77 percent of conventional food carries synthetic pesticide residues, only about 25 percent of organic food does.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]


A study published by the National Research Council in 1993 determined that for infants and children, the major source of exposure to pesticides is through diet.[42] A recent study in 2006 measured the levels of organophosphorus pesticide exposure in 23 schoolchildren before and after replacing their diet with organic food. In this study it was found that levels of organophosphorus pesticide exposure dropped dramatically and immediately when the children switched to an organic diet.[43] Food residue limits established by law are set specifically with children in mind and consider a child's lifetime ingestion of each pesticide.[44] The National Research Council (NRC) of the USA is the working arm of the United States National Academy of Sciences and the United States National Academy of Engineering, carrying out most of the studies done in their names. ... Organophosphorus compounds are chemical compounds containing carbon-phosphorus bonds. ...


There are controversial data on the health implications of certain pesticides. For example, the herbicide Atrazine has been shown in some experiments to be a teratogen, causing demasculinization in male frogs exposed to small concentrations. Under the effects of Atrazine, male frogs were found to have greatly increased occurrencesof either malformed gonads, or testicular gonads which contain non-degenerate eggs.[45] Effects were however significantly reduced in high concentrations, as is consistent with other teratogens affecting the endocrine system, such as estradiol. Atrazine, 2-chloro-4-(ethylamine)-6-(isopropylamine)-s-triazine, is an s-triazine-ring herbicide that is used globally to stop pre- and post-emergence broadleaf and grassy weeds in major crops. ... // Teratogenesis is a medical term from the Greek, literally meaning monster-birth, which derives from teratology, the study of the frequency, causation, and development of congenital malformations—misleadingly called birth defects. ... Northern Leopard Frogs have a wide range of habitats. ... Estradiol (17β-estradiol) (also oestradiol) is a sex hormone. ...


Organic farming standards do not allow the use of synthetic pesticides, but they do allow the use of specific pesticides derived from plants. The most common organic pesticides, accepted for restricted use by most organic standards, include Bt, pyrethrum, and rotenone. Some organic pesticides, such as rotenone, have high toxicity to fish and aquatic creatures with some toxicity to mammals. It causes Parkinson's disease if injected into rats.[46] the plane is spreading pesticide. ... Binomial name Berliner 1915 Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram-positive, soil dwelling bacterium of the genus Bacillus. ... Pyrethrum refers to several Old World plants of the genus Chrysanthemum (e. ... Rotenone is a colorless-to-red, odorless solid. ... Rotenone is a colorless-to-red, odorless solid. ...


The United States Environmental Protection Agency and state agencies periodically review the licensing of suspect pesticides, but the process of de-listing is slow. One example of this slow process is exemplified by the pesticide Dichlorvos, or DDVP, which as recently as the year 2006 the EPA proposed its continued sale. The EPA has almost banned this pesticide on several occasions since the 1970s, but it never did so despite considerable evidence that suggests DDVP is not only carcinogenic but dangerous to the human nervous system — especially in children.[47] EPA redirects here. ... Dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) is an insecticide. ... The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principal components are nerves called neurons. ...


Taste and nutritional value

The biggest study ever of organic food was completed in 2007 (and hasn't yet been peer-reviewed nor published) found that fruit and vegetables contain up to 40% more antioxidants that conventional equivalents, and that the figure was 90% for organic milk. The 4-year study was funded by the European Union and was the largest of its kind ever undertaken.[48]


A 2001 study by researchers at Washington State University concluded, under judgement by a panel of tasters, that organic apples were sweeter. Along with taste and sweetness, the texture as well as firmness of the apples were also rated higher than those grown conventionally. These differences are attributed to the greater soil quality resulting from organic farming techniques compared to those of conventional farming.[49] This article is about the year. ... Washington State University (WSU) is a major public research university in Pullman, Washington. ... This article is about the fruit. ... Taste (or, more formally, gustation) is a form of direct chemoreception and is one of the traditional five senses. ... Loess field in Germany Surface-water-gley developed in glacial till, Northern Ireland For other uses, see Soil (disambiguation). ... Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants, animals and other life forms. ...


Some studies have shown higher nutrient levels in organic fruit and vegetables compared with conventionally grown products. However, due to the difficulty with designing such experiments, the evidence was not considered conclusive([50]) until the release of the University of Sheffield study in 2007 (see above).


A 2002 meta-analysis (a review of all past studies on the subject) found no proof that organic food offers greater nutritional values, more consumer safety or any distinguishable difference in taste.[51][52][53][54]


A new report published in March 2008 by The Organic Center, which promotes organic food, claims that organic food is on average 25% more nutritious than conventional food.[55]


Cost

Organic products typically cost 10 to 40% more than similar conventionally produced products.[56] Processed organic foods vary in price when compared to their conventional counterparts. An Australian study by Choice magazine in 2004 found processed organic foods in supermarkets to be 65% more expensive, but noted this was not consistent. Prices may be higher because organic produce is produced on a smaller scale, and may need to be milled or processed separately. Furthermore, there is an increase in shipping costs from more centralized production in otherwise regional markets. In the case of dairy and eggs, the animal's requirements such as the number of animals that can be raised per acre, or the breed of animal and its feed conversion ratio affects the cost. CHOICE Magazine is a publication of the Australian Consumers Association (ACA), a non-profit organization founded in 1959 to research and advocate on behalf of Australian consumers, similar to Consumer Reports in the United States. ...


Related movements

Various alternative organic standards are emerging. They generally bypass formal certification, which can be expensive and cumbersome, and provide their own definition of organic food. One such, the Authentic Food standard, proposed by leading US organic farmer Eliot Coleman, includes criteria that are incompatible with current agribusiness: = Eliot Coleman (1939?-) is an American farmer, author, agricultural researcher and educator, and a proponent of organic farming. ...

  • Fresh fruits and vegetables, milk, eggs and meat products are produced within a 50-mile radius of their place of their final sale.
  • The seed and storage crops (grains, beans, nuts, potatoes, etc.) are produced within a 300-mile radius of their final sale.
  • Only traditional processed foods such as cheese, wine, bread and lactofermented products may claim, "Made with Authentic ingredients."[57]

Some are also implementing new approaches to defining and buying food. Community-supported agriculture (CSA) is one such approach, that cuts out all the middlemen by having consumers partner with local farmers. CSA members prepurchase "shares" in a season's harvest, and pick up their weekly portions from distribution sites. Thus, consumers provide direct financing for farms, participate in the risks and rewards of annual growing conditions, and participate with farmers in distribution networks. For other uses, see Pickle. ... Community-supported agriculture (CSA) is a relatively new socio-economic model of food production, sales and distribution aimed at both increasing the quality of food and the quality of care given the land, plants and animals – while substantially reducing potential food losses and financial risks for the producers. ...


CSA is one example of "buying locally," which is often valued by both the organic food consumer and producer. Generally speaking, locally-grown seasonal food can be brought to market more quickly than food that has to be transported long distances, and therefore can be better tasting and to some degree more nutritious by virtue of its freshness. Additionally, the act of buying foods that are locally-grown benefits local farmers and other employers. This local food approach is seen as a direct investment in one's own community and a way to reduce economic dependence. This article is about divisions of a year. ... It has been suggested that Local food network be merged into this article or section. ...


Organic food is also often linked with the fair trade movement, based on the principle that social and environmental sustainability are inextricably interdependent. For the product certification system ( ), see Fairtrade certification. ... The Earth Day flag includes a NASA photo. ...


The "buy local" movement is also related to the organic movement. Michael Pollan, author of “The Omnivore's Dilemma”, notes that in the whole chain of food production and distribution, only one-fifth of the energy is used on the farm, the rest in distribution. Yet a report published by DEFRA, Britain's environment and farming ministry, concluded that shifts toward a local food production and distribution system, as advocated by many organic food proponents, would actually increase the amount of energy being invested in food due to the a higher level of small-scale transport systems, which suffer from inefficiencies compared to standard large-scale supermarket systems.[58] The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for environmental protection, food production and standards, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities. ...


As highlighted by a recent New York Times article, food supply is a global issue that will become increasingly prominent in the near future. "Everywhere, the cost of food is rising sharply. Whether the world is in for a long period of continued increases has become one of the most urgent issues in economics. ... Farmers the world over are producing flat-out. American agricultural exports are expected to increase 23 percent this year to $101 billion, a record. The world’s grain stockpiles have fallen to the lowest levels in decades. 'Everyone wants to eat like an American on this globe,' said Daniel W. Basse of the AgResource Company, a Chicago consultancy. 'But if they do, we’re going to need another two or three globes to grow it all.'"[59] Given the debate around Organic's ability to match the yields of conventional methods and the rising global demand for food, this debate is likely to see increased scrutiny in the future.


Facts and statistics

While organic food accounts for 1–2% of total food sales worldwide, the organic food market is growing rapidly, far ahead of the rest of the food industry, in both developed and developing nations. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Image File history File links USDA_organic_seal. ... Image File history File links Australian_organic_seal. ...

  • World organic food sales jumped from US $23 billion in 2002[60] to $40 billion in 2006.[61]
  • The world organic market has been growing by 20% a year since the early 1990s, with future growth estimates ranging from 10-50% annually depending on the country.

North America

United States:
  • Organic food sales have grown by 17 to 20 percent a year for the past few years[62] while sales of conventional food have grown at only about 2 to 3 percent a year.[63]
  • In 2003 organic products were available in nearly 20,000 natural food stores and 73% of conventional grocery stores.[64]
  • Organic products account for 2.6% of total food sales in the year 2005.[65]
  • Two thirds of organic milk and cream and half of organic cheese and yogurt are sold through conventional supermarkets.[66]
Canada:
  • Organic food sales surpassed $1 billion in 2006, accounting for 0.9% of food sales in Canada.[67]
  • Organic food sales by grocery stores were 28% higher in 2006 than in 2005. [68]
  • British Columbians account for 13% of the Canadian population, but purchased 26% of the organic food sold in Canada in 2006. [69]

For other uses of Cream, see Cream (disambiguation). ... Yoghurt Yoghurt or yogurt, less commonly yoghourt or yogourt, is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. ...

Europe

In the European Union (EU25) 3.9% of the total utilized agricultural area is used for organic production. The countries with the highest proportion of organic land are Austria (11%) and Italy (8.4), followed by Czech Republic and Greece (both 7.2%). The lowest figures are shown for Malta (0.1%), Poland (0.6%) and Ireland (0.8%)[70]

Austria:
  • 11.6% of all farmers produced organically in 2007.[71] The government has created incentives to increase the figure to 20% by 2010.[72]
  • 4.9% of all food products sold in Austrian supermarkets (including discount stores) in 2006 were organic.[73] 8000 different organic products were available in the same year.[74]
Italy:
  • Since 2005 all school lunches must be organic by law.[75]
Poland:
  • In 2005 168,000 ha of land were under organic management. 7 percent of Polish consumers buy food that was produced according to the EU-Eco-regulation. The value of the organic market is estimated at 50 million Euros (2006).[76]
UK:
  • Organic food sales increased from just over £100 million in 1993/94 to £1.21 billion in 2004 (an 11% increase on 2003).[77]

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the G8, the European Union, and NATO. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, the UK, or (inaccurately) as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent...

Caribbean

Cuba:
  • After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, agricultural inputs that had previously been purchased from Eastern bloc countries were no longer available in Cuba, and many Cuban farms converted to organic methods out of necessity.[78] Consequently, organic agriculture is a mainstream practice in Cuba, while it remains an alternative practice in most other countries. Although some products called organic in Cuba would not satisfy certification requirements in other countries (crops may be genetically modified, for example[79][80]), Cuba exports organic citrus and citrus juices to EU markets that meet EU organic standards. Cuba's forced conversion to organic methods may position the country to be a global supplier of organic products.[81]

This article is about the year. ... A map of the Eastern Bloc 1948-1989. ... Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM), and gene splicing (once in widespread use but now deprecated) are terms for the process of manipulating genes in an organism, usually outside of the organisms normal reproductive process. ...

See also

Organic farming is a form of agriculture which excludes the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, plant growth regulators, livestock feed additives, and genetically modified organisms. ... It has been suggested that Small-scale agriculture be merged into this article or section. ... Kenyans examining insect-resistant transgenic Bt corn. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Seasonal food calendar (Northern_Hemisphere). ... Whole foods are foods that are unprocessed and unrefined, or processed and refined as little as possible before being consumed. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Community-supported agriculture (CSA) is a relatively new socio-economic model of food production, sales and distribution aimed at both increasing the quality of food and the quality of care given the land, plants and animals – while substantially reducing potential food losses and financial risks for the producers. ... The Real Dirt on Farmer John is a documentary film about the life of a Midwestern Farmer John. ... // General characteristics Biodynamic agriculture, or Biodynamics comprises an ecological and sustainable system of agricultural production, particularly of food for humans that claims to respect all creation. ...

References

  1. ^ Organic Food Standards and Labels: The Facts. National Organic Program. Retrieved on 2006-06-06.
  2. ^ Family Farms. Local Harvest. Retrieved on 2006-06-06.
  3. ^ Labeling: Preamble
  4. ^ Stolze, M.; Piorr, A.; Häring, A.M. and Dabbert, S. (2000) Environmental impacts of organic farming in Europe. Organic Farming in Europe: Economics and Policy Vol. 6. Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart-Hohenheim.
  5. ^ Hansen, Birgitte; Alrøe, H. J. & Kristensen, E. S. (January 2001). "Approaches to assess the environmental impact of organic farming with particular regard to Denmark". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 83: 11-26. doi:doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00257-7 . 
  6. ^ Bob Goldberg. The Hypocrisy of Organic Farmers. Retrieved on 2007-10-10.
  7. ^ Andrew Leonard. Save the rain forest -- boycott organic?. How The World Works. Retrieved on 2007-10-10.
  8. ^ Mader, et.al. (2002). "Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming". Science 296: 1694–1697. doi:10.1126/science.1071148. 
  9. ^ Welsh, Rick (1999). "Economics of Organic Grain and Soybean Production in the Midwestern United States". Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture. 
  10. ^ Johnston, A. E. (1986). "Soil organic-matter, effects on soils and crops". Soil Use Management 2: 97-105. 
  11. ^ Lotter, D. W., Seidel, R. & Liebhardt W. (2003). "The performance of organic and conventional cropping systems in an extreme climate year". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 18: 146-154. doi:10.1079/AJAA200345. 
  12. ^ The Bichel Committee. 1999. Report from the main committee. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Conclusions and recommendations of the Committee: 8.7.1 Total phase-out. Report not available in print but posted online at: http://www.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/1998/87-7909-445-7/html/kap08_eng.htm#8.7.1. [Excerpt] "A total abolition of pesticide use would result in an average drop in farming yields of between 10% and 25%, at the farm level; the smallest losses would occur in cattle farming. On farms that have a large proportion of special crops, such as potatoes, sugar beet and seed grass, the production losses in terms of quantity would be closer to 50%. These crops would probably be ousted by other crops."
  13. ^ Bob Goldberg. The Hypocrisy of Organic Farmers. Retrieved on 2007-10-10.
  14. ^ Andrew Leonard. Save the rain forest -- boycott organic?. How The World Works. Retrieved on 2007-10-10.
  15. ^ Perfecto et al, in Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems (2007), 22: 86-108 Cambridge University Press: cited in New Scientist 13:46 12 July 2007
  16. ^ Reganold et.al (April 2001). "Sustainability of three apple production systems". Nature 410: 926-930. 
  17. ^ Linda A. McCauley, et.al. (2006). "Studying Health Outcomes in Farmworker Populations Exposed to Pesticides". Environmental Health Perspectives 114. 
  18. ^ Ecobichon DJ. 1996. Toxic effects of pesticides. In: Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons (Klaassen CD, Doull J, eds). 5th ed. New York:MacMillan, 643–689.
  19. ^ Arcury TA, Quandt SA, Mellen BG (2003). "An exploratory analysis of occupational skin disease among Latino migrant and seasonal farmworkers in North Carolina". Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 9 (3): 221–32. 
  20. ^ O'Malley MA (1997). "Skin reactions to pesticides". Occupational Medicine 12: 327–345. 
  21. ^ Daniels JL, Olshan AF, Savitz DA. (1997). "Pesticides and childhood cancers". Environmental Health Perspectives 105: 1068–1077. doi:10.2307/3433848. 
  22. ^ Kamel F, et.al. (2003). "Neurobehavioral performance and work experience in Florida farmworkers". Environmental Health Perspectives 111: 1765-1772. 
  23. ^ Firestone JA, Smith-Weller T, Franklin G, Swanson P, Longsteth WT, Checkoway H. (2005). "Pesticides and risk of Parkinson disease: a population-based case-control study". Archives of Neurology 62: 91-95. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.1.91. 
  24. ^ Engel LS, O'Meara ES, Schwartz SM. (2000). "Maternal occupation in agriculture and risk of limb defects in Washington State, 1980–1993". Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 26 (3): 193–198. 
    Cordes DH, Rea DF. (1988). "Health hazards of farming". American Family Physician 38: 233–243. 
    Das R, Steege A, Baron S, Beckman J, Harrison R (2001). "Pesticide-related illness among migrant farm workers in the United States". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 7: 303–312. 
    Eskenazi B, Bradman A, Castorina R. (1999). "Exposures of children to organophosphate pesticides and their potential adverse health effects". Environmental Health Perspectives 107: 409–419. 
    Garcia AM (2003). "Pesticide exposure and women's health". American Journal of Industrial Medicine 44 (6): 584–594. doi:10.1002/ajim.10256. 
    Moses M. (1989). "Pesticide-related health problems and farmworkers". American Association of Occupational Health Nurses 37: 115–130. 
    Schwartz DA, Newsum LA, Heifetz RM. (1986). "Parental occupation and birth outcome in an agricultural community". Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 12: 51-54. 
    Stallones L, Beseler C. (2002). "Pesticide illness, farm practices, and neurological symptoms among farm residents in Colorado". Environ Res 90: 89–97. doi:10.1006/enrs.2002.4398. 
    Strong, LL, Thompson B, Coronado GD, Griffith WC, Vigoren EM, Islas I. (2004). "Health symptoms and exposure to organophosphate pesticides in farmworkers". American Journal of Industrial Medicine 46: 599–606. doi:10.1002/ajim.20095. 
    Van Maele-Fabry G, Willems JL. (2003). "Occupation related pesticide exposure and cancer of the prostate: a meta-analysis". Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60 (9): 634–642. 
  25. ^ Alavanja MC, Hoppin JA, Kamel F. (2004). "Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: cancer and neurotoxicity". Annual Review of Public Health 25: 155–197. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123020. 
  26. ^ Kamel F, Hoppin JA (2004). "Association of pesticide exposure with neurological dysfunction and disease". Environmental Health Perspectives 112: 950–958. 
  27. ^ "Pesticide levels 'high in fruit'", BBC, 07-30-2004. Retrieved on 2008-03-30. 
  28. ^ STUTCHBURY, BRIDGET. "Did Your Shopping List Kill a Songbird?", New York Times, 03-30-2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-30. 
  29. ^ Baker, Brian; Charles M. Benbrook, Edward Groth III, and Karen Lutz Benbrook. "Pesticide residues in conventional, IPM-grown and organic foods: Insights from three U.S. data sets.". Food Additives and Contaminants 19 (5): 427-446. Retrieved on 2007-01-28. 
  30. ^ Goldberg, Adam (2002-05-08). Consumers Union Research Team Shows: Organic Foods Really DO Have Less Pesticides. Consumers Union. Retrieved on 2007-01-27.
  31. ^ Page 34 of
    Pesticide Data Program (February 2006). "Annual Summary Calendar Year 2005" (pdf). USDA. Retrieved on 2006-07-24.
  32. ^ Consumers Union. December 15, 1997. Are organic foods as good as they’re grown? A landmark consumer reports study. Consumers Union Press Release. “One-quarter of the organic produce samples that Consumer Reports tested had some pesticide residues on them, compared with 77 percent of the conventional samples.”
  33. ^ Consumers Union. January, 1998. Greener Greens: The Truth About Organic Food. Consumer Reports 63(1): pages 12-18.
  34. ^ Baker et al. May, 2002. Pesticide residues in conventional, IPM-grown and organic foods: Insights from three U.S. data sets. Summary: Analysis and Results: Frequency of Positive Samples. Food Additives and Contaminants: volume 19, No. 5, pages 427-446. “Frequency of Positive Samples: Organically grown samples consistently had far smaller percentages with residues: 23, 6.5 and 27 percent in the USDA, DPR and CU data, respectively.”
  35. ^ Environmental Science & Technology Online. January 11, 2006. Organic vegetables not pesticide-free. Science News.
  36. ^ COMPLIANCE SUMMARY FOR FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE COMMODITIES
  37. ^ Monitoring of imported processed fruit and vegetable products by specific commodity, country and tests
  38. ^ Fresh fruit and vegetables
  39. ^ [http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/microchem/resid/2003-2004/plaveg_pte.shtml Report On Pesticides, Agricultural Chemicals, Environmental Pollutants and Other Impurities in Agri-Food Commodities of Plant Origin]
  40. ^ Dairy products
  41. ^ Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2003. Report on Pesticides Residues in Baby Food 2002 – 2003. Infant and Junior Baby Food Chemical Residues Project.
  42. ^ National Research Council (1993). Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children, 1st, National Academies Press. ISBN 0-309-04875-3. 
  43. ^ Lu, Chensheng, et al. (2006). "Organic Diets Significantly Lower Children’s Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides". Environmental Health Perspectives 114: 260-263. 
  44. ^ Raw Food (APA). Retrieved on 2008-03-06.
  45. ^ Tyrone Hayes, Kelly Haston, Mable Tsui, Anhthu Hoang, Cathryn Haeffele, and Aaron Vonk (2003). "Atrazine-Induced Hermaphroditism at 0.1 ppb in American Leopard Frogs". Environmental Health Perspectives 111. 
  46. ^ Pesticide Information Profiles: Rotenone. June, 1996. Pesticide Information Project of Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, Oregon State University, the University of Idaho, and the University of California at Davis and the Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/rotenone.htm
  47. ^ Raeburn, Paul (2006). "Slow-Acting: After 25 years the EPA still won't ban a risky pesticide". Scientific American 295: 26. 
  48. ^ UK Times (2007). "[1]". Nature. 
  49. ^ Green, Emily (2001). "Washington Apple Study Finds Organic Growing Is Best". Nature. 
  50. ^ Niggli, Urs et al. (2007).Improving Sustainability in Organic and Low Input Food Production Systems: Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of the European Integrated Project Quality Low Input Food (QLIF).88.[2]Retrieved on 11 Nov 2007
  51. ^ Bourn D, Prescott J. January 2002. A comparison of the nutritional value, sensory qualities, and food safety of organically and conventionally produced foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science Nutrition. 42(1): 1-34.
  52. ^ Williams, C. M. February 2002. Nutritional quality of organic food: shades of grey or shades of green? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 61(1): 19-24
  53. ^ Canadian Produce Marketing Association (CPMA). Organically Grown Produce: Does organic produce taste better? & Is organic produce more nutritious?
  54. ^ Sir John Krebs. June 5, 2003. Is organic food better for you? Speech given by the then-chair of the Food Standards Agency (UK), Sir John Krebs, to the Cheltenham Science Fair on June 5, 2005. Posted on the Food Standards Agency website: http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2003/jun/cheltenham
  55. ^ New Evidence Confirms the Nutritional Superiority of Plant-Based Organic Foods. The Organic Center (March 2008).
  56. ^ Winter, CK and SF Davis, 2006 "Organic Foods" Journal of Food Science 71(9):R117-R124.
  57. ^ "Authentic Food — Authentic Farming", by Eliot Coleman, Mother Earth News.
  58. ^ Voting with your trolley. The Economist. Retrieved on 2007-10-10.
  59. ^ A Global Need for Grain That Farms Can’t Fill. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-03-08.
  60. ^ The Global Market for Organic Food & Drink (html). Organic Monitor (2002). Retrieved on 2006-06-20.
  61. ^ The Global Market for Organic Food & Drink (html). Organic Monitor (2006). Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
  62. ^ Hansen, Nanette (2004). Organic food sales see healthy growth (html). MSNBC. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.
  63. ^ Warner, Melanie. "What Is Organic? Powerful Players Want a Say". New York Times: Nov. 1, 2005.
  64. ^ Catherine Greene and Carolyn Dimitri (2003). Organic Agriculture: Gaining Ground (html). USDA Economic Research Service. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.
  65. ^ Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (2006). US-Biomarkt wächst wiederholt zweistellig (html). Ökolandbau.de. Retrieved on 2007-10-12.
  66. ^ Dryer, Jerry (2003). Market Trends: Organic Lessons (html). Prepared Foods. Retrieved on 2006-06-20.
  67. ^ Macey, Anne (2007). Retail Sales of Certified Organic Food Products in Canada in 2006 (pdf). Organic Agriculture Center of Canada. Retrieved on 2008-04-09.
  68. ^ Macey, Anne (2007). Retail Sales of Certified Organic Food Products in Canada in 2006 (pdf). Organic Agriculture Center of Canada. Retrieved on 2008-04-09.
  69. ^ Macey, Anne (2007). Retail Sales of Certified Organic Food Products in Canada in 2006 (pdf). Organic Agriculture Center of Canada. Retrieved on 2008-04-09.
  70. ^ European Commission - Eurostat. Eurostat press release 80/2007 1. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
  71. ^ Austrian Ministry of Agriculture. FAQ. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
  72. ^ Austrian chamber of agriculture. Obmann-Wechsel bei Bio Austria. Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
  73. ^ Agrarmarkt Austria. RollAMA Bioanteile LEH 2003-2006 2. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.
  74. ^ BIO AUSTRIA. Wirtschaftlicher Durchbruch für Bio-Fachhandel im Jubiläumsjahr. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
  75. ^ Organic Consumers Association. Italian Law Calls for All Organic Foods in Nation's Schools. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
  76. ^ SixtyTwo International Consultants. The organic food market in Poland: Ready for take-off. Retrieved on 2007-10-08.
  77. ^ Organic Centre Wales. Organic statistics - the shape of organic food and farming. Retrieved on 2007-10-08.
  78. ^ Alison Auld. Farming with Fidel. Retrieved on 2007-10-08.
  79. ^ Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. Cuban GMO Vision. Retrieved on 2007-10-08.
  80. ^ Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología de Cuba. DirecciÓn de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Retrieved on 2007-10-08.
  81. ^ Office of Global Analysis, FAS, USDA. Cuba’s Food & Agriculture Situation Report. Retrieved on 2008-09-04.

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 157th day of the year (158th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 89th day of the year (90th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... is the 128th day of the year (129th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 205th day of the year (206th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 283rd day of the year (284th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 67th day of the year (68th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 285th day of the year (286th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 171st day of the year (172nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 99th day of the year (100th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 116th day of the year (117th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 281st day of the year (282nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2008 (MMVIII) is the current year, a leap year that started on Tuesday of the Anno Domini (or common era), in accordance to the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

On Organics
  • PAN UK (2008). Pesticides on a Plate. PAN-UK (UK). ISBN 13 978-0-9549542-6-0. 
  • Environmental Magazine (2005). Green Living. Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 0-452-28574-7. 
  • Gussow, Joan Dye (2002). This Organic Life: Confessions of a Suburban Homesteader. Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 1-931498-24-5. 
  • Nancarrow, Loren; Taylor, Janet Hogan (2000). Dead Daisies Make Me Crazy: Garden Solutions without Chemical Pollution. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-156-8. 
  • Pretty, J. N., et al. (2006). "Resource-Conserving Agriculture Increases Yields in Developing Countries". Environmental Science and Technology 40: 1114-1119. doi:10.1021/es051670d. 
  • Phillips, Michael (1998). The Apple Grower: A Guide for the Organic Orchardist. Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 1-890132-04-7. 
  • Rubin, Carole (2003). How to Get Your Lawn & Garden Off Drugs: A Basic Guide to Pesticide-Free Gardening in North America. Harbour Publishing Company. ISBN 1-55017-320-0. 
  • Stokstad, Erik (May 2002). "Organic Farms Reap Many Benefits". Science 296: 1589. 
  • Kingsolver, Barbara; Kngsolver, Camille; Hopp, Steven L. (2007). Animal, Vegetable, Miracle. HarperCollins. ISBN 0060852550. 
On Conventional vs Organic Farming
  • Guthman, Julie (2004). Agrarian Dreams: The Paradox of Organic Farming in California. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24095-2. 
  • Hamilton, Denis; Crossley, Stephen (editors) (2004). Pesticide residues in food and drinking water. J. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-48991-3. 
  • Hond, Frank et.al. (2003). Pesticides: problems, improvements, alternatives. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-05659-2. 
  • Watson, David H. (editor) (2004). Pesticide, veterinary and other residues in food. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 1-85573-734-5. 
  • Wargo, John (1998). Our Children's Toxic Legacy: How Science and Law Fail to Protect Us from Pesticides. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07446-8. 
  • Williams, Christine (2002). "Nutritional quality of organic food: shades of grey or shades of green?". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society: 19-24. 
Pesticides and food
  • Extensive Press Release on Pesticides from the Ontario College of Family Physicians
  • Pesticide and Food (pdf) Brochure from Nutrition.gov
  • Pesticide Residue Limits on Food from the Environmental Protection Agency
  • Pesticides in Food from the Northeast Organic Farming Association
  • Testimony to the FDA on Ranking Possible Toxic Hazards of Dietary Supplements Compared to Other Natural and Synthetic Substances from the Carcinogenic Potency Project
  • Paracelsus to Parascience - The Environmental Cancer Distraction from Drs. Bruce Ames and Lois Swisky-Gold, The Environmental Cancer Distraction, on natural versus synthetic chemicals
  • ACSH Holiday Dinner Menu. American Council on Science and Health, on toxins in our food.

External links

  • Organic Food & Services Directory
  • Organic foods vs Natural Foods - Good Organic Gardening Reference
  • Organicpedia - An Organic Online Wiki Encyclopedia
  • Scientist optimistic about organic food's productivity
  • Minimising the impact? The meanings of organic food
  • Organic Portal - The UK directory for Organic Food, Produce and Services
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... The Open Directory Project (ODP), also known as dmoz (from , its original domain name), is a multilingual open content directory of World Wide Web links owned by Netscape that is constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors. ...

  Results from FactBites:
 
Consumer Brochure (598 words)
Organic food is produced by farmers who emphasize the use of renewable resources and the conservation of soil and water to enhance environmental quality for future generations.
Organic food is produced without using most conventional pesticides; fertilizers made with synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge; bioengineering; or ionizing radiation.
Organic food differs from conventionally produced food in the way it is grown, handled, and processed.
Organic food exchange Trade Exchange Barter organic food (1356 words)
Against this non organic foods backdrop, the European organic food exchange sector is growing at a rate of 25.7%, a reflection, in the short term, of consumer dissatisfaction with non organic food and drinks safety.
Combining an in-depth investigation of the major food exchange drivers and industry initiatives, with a detailed analysis of the factors that are inhibiting growth, this latest study contains all the original research and insight you need to exploit the full range of organic food exchange opportunities.
The Organic food exchange service is provided for international or local foodlers to have the opportunity during their foods to get in touch with of best practices of the destination place and culture in a more natural way.
  More results at FactBites »


 
 

COMMENTARY     


Share your thoughts, questions and commentary here
Your name
Your comments

Want to know more?
Search encyclopedia, statistics and forums:
 


Lesson Plans | Student Area | Student FAQ | Reviews | Press Releases |  Feeds | Contact
The Wikipedia article included on this page is licensed under the GFDL.
Images may be subject to relevant owners' copyright.
All other elements are (c) copyright NationMaster.com 2003-5. All Rights Reserved.
Usage implies agreement with terms, 0825, t