NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Organic peroxide

Organic peroxides are organic compounds containing the peroxide functional group (ROOR'). If the R' is hydrogen, the compound is called an organic hydroperoxide. Peresters have general structure RC(O)OOR. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (903x809, 9 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Functional group ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (903x809, 9 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Functional group ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1100x636, 24 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Functional group ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1100x636, 24 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Functional group ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 434 pixel Image in higher resolution (1100 Ã— 597 pixel, file size: 17 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Organic peroxide ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 434 pixel Image in higher resolution (1100 Ã— 597 pixel, file size: 17 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Organic peroxide ... Benzene is the simplest of the arenes, a family of organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen; therefore, carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and elementary carbon are not organic (see below for more on the definition controversy... A peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. ... In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules, that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. ...

The O-O bond easily breaks and forms free radicals of the form RO·. This makes organic peroxides useful as catalysts for some types of polymerisation, such as the epoxy resins used in glass-reinforced plastics. MEKP and benzoyl peroxide are commonly used for this purpose. However, the same property also means that organic peroxides can either intentionally or unintentionally initiate explosive polymerisation in materials with unsaturated chemical bonds, and this process has been used in explosives.^[1] In chemistry free radicals are uncharged atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons or an otherwise open shell configuration. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... Polymerization is the formation of long, repeating organic polymer chains. ... Epoxy or polyepoxide is a thermosetting epoxide polymer that cures (polymerizes and crosslinks) when mixed with a catalyzing agent or hardener. Most common epoxy resins are produced from a reaction between epichlorohydrin and bisphenol-A. The first commercial attempts to prepare resins from epichlorohydrin occurred in 1927 in the United... Insect trapped in resin. ... The composite Rutan VariEze, a home-build light aircraft Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), is a composite material or fiber-reinforced plastic made of a plastic reinforced by fine fibers made of glass. ... Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) is an organic peroxide, a high explosive similar to acetone peroxide, and is quite dangerous to synthesize. ... R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , Autoignition temperature 80Â°C RTECS number DM8575000 Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Tube of Basiron, a water-based 5% benzoyl peroxide preparation for the treatment of acne. ... A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between atoms and molecules, and that which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic chemical compounds. ... Preparing C-4 explosive This article is concerned solely with chemical explosives. ...

Most organic peroxides are highly flammable, explosive materials, often powerful and volatile. As little as 5 milligrams of diethyl ether peroxide can shatter glass chemical apparatuses. Organic peroxides, like their inorganic counterparts, are powerful bleaching agents. Preparing C-4 explosive This article is concerned solely with chemical explosives. ... Diethyl ether peroxides are a class of organic peroxides that slowly form in diethyl ether upon storage under air, light, or in the presence of metal by autoxidation. ... In chemistry, to bleach something generally means to whiten it or oxidize it. ...

Occurrence and use

Organic peroxides find numerous uses in various industries, as accelerators, activators, catalysts, cross-linking agents, curing and vulcanization agents, hardeners, initiators and promoters. An accelerator is an agent used to speed the chemical hardening of plastic materials such as concrete. ... Activator may mean: Activator (proteomics), a type of effector that increases the rate of enzyme mediated reactions Activator (genetics), a DNA-binding protein that regulates one or more genes by increasing the rate of transcription Sega Activator, a motion-sensing controller for the Sega Genesis Activator (day after partying), The... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Catalysis. ... Vulcanization is an example of cross-linking. ... In polymer chemistry and Process Engineering, curing refers to the toughening or hardening of a polymer material by cross-linking of polymer chains, brought about by chemical additives, ultraviolet radiation or heat. ... Vulcanization refers to a specific curing process of rubber involving high heat and the addition of sulfur. ... Another meaning of initiator is SCSI initiator. ... A promoter is a DNA sequence that contains the information, in the form of DNA sequences, that permits the proper activation or repression of the gene which it controls, i. ...

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, benzoyl peroxide and to a much smaller degree acetone peroxide are used as radical initiators for radical polymerization of some resins, eg. polyester and silicone, often encountered when making fiberglass. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide can oxidize acetone to acetone peroxide (an explosive), so mixing it with acetone is discouraged. Polymerization initiators are usually supplied as dilute solutions, but even commercial products, especially the more concentrated ones, may form crystals around the lid when older, making the can shock-sensitive. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) is an organic peroxide, a high explosive similar to acetone peroxide, and is quite dangerous to synthesize. ... R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , Autoignition temperature 80Â°C RTECS number DM8575000 Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Tube of Basiron, a water-based 5% benzoyl peroxide preparation for the treatment of acne. ... Acetone peroxide Ball-and-stick model of the acetone peroxide trimer (TATP) Acetone peroxide (triacetone triperoxide, peroxyacetone, TATP, TCAP) is an organic peroxide and a primary high explosive. ... In chemistry, radical initiators are substances that can produce radical species under mild conditions and promote radical reactions. ... Radical polymerization is a type of polymerization in which the propagation head of a polymer chain consists of a radical. ... Insect trapped in resin. ... SEM picture of a bend in a high surface area polyester fiber with a seven-lobed cross section Polyester is a category of polymers, or, more specifically condensation polymers, which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. ... Silicones (more accurately called polymerized siloxanes or polysiloxanes) are inorganic-organic polymers with the chemical formula [R2SiO]n, where R = organic groups such as methyl, ethyl, and phenyl. ... Bundle of fiberglass Fiberglass or glassfibre is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. ... Acetone peroxide Ball-and-stick model of the acetone peroxide trimer (TATP) Acetone peroxide (triacetone triperoxide, peroxyacetone, TATP, TCAP) is an organic peroxide and a primary high explosive. ... The chemical compound acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and Î²-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ...

Pinane hydroperoxide is used in production of styrene-butadiene synthetic rubber. Styrene Butadiene SBR (SBR) is a polymeride consisting of styrene and butadiene. ... Synthetic rubber is any type of artificially made polymer material which acts as an elastomer. ...

Benzoyl peroxide and acetone peroxide are used as bleaching and "maturing" agents for treating flour to make its grain release gluten easier; the alternative is letting the flour slowly oxidize by air, which is too slow for the industrialized era. R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , Autoignition temperature 80Â°C RTECS number DM8575000 Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Tube of Basiron, a water-based 5% benzoyl peroxide preparation for the treatment of acne. ... Acetone peroxide Ball-and-stick model of the acetone peroxide trimer (TATP) Acetone peroxide (triacetone triperoxide, peroxyacetone, TATP, TCAP) is an organic peroxide and a primary high explosive. ... Flour bleaching agent is a food additive added to flour in order to make it appear whiter (freshly milled flour is yellowish) and to oxidize the surfaces of the flour grains and help with developing of gluten. ... For other uses, see Flour (disambiguation). ... Wheat - a prime source of gluten Gluten is an amorphous ergastic protein found combined with starch in the endosperm of some cereals, notably wheat, rye, and barley. ...

Benzoyl peroxide is a highly effective topical medication for treating most forms of acne. R-phrases , , S-phrases , , , Autoignition temperature 80Â°C RTECS number DM8575000 Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 Â°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references Tube of Basiron, a water-based 5% benzoyl peroxide preparation for the treatment of acne. ...

Cumene hydroperoxide is an intermediate in the cumene process of industrial synthesis of phenol. Cumene process is an industrial process of producing phenol (C6H5-OH) and acetone (CH3-CO-CH3) from benzene (C6H6) and propene (C3H6). ... Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colourless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ...

Acetone peroxide has became a favorite explosive of paramilitaries, because of its easy manufacture, despite its instability. It is notorious for its susceptibility to heat, friction, and shock. Acetone peroxide Ball-and-stick model of the acetone peroxide trimer (TATP) Acetone peroxide (triacetone triperoxide, peroxyacetone, TATP, TCAP) is an organic peroxide and a primary high explosive. ... A paramilitary is a group of civilians trained and organized in a military fashion. ...

Safety

Many organic chemicals form peroxides in presence of atmospheric oxygen and sometimes ultraviolet light; a typical example is the diethyl ether peroxide. As they combine unstably bound oxygen together with hydrogen and carbon in the same molecule, organic peroxides catch fire easily and burn rapidly and intensely. The same applies to organic materials contaminated with organic peroxides. An organic compound is any of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon, with exception of carbides, carbonates and carbon oxides. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... â€œUVâ€ redirects here. ... Diethyl ether peroxides are a class of organic peroxides that slowly form in diethyl ether upon storage under air, light, or in the presence of metal by autoxidation. ...

Since peroxides can form spontaneously in some materials, some caution must be exercised with such "peroxide forming materials". In addition, many liquid ethers in the presence of air, light, and metal slowly (over a period of months) form ether hydroperoxides and peroxides (e.g. diethyl ether peroxide) which are extremely unstable. Consequently it is recommended that ether be stored over potassium hydroxide, which not only destroys peroxides but also acts as a powerful desiccator (drying agent). Extreme care must be taken with samples showing signs of crystal growth or precipitates. The ease with which diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether form explosive peroxides is the reason why they tend to be avoided in industrial processes. Ether is the general name for a class of chemical compounds which contain an ether group â€” an oxygen atom connected to two (substituted) alkyl or aryl groups â€” of general formula R â€“ Oâ€“R.[1] A typical example is the solvent and anesthetic diethyl ether, commonly referred to simply as ether... Look up air in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hot metal work from a blacksmith In chemistry, a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds between metal atoms. ... Diethyl ether peroxides are a class of organic peroxides that slowly form in diethyl ether upon storage under air, light, or in the presence of metal by autoxidation. ... Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. ... This article is about the chemical compound. ... For other uses of THF, see THF (disambiguation) Tetrahydrofuran is a heterocyclic organic compound. ... Dimethoxyethane, also known as glyme, monoglyme, dimethyl glycol, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethyl cellosolve, and DME, is a clear, colorless, aprotic, and liquid ether that is used as a solvent. ...

Caution must be executed with mixing peroxide-forming materials with oxidizing agents. Acetone peroxide, a powerful explosive, is an unwanted and dangerous byproduct of several chemical reactions, ranging from synthesis of MDMA (where it is a by-product of isosafrole oxidation in acetone) to industrial production of phenol (where the second product of the cumene process, acetone, is partially oxidized to peroxide on the second reaction step). Acetone peroxide Ball-and-stick model of the acetone peroxide trimer (TATP) Acetone peroxide (triacetone triperoxide, peroxyacetone, TATP, TCAP) is an organic peroxide and a primary high explosive. ... ecstasy and religious ecstasy MDMA, most commonly known today by the street name ecstasy, is a synthetic entactogen of the phenethylamine family whose primary effect is to stimulate the brain to rapidly secrete large amounts of serotonin, causing a general sense of openness, empathy, energy, euphoria, and well-being. ... A by-product is a secondary or incidental product deriving from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction, and is not the primary product or service being produced. ... Safrole Safrole (chemical formula: C10H10O2, IUPAC name: 5-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole), also called shikimol, is a colorless or slightly yellow oily liquid. ... Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a colourless crystalline solid with a typical sweet tarry odor. ... Cumene process is an industrial process of producing phenol (C6H5-OH) and acetone (CH3-CO-CH3) from benzene (C6H6) and propene (C3H6). ... The chemical compound acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and Î²-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ...

Accidental preparation of organic peroxides can occur by mixing ketone solvents (most commonly acetone) with waste materials containing hydrogen peroxide or other oxidizers and leaving the mixture standing for several hours. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ...

Organic peroxides tend to react with metals. Glass, stainless steel, polyethylene or teflon containers are suggested for handling and storage; steel, copper alloys, rubber, lead, etc. should not be used. Empty containers must be washed with water immediately. Glass can be made transparent and flat, or into other shapes and colors as shown in this sphere from the Verrerie of Brehat in Brittany. ... The 630 foot high, stainless-clad (type 304L) Gateway Arch defines St. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Teflon is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a polymer of fluorinated ethylene. ...

Organic peroxides must not be directly mixed with materials containing heavy metal ions like iron, cobalt or manganese, as these promote the decomposition of the peroxides. Direct mixing with amine compounds should be avoided as well. When mixing peroxides with amines (e.g., when making polyamides), both the peroxide and the amine have to be diluted separately with the monomer; the diluted chemicals can then be mixed. The general structure of an amine Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. ...

Spillages of small amounts of organic peroxides can be wiped off with a rag, which then has to be disposed by burning at a safe place. Materials with absorbed organic peroxides must be saturated with water when stored.

Organic peroxides are sensitive to light and have to be stored in darkness. Some decompose at room temperature and release gaseous products; gas ejectors on the lids of the containers are required. Based on the Self Accelerating Decomposition Temperature, some peroxides have to be stored refrigerated. The Self Accelerating Decomposition Temperature (abbreviated SADT) is the lowest temperature at which an organic peroxide in a typical vessel or shipping package will undergo a self-accelerating decomposition. ...

In case of a fire, an explosion can be anticipated. A foam fire extinguisher can be used for small fires. Fire extinguisher A fire extinguisher is a device used to put out a fire, often in an emergency situation. ...

Small amounts of organic peroxides can be disposed of by careful burning of a substance diluted to under 10% or hydrolyzed. For hydrolysis, using a solution consisting of 80 parts water, 20 parts sodium hydroxide, and 0.3 parts surfactant to allow easier wetting of the crystals of the peroxide. The recommended amount of the solution is 10 times the weight of the peroxide. The peroxide has to be slowly poured into the solution, with constant stirring to avoid local overheating. The reaction is slightly exothermic, but additional cooling is not required. The reaction is slow, and requires stirring for some 12 to 24 hours; the peroxide can then be considered decomposed. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also known as lye or caustic soda or sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic base. ... Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lower the interfacial tension between two liquids. ... In thermodynamics, the word exothermic describes a process or reaction that releases energy in the form of heat. ...

Synthesis

The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid The 3D structure of the carboxyl group A space-filling model of the carboxyl group Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)OH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H. [1] Carboxylic acids are Bronsted... Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very pale blue liquid which appears colourless in a dilute solution, slightly more viscous than water. ... A Grignard Reagent is an alkyl- or aryl- magnesium halide. ... Dienes are hydrocarbons which contain two double bonds. ... The oxymercuration reaction is an electrophilic addition organic reaction that transforms an alkene into a neutral alcohol. ... The chemical structure of ethylene, the simplest alkene. ... In chemistry, an alkyl halide is an organic molecule of the form R_X, where X is a halide and R contains a carbon atom bonded to other functional groups or hydrogens. ...

Reactions

Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds. ... Functional group of an alcohol molecule. ... Lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4), commonly abbreviated to LAH, is a powerful reducing agent used in organic chemistry. ... We dont have an article called Phosphite ester Start this article Search for Phosphite ester in. ... The Kornblumâ€“DeLaMare rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry in which a primary or secondary organic peroxide is converted to the corresponding ketone and alcohol under base catalysis. ...

Encyclopedia > Organic peroxide

Contents

Occurrence and use

Safety

Synthesis

Reactions

See also

External links

References