Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds. In organic chemistry oxidations and reductions are different from ordinary redox reactions because many reactions carry the name but do not actually involve electron transfer in the electrochemical sense of the word. The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... Link titleAn organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon, with exception of carbides, carbonates and carbon oxides. ... Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds. ... Electrochemistry is the science of the reactions that can take place at the interface of an electronic conductor (the electrode, which can be a metal or a semiconductor including graphite) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte). ...

Following the rules for determining the oxidation number for an individual carbon atom leads to The oxidation state or oxidation number is defined as the sum of negative and positive charges in an atom, which indirectly indicates the number of electrons it has accepted or donated. ...

• oxidation number -4 for alkanes,
• oxidation number -2 for alkenes, alcohols, alkyl halides, amines,
• oxidation number 0 for alkynes, ketones, aldehydes, vicinal diols,
• oxidation number +2 for carboxylic acids, amides, chloroform and
• oxidation number +4 for carbon dioxide, tetrachloromethane.

Methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide because the oxidation number changes from -4 to +4. Classical reductions include alkene reduction to alkanes and classical oxidations include oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes with manganese dioxide. In oxidations electrons are removed and the electron density of a molecule is reduced. In reductions electron density increases when electrons are added to the molecule. This terminology is always centered around the organic compound. So a ketone is always reduced by Lithium aluminium hydride but it is bad form to have lithium aliminium hydride oxidized by a ketone. Many oxidations involve removal of protons from the organic molecule and the reverse reduction adds protons to a organic molecule. An alkane in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon, that is, a hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and so has no double bonds. ... An alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. ... In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-khwl الكحول, or al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... In chemistry, an alkyl halide is an organic molecule of the form R_X, where X is a halide and R contains a carbon atom bonded to other functional groups or hydrogens. ... Ammonia Amines are organic compounds containing nitrogen as the key atom in the amine functional group. ... Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have at least one triple bond between carbon atoms. ... A ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a compound that contains this functional group. ... kjhfckjdsvsdv ... The Vicinal or Buurtspoor were a system of narrow gauge tramways or local railways in Belgium, which covered the whole country and had a greater route length than the mainline railway system. ... A diol is a chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups. ... Structure of a carboxylic acid Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the formula -C(=O)-OH, usually written as COOH. The salts and anions of carboxylic acids are called carboxylates generally. ... In chemistry, the term amide has several meanings. ... Chloroform (also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride) is a chemical compound with formula CHCl3. ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 is a synthetic chemical compound formerly widely used in fire extinguishers and refrigeration, but now largely abandoned due to its toxicity. ... The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, is a gas with a chemical formula of CH4. ... Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ... An alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. ... An alkane in organic chemistry is a saturated hydrocarbon, that is, a hydrocarbon in which the molecule has the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms and so has no double bonds. ... In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-khwl الكحول, or al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... kjhfckjdsvsdv ... Manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2) is a chemical compound also known as manganese dioxide or manganese oxide. ... A ketone is either the functional group characterized by a carbonyl group linked to two other carbon atoms or a compound that contains this functional group. ... Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH4), commonly abbreviated to LAH, is a powerful reducing agent used in organic chemistry. ... Hydronium is the common name for the cation H3O+. Nomenclature According to IUPAC ion nomenclature, it should be referred to as oxonium. ...

Many reactions classified as reductions also appear in in other classes. For instance conversion of the ketone to a alcohol by Lithium aluminium hydride can be considered a reduction but the hydride is also a good nucleophile in nucleophilic substitution. Many redox reactions in organic chemistry have coupling reaction reaction mechanism involving free radical intermediates. True organic redox chemistry can be found in electrochemical organic synthesis. Examples of organic reactions that can take place in a electrochemical cell are the Kolbe electrolysis [1] In chemistry, a nucleophile (literally nucleus lover) is a reagent which is attracted to centres of positive charge. ... In chemistry, nucleophilic substitution is a type of chemical reaction in which one nucleophile electron donor replaces another as a covalent substitute of some atom. ... A coupling reaction in organic chemistry is a catch-all for a range of reactions in Organometallic chemistry where two hydrocarbon radicals are coupled with the aid of a metal containing catalyst. ... An overall description of how a reaction occurs. ... In chemistry free radicals are uncharged atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons or an otherwise open shell configuration. ... An electrochemical cell is a setup used for creating an electromotive force in a conductor separating two reactions. ... Kolbe electolysis or Kolbe reaction is a organic reaction named after Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe. ...

Organic reductions

Several reaction mechanisms exist for organic reductions:

• Direct electron transfer in one-electron reduction with the Birch reduction as example
• Hydride transfer in reductions with for example Lithium aluminium hydride
• Hydrogen reductions with a catalyst such as the Lindlar catalyst
• Disproportionation reaction such as the Cannizzaro reaction

Reductions that do not fit in any reduction reaction mechanism and in which just the change in oxidation state is reflected include the Wolff-Kishner reaction. A one-electron reduction in organic chemistry involves the transfer of an electron from a metal to an organic substrate. ... The Birch reduction is the organic reduction of aromatic rings by sodium in liquid ammonia invented by Arthur Birch. ... A hydride is a chemical compound of a hydrogen with other elements. ... Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH4), commonly abbreviated to LAH, is a powerful reducing agent used in organic chemistry. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... jfkdjdfdfd--69. ... The Cannizzaro reaction named after Stanislao Cannizzaro is a chemical reaction that involves disproportionation of any aldehyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha position, in the presence of a strong base. ... The Wolff-Kishner reduction fully reduces aldehydes and ketones to an alkane. ...

Organic oxidations

Several reaction mechanisms exist for organic oxidations:

• Single electron transfer
• Oxidations through ester intermediates with chromic acid or manganese dioxide
• Hydrogen atom transfer as in Free radical halogenation
• Oxidation with oxygen (combustion)
• Oxidation involving ozone in ozonolysis and peroxides
• Oxidations involving a elimination reaction mechanism such as the Swern oxidation and the Kornblum oxidation

In chemistry, chromic acid is a chromium compound, yet to be isolated, that would have the formula H2CrO4. ... Manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2) is a chemical compound also known as manganese dioxide or manganese oxide. ... This reaction is typical of alkanes and alkyl-substituted aromatics. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ... Combustion or burning is an exothermic reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer) to release heat. ... Ozone (O3) is an allotrope of oxygen, the molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms instead of the more stable diatomic O2. ... In ozonolysis ozone cleaves an alkene into carbonyl compounds. ... Peroxide has three distinct meanings: Colloquial meaning In common usage, peroxide is an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide (HOOH or H2O2) sold for use as a disinfectant or mild bleach. ... An elimination reaction is a type of organic chemical reaction in which two groups are removed from a molecule in either a one or two-step mechanism. ... The mild oxidation of primary or secondary alcohols to aldehydes or ketones with a mixture of oxalyl chloride, dimethylsulfoxide and triethylamine is called the Swern oxidation. ...

See also

• The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, rearrangement reactions and organic redox reactions.