NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists

Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists or OUN (Ukrainian: Організація Українських Націоналістів, Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins’kykh Natsionalistiv or ОУН) was a Ukrainian political movement originally created in the interwar Poland. OUN's stated immediate goal was to protect the Ukrainian population from repression and exploitation by governing authorities; its ultimate goal was an independent and unified Ukrainian state. It was created in the 1920s by merger of the Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO) and several nationalist student associations: the Group of Ukrainian National Youth, the League of Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Union of Ukrainian Nationalist Youth. The OUN accepted violence as a political tool against foreign and domestic enemies of their cause. A later created (1942) military wing of OUN, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), was a major Ukrainian armed resistance movement. Second Polish Republic 1921-1939 The Second Polish Republic is an unofficial name applied to the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. When the borders of the state were fixed in 1921, it had an area of 388. ... UPA propaganda poster The Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainian: ) was a Ukrainian guerrilla army formed on October 14, 1942, in Volhynia. ...

Ideology

The OUN grew out of the failure of the Ukrainian people to achieve an independent state during the period of 1917–1921. According to its initial declaration, the OUN's goal was to establish an independent, united national state on ethnic Ukrainian territory. This goal was to be achieved by a national revolution, led by a dictatorship, that would drive out the occupying powers and set up a government representing all regions and Ukrainian social groups. The OUN's leadership felt that past attempts at securing independence failed due to democracy, poor discipline and a soft approach towards Ukraine's traditional enemies. Accordingly, its ideology rejected the socialist ideas supported by Petliura and the compromises of Galicia's traditional elite. Instead, the OUN adopted the ideology of Dmytro Dontsov, an émigré from Eastern Ukraine. Symon Petlyura (Ð¡Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð½ ÐŸÐµÑ‚Ð»ÑŽÑ€Ð°; also spelled Simon, Semen, Semyen Petliura or Petlura, May 10, 1879 â€“ May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician. ... Dmytro Dontsov (Ukrainian Ð”Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¾ Ð”Ð¾Ð½Ñ†Ð¾Ð²) (b. ...

Dmytro Dontsov wrote the nation was the Absolute and that all classes, regional groups, and individuals should be subordinated into an all-encompassing national movement. Dontsov claimed that the 20th century would witness the "twilight of the gods to whom the nineteenth century prayed" and that a new man must be created, with the "fire of fanatical commitment" and the "iron force of enthusiasm", and that the only way forward was through "the organization of a new violence." This new doctrine was the chynnyi natsionalizm – the "nationalism of the deed."^[1] In many respects its creed was similar to that of other eastern European, agrarian fascist movements, such as Romania's Legion of the Archangel Michael and Croatia's Ustashe. Unlike the latter organizations, the OUN did not emphasize antisemitism in its writings despite in reality the OUN like most nationalist organization was largely anti-Semitic as well. Although its ideology advocated achieving national independence, power and unity by any means necessary (thus setting the stage for the mass killing of Polish population in the territory OUN deemed Ukrainian as a means of preventing the Poles from taking control over those Ukrainian lands after the war), it did not advocate the killing of people as a goal in itself. Dmytro Dontsov (Ukrainian Ð”Ð¼Ð¸Ñ‚Ñ€Ð¾ Ð”Ð¾Ð½Ñ†Ð¾Ð²) (b. ... Stamp bearing the symbol of the Iron Guard The Iron Guard is the name most commonly given in English to an ultra-nationalist anti-Semitic, fascist movement and political party in Romania in the period from 1927 into the early part of World War II. Originally founded by Corneliu Zelea... The Ustaše (often spelled Ustashe in English; singular Ustaša or Ustasha) was a Croatian right-wing organisation put in charge of the Independent State of Croatia by the Axis Powers in 1941. ... The Massacre of Poles in Volhynia was an ethnic cleansing conducted in Volhynia (Polish: ) during World War II. In the course of it, up to 80,000 Poles are thought to have been massacred by the nationalist Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainska Povstanska Armiya, or UPA). ...

At a party congress in 1943, the OUN rejected most of this fascistic ideology in favor of a social democratic model, while maintaining its hierarchical structure. This was done in light of the impending defeat of fascism in Europe and in order to gain support from Soviet deserters and the western Allies. It also formed, in 1943, an organization called the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations. The jettisoning of its fascist ideology broadened its membership somewhat. In exile, the OUN's ideology was focused on opposition to communism. The Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations it created and headed would include at various times emigre organizations from almost every eastern European country with the exception of Poland: Croatia, the Baltic countries, anti-communist emigre Cossacks, Hungary, Georgia, Czechia, and Slovakia. In the 1970's the ABN was joined by anti-communist Vietnamese and Cuban organizations.[1] This article needs cleanup. ...

History and Actions

The OUN accepted violence as a political tool against foreign and domestic enemies of their cause. Most of its activity was directed against Poland. Under the command of the Western Ukrainian Territorial Executive (established February 1929), the OUN carried out hundreds of acts of sabotage in Galicia and Volhynia, including a campaign of arson against Polish landowners (which helped provoke the 1930 Pacification), boycotts of state schools and Polish tobacco and liquor monopolies, dozens of expropriation attacks on government institutions to obtain funds for its activities, and some sixty assassinations. Some of the OUN's victims included Tadeusz Hołówko, a Polish promoter of Ukrainian/Polish compromise, Emilian Czechowski, Lviv's Polish police commissioner, Alexei Mailov, a Soviet consular official killed in retaliation for the Ukrainian Famine, and most notably Bronisław Pieracki, the Polish interior minister. The OUN also killed moderate Ukrainian figures such as the respected teacher (and former officer of the military of the West Ukrainian People's Republic) Ivan Babii. Such acts were condemned by the head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Metropolitan Andriy Sheptytsky, who was particularly critical of the OUN's leadership in exile who inspired the acts of youthful violence, writing that they were "using our children to kill their parents" and that "whoever demoralizes our youth is a criminal and an enemy of the people." 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy through subversion, obstruction, disruption, and/or destruction. ... Coat-of-arms of Galicia or Galicja Galicia (Ukrainian: , Polish: , German: , Hungarian: ) is an historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine. ... Pochayiv Lavra, the spiritual heart of Volhynia Volhynia (Ukrainian: , Polish: , Russian: ; also called Volynia) comprises the historic region in western Ukraine located between the rivers Pripyat and Western Bug -- to the north of Galicia and of Podolia. ... The Skyline Parkway Motel in Afton, Virginia after an arson fire on July 9, 2004. ... 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link is to a full 1930 calendar). ... The word pacification is most often used as a euphemism for counter-insurgency operations by a dominant military force. ... Expropriation is the act of removing from control the owner of an item of property. ... Assassin and Targeted killing redirect here. ... Tadeusz HoÅ‚Ã³wko (1889 - 1931), codename Kirgiz, was a politician in the inter-war Poland, an active diplomat and an authors of many articles and books. ... Motto: Semper fidelis Location Map of Ukraine with Lviv. ... Child victim of the Holodomor The Ukrainian famine (1932-1933) or Holodomor was one of the largest national catastrophes of the Ukrainian nation in modern history with direct loss of human life in the range of millions (estimates vary). ... The West Ukrainian National Republic (Ukrainian: ) was a short-lived republic that existed in late 1918 and early 1919 in eastern Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia and included the cities of Lviv, Kolomyya, and Stanislav. ... The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC), also known as the Ukrainian Catholic Church, is one of the successor Churches to the acceptance of Christianity by Grand Prince Vladimir the Great (Ukrainian Volodymyr) of Kiev (Kyiv), in 988. ... Andriy Sheptytsky Andriy Sheptytsky (July 29, 1865â€”November 1, 1944) was the Metropolitan Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church from 1901 until his death. ...

The OUN was originally a fringe movement in western Ukraine, whose political scene was dominated by the mainstream and moderate Ukrainian National Democratic Party (UNDO), which promoted constitutional democracy and sought to achieve independence through peaceful means. UNDO was supported by the Ukrainian clergy, intelligentsia, and the traditional establishment. As Polish persecution of Ukrainians during the interwar period increased, however, many Ukrainians (particularly the youth, many of whom felt they had no future) lost faith in traditional legal approaches and in the western democracies who were seen as turning their backs on Ukraine. This period of disillusionment coincided with the increase in support for the OUN. By the beginning of the Second World War, the OUN was estimated to have 20,000 active members and several times that number in sympathizers. Many bright students, such as the talented young poets Bohdan Kravtsiv and Olena Teliha (executed by the Nazis at Babi Yar) were attracted to the OUN's revolutionary message. The massacre at Babi Yar Babi Yar (Russian: Ð‘Ð°Ð±Ð¸Ð¹ ÑÑ€, Babiy yar; Ukrainian: Ð‘Ð°Ð±Ð¸Ð½ ÑÑ€, Babyn yar) is a ravine in Kiev, Ukraine, which was the site of a series of massacres of primarily Jews and some other civilians by the Germans, with assistance from local collaborators, during World War II. // [edit] Before the...

As a means to gain independence from Polish and Soviet oppression, before World War II the OUN accepted material and moral support from Nazi Germany. After invasion of Poland in September 1939, some cadres of the OUN collaborated with Germany both against the Poles and, later, against the Soviet Union. In August 1940 the organisation divided into two competing fractions: OUN-M headed by Andrii Melnyk and OUN-B (or OUN-R for "revolutionary") headed by Stepan Bandera. The OUN-B fraction was more numerous while OUN-m, with its historic ties to the German military, attempted to re-establish those contacts, supposedly unaware of the true nature of the Nazi regime. Both OUN fractions created their own special forces units, named "Rolland" and "Nachtigall", respectively. Eight days after Germany's invasion of the USSR, on June 30, 1941, the OUN-B proclaimed Ukraine's independence in Lviv, with Yaroslav Stetsko as premier. A couple of days later both Bandera and Stetsko were imprisoned and sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where they were kept until September 1944. Both of Bandera's brothers were murdered at Auschwitz. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ... Combatants Poland Nazi Germany Soviet Union Slovakia Commanders Edward Rydz-ÅšmigÅ‚y Fedor von Bock (Army Group North) Gerd von Rundstedt (Army Group South) Mikhail Kovalov (Belorussian Front) Semyon Timoshenko (Ukrainian Front) Ferdinand ÄŒatloÅ¡ (Field Army Bernolak) Strength 39 divisions 16 brigades 4,300 guns 880 tanks 400 aircraft Total... 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists or OUN (Ukrainian: or ÐžÐ£Ð) was a Ukrainian political movement originally created in the interwar Poland. ... Andrii Melnyk Andrii Melnyk or Andrij Melnik (Ukrainian: ÐÐ½Ð´Ñ€Ñ–Ð¹ ÐœÐµÐ»ÑŒÐ½Ð¸Ðº) (December 12, 1890-November 1, 1964), Ukrainian military and political leader. ... Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists or OUN (Ukrainian: or ÐžÐ£Ð) was a Ukrainian political movement whose immediate purpose was to protect the Ukrainian population from repression and exploitation by governing authorities; its ultimate goal was an independent and unified Ukrainian state. ... Stepan Andriyovych Bandera (January 1, 1909â€“October 15, 1959) was a Ukrainian nationalist leader who headed the Ukrainian Nationalist Organisation (OUN). ... Romain Rolland Romain Rolland (January 29, 1866 â€“ December 30, 1944) was a French writer. ... This article or section seems not to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia entry. ... Combatants Germany Romania Finland Italy Hungary Slovakia Soviet Union Commanders Adolf Hitler Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Joseph Stalin Strength ~ 3. ... June 30 is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 184 days remaining. ... This article is about the year. ... Motto: Semper fidelis Location Map of Ukraine with Lviv. ... A premier is an executive official of government. ... Sachsenhausen may refer to a quarter of Oranienburg in Germany, see Sachsenhausen (Oranienburg), and a detention facility here a quarter of Frankfurt am Main in Germany, see Sachsenhausen (Frankfurt am Main) a municipality of Weimarer Land, see Sachsenhausen (Thüringen) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which... See also the related List of German concentration camps Concentration camp in Nazi Germany. ... 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1944 calendar). ...

The Germans, needed Ukrainian assistance against the Soviet Union, were expected by OUN to further the goal of Ukrainian independence. Although some elements of the German military were inclined to do so, they were later overruled by Hitler and his political organization, whose racial prejudice against the Ukrainians precluded cooperation. Many OUN leaders and associates were soon arrested and imprisoned by the Gestapo. Many OUN members were killed outright, or perished in jails and concentration camps. During the Second World War Ukraine lost more of its civilian population than any other country in Nazi occupied Europe, a fact often obfuscated by the tendency to describe these losses as "Soviet," or "Russian." Ukrainian nationalist forces and their supporters would fight against both the Nazi and later the Soviet invaders of their lands until the mid-late 1950s. Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... The Deaths Head emblem similar to skull and crossbones, often used as the insignia of the Gestapo The (contraction of Geheime Staatspolizei; Secret State Police) was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. ... It has been suggested that Internment be merged into this article or section. ...

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Ideology

History and Actions

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History and Actions

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Ideology