Two representations of the organochloride chloroform.

An organochloride, organochlorine or chlorocarbon, is an organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded chlorine atom. Their wide structural variety and divergent chemical properties lead to a broad range of uses. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 717 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1100 × 920 pixel, file size: 190 KB, MIME type: image/png) Afterwards please add the following code to : (Please review the discussion here. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , Flash point Non-flammable U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) (OSHA) Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Benzene is the simplest of the arenes, a family of organic compounds An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen; therefore, carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and elementary carbon are not organic (see below for more on the definition controversy... Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, or sometimes between atoms and other covalent bonds. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ...

Applications

The simplest form of organochlorides are chlorinated hydrocarbons. These consist of simple hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced with chlorine. Most low molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethene, and trichloroethane are useful as solvents. Those solvents tend to be relatively non-polar; and therefore immiscible with water and effective in cleaning applications such as degreasing and dry cleaning. Oil refineries are key to obtaining hydrocarbons; crude oil is processed through several stages to form desirable hydrocarbons, used in fuel and other commercial products. ... Oil refineries are key to obtaining hydrocarbons; crude oil is processed through several stages to form desirable hydrocarbons, used in fuel and other commercial products. ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , Flash point Non-flammable U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) 50 ppm (240 mg/m3) (OSHA) Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Dichloromethane or Methylene chloride is a chemical compound widely used as a solvent for organic materials. ... Dichloroethene, often abbreviated as DCE, can refer to any one of several isomeric forms of the organochloride with the molecular formula C2H2Cl2: There are two isomers: 1,1-dichloroethene 1,2-dichloroethene Dichloroethene should not be confused with dichloroethane which is often abbreviated as DCA. This is a disambiguation page... The chemical compound 1,1,1-trichloroethane is a chlorinated hydrocarbon that was until recently widely used as an industrial solvent. ... A commonly-used example of a polar compound is water (H2O). ... // For the here described activities you will often find the following terms: metal cleaning, metal surface cleaning, component cleaning, degreasing. ... Dry cleaning is any cleaning process for clothing and textiles using an organic solvent other than water — generally known as dry cleaning fluid, and typically this is tetrachloroethylene. ...

Many organochlorides have significant biological activities. For example, many powerful and effective insecticides are organochlorides. Common examples include DDT, 2,4-D, dicofol, heptachlor, endosulfan, chlordane, mirex, and pentachlorophenol. Those can be hydrophilic acids or hydrophobic. An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects in all developmental forms. ... DDT or Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane is the first modern pesticide and is one of the best known synthetic pesticides. ... 2,4-D (or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. ... Dicofol (4-Chloro-α-(4-chlorophenyl)-α-(trichloromethyl)benzenemethanol) is one of the last remaining, commonly-used organochlorine pesticides. ... Heptachlor is an insecticide that usually comes in the form of a white or tan powder, the tan powder being of lower purity. ... Endosulfan Endosulfan is a cyclodiene insecticide with the formula C9H6Cl6O3S, also used under the name thiodan and benzoepin. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Mirex is a bait insecticide used against a large number of insect pests, with the chemical formula C10Cl12. ... Pentachlorophenol (C6HCl5O) is a synthetic fungicide which is an organochloride. ... The adjective hydrophilic describes something that likes water (from Greek hydros = water; philos = friend). ... In chemistry, hydrophobic or lipophilic species, or hydrophobes, tend to be electrically neutral and nonpolar, and thus prefer other neutral and nonpolar solvents or molecular environments. ...

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were once commonly used electrical insulators and heat transfer agents. Their use has generally been phased out due to health concerns. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). ...

Chlorinated alkenes are useful monomers used in the preparation of a variety of materials. For example, vinyl chloride is polymerized to form the plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The chemical structure of ethylene, the simplest alkene. ... Vinyl chloride, also known as chloroethene in IUPAC nomenclature, is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce its polymer, polyvinyl chloride (PVC). ... An example of alkene polymerisation, in which each Styrene monomer units double bond reforms as a single bond with another styrene monomer and forms polystyrene. ... Polyvinyl chloride Polyvinyl chloride, (IUPAC Polychloroethene) commonly abbreviated PVC, is a widely used thermoplastic polymer. ...

Natural presence

Although halogenated organic compounds are relatively rare in nature compared to non-halogenated organic compounds, many organochlorides have been isolated from natural sources ranging from bacteria to humans.^[1][2] There are examples of natural chlorine-containing compounds found in nearly every class of biomolecules including alkaloids, terpenes, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, and fatty acids.^[1][3] In addition, a variety of a simple chlorinated hydrocarbons including dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride have been isolated from marine algae.^[4] An interesting example of a natural organochloride is epibatidine, an alkaloid isolated from tree frogs, which has potent analgesic effects and has stimulated research into new pain medication. Despite these examples, the amount of organochlorides of biological origin in the environment today is small compared to that of anthropogenic origin. Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid An alkaloid is, strictly speaking, a naturally occurring amine produced by a plant,[1] but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. ... Many terpenes are derived from conifer resins, here a pine. ... Phenylalanine is one of the standard amino acids. ... Molecular structure of flavone The term flavonoid refers to a class of plant secondary metabolites based around a phenylbenzopyrone structure. ... Steroid skeleton of lanosterol. ... In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated. ... R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , , , Flash point Non flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... Epibatidine is the chemical that Native Americans dipped their arrowheads into. ... An analgesic (colloquially known as a painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). ...

Toxicity

Many organochlorides have significant toxicity to animals, including humans. Dioxins, produced when organic matter is burned in the presence of chlorine, and some insecticides such as DDT are persistent organic pollutants which pose dangers to the environment. Chlorinated solvents, when not handled and disposed of properly, present problems with groundwater pollution. Some organochlorides such as phosgene have even been used as chemical warfare agents. However, the presence of chlorine in an organic compound does not in any way ensure toxicity. Many organochlorides are safe enough for consumption in foods and medicines such as loratadine (Claritin), sertraline (Zoloft), lamotrigine (Lamictal), the sweetener sucralose (Splenda), and the inhalation anesthetic isoflurane. Dioxin is the common name for the group of compounds classified as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs). ... Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. ... Phosgene (also known as carbonyl chloride, COCl2) is a highly toxic gas or refrigerated liquid that was used as a chemical weapon in World War I. It has no color, but is detectable in air by its odor, which resembles moldy hay. ... Early detection of chemical agents Sociopolitical climate of chemical warfare While the study of chemicals and their military uses was widespread in China, the use of toxic materials has historically been viewed with mixed emotions and some disdain in the West (especially when the enemy were doing it). ... Loratadine is a drug used to treat allergies. ... Zoloft bottles, with blue and green tablets Sertraline hydrochloride (also sold under brand names Zoloft, Lustral, Apo-Sertral, Asentra, Gladem, Serlift, Stimuloton, Xydep, Serlain, Concorz) is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. ... Lamotrigine (marketed as Lamictal (IPA: ) by GlaxoSmithKline, called Lamictin in South Africa, (Lamogine)[1] in Israel, and in South Korea) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. ... Sucralose is an artificial sweetener. ... Structural formula of isoflurane Isoflurane (1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether) is a halogenated ether used for inhalation anesthesia. ...

Rachel Carson was the American scientist that brought attention of the issue of organochloride toxicity to public awareness with her 1962 book Silent Spring. While many countries have phased out the use of some organochlorides, persistent organochlorides continue to be observed in humans and mammals across the planet at potentially dangerous levels many years after production and use have been limited. In Arctic areas, particularly high levels are found in marine mammals. These chemicals especially impact mammals, and are even found in human breast milk. Males typically have far higher levels, as females reduce their concentration by transfer to their offspring through breast feeding.^[5] Rachel Louise Carson (May 27, 1907 — April 14, 1964) was an American marine biologist and nature writer whose landmark book, Silent Spring, is often credited with having launched the global environmental movement. ... Silent Spring is a book written by Rachel Carson and published by Houghton Mifflin in September 1961. ... The red line indicates the 10°C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region border Satellite image of the Arctic surface The Arctic is the region around the Earths North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. ... A Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), a member of Order Cetacea A Leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), a member of infrafamily Pinnipedia A West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus), a member of Order Sirenia A pair of Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris), a member of family Mustelidae yeahh boii ♥ A marine mammal is a...

See also

• Haloalkane
• Organic halide

Tetrafluoroethane (a haloalkane) is a clear liquid which boils well below room temperature (as seen here) and can be extracted from common canned air canisters by simply inverting them during use. ... An organic halide is an organic compound containing one or more halogen atoms. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Gordon W. Gribble (1998). "Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds". Acc. Chem. Res. 31 (3): 141 -152. DOI:10.1021/ar9701777. 
2. ^ Gordon W. Gribble (1999). "The diversity of naturally occurring organobromine compounds". Chemical Society Reviews 28 (5): 335. DOI:10.1039/a900201d. 
3. ^ Kjeld C. Engvild, "Chlorine-Containing Natural Compounds in Higher Plants", Phytochemistry, Vol. 25, No. 4, 7891-791, 1986.
4. ^ Gribble, G. W. , "Naturally occurring organohalogen compounds - A comprehensive survey", Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products (1996), 68, 1-423.
5. ^ Marine Mammal Medicine, 2001, Dierauf & Gulland

Accounts of Chemical Research (usually abbreviated as ) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published since 1968 by the American Chemical Society. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ... Chemical Society Reviews is a review journal published by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) since 1972. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

• "Formation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Weathering Plant Material" article at SLAC website
• "The oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons" article from The Institute for Green Oxidation Chemistry at the Carnegie Mellon University website