The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a nation speaking Romanian, a Romance language, and living in Central and Eastern Europe. The Origin of the Romanians has been for a long time disputed and there are two basic theories: Balkan peninsula with northwest border Isonzo-Krka-Sava The Balkans is the historic and geographic name used to describe a region of southeastern Europe. ... The Latin peoples are those linguistic-cultural groups that speak one of the Romance languages; they are called this way because they speak languages descended from the vulgar form of Latin. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Romance languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, comprise all languages that descended from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. ... World map exhibiting the location of Europe. ...

1. Daco-Romanian continuity in Dacia and some adjacent regions.
2. Migration of Romanic peoples from former Roman provinces south of the Danube in the Balkans (The Rössler Theory).

The exact region where the Romanian language and people formed is not only a scientific puzzle, but also a heated political controversy. 19th-century Hungarian historians largely supported the migration theory, which maintained that Transylvania was not inhabited by Romanians at the time of the Magyar arrival in central Europe during the 10th century. Most Romanian historians support the theory of Daco-Romanian continuity, and maintain that Transylvania was continuously inhabited by the ancestors of Romanians. The debate was politically charged in the 19th-20th centuries because of territorial conflicts concerning Transylvania between Romania and Hungary. Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, named by the ancient Greeks Getae, was a large district of Southeastern Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa, on the east by the Tyras or Nistru, now... Map of the Roman Empire, with the provinces, after 120 AD. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin, provincia, pl. ... Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or Ердељ / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... Hungarians (Hungarian: ) or Magyars[5] are an ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. ...

Daco-Romanian continuity

Romanian continuity and migrations

After the Romans conquered Dacia in 106, a process of romanization of the Dacians took place. The Roman administration retreated from Dacia around 271, and according to this theory, the romanized Dacians stayed on, and have continuously lived in Dacia throughout the Dark Ages. Romanians are their descendants. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (972x675, 689 KB) This is a map of the general areas in which ethnogenesis of the Romanian people is believed to have occured. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (972x675, 689 KB) This is a map of the general areas in which ethnogenesis of the Romanian people is believed to have occured. ... Area under Roman control  Roman Republic  Roman Empire  Western Empire  Eastern Empire Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a city-state founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci, named by the ancient Greeks Getae, was a large district of Southeastern Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa, on the east by the Tyras or Nistru, now... For other uses, see number 106. ... Julius Caesar, from the bust in the British Museum, in Cassells History of England (1902). ... The provinces of the Roman Empire in 120, with Dacia highlighted. ... Events Goths forced to withdraw across the Danube Roman Emperor Aurelian withdraws troops to the Danube frontier, abandoning Dacia. ... ‹ The template below has been proposed for deletion. ...

Arguments for

• Extensive Roman colonization of Dacia.
• The colonists came from different provinces of the Roman empire. They had no common language except for Vulgar Latin. In this multiethnic environment, Latin, being the only common language of communication, might have quickly become the dominant language. American history furnishes similar examples.
• Dacian toponyms were kept; examples are the names of some rivers (Samus - Someş, Marisia - Mureş, Porata - Prut) and the names of some cities (Petrodava - Piatra Neamţ, Abruttum - Abrud).
• Some morpho-syntactic, lexical and phonetical regional differences within Romanian indicate that in certain regions of Romania the language preserved more Latin substance than in the rest of the country ^[1]. The boundaries of these linguistic areas coincide quite exactly with the borders of the ancient Roman province of Dacia, encompassing modern Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia.

The existence of a stronger Latin heritage in the territories of the ancient Roman Dacia is explained by the intense Romanisation of these territories, which formed core areas of the Romanian. The uninterrupted and isolated existence of a Romanised population living there ensured a conservative transmission of this Latin heritage across generations. From these core areas Romanian spread over the Carpathians, meanwhile losing a little of its Latin substance. The general dissemination into Romanian of words of Magyar origin supports the theory of the Romanian diffusion from Transylvanian core areas across the Carpathian.

• The similarity between the current Romanian traditional clothes and the Dacian clothes, as depicted on Trajan's Column.
• Constantine the Great assumed the title Dacicus Maximus in 336 just like Trajan did in 106, suggesting the presence of Dacians in Dacia even after the Aurelian withdrawal of 270-275.
• Numerous archaeological sites prove the continuity of Latin settlements north of the Danube after the evacuation of 271, including:
  • Daco-Roman ceramic artifacts from the 5th-6th centuries, found at: Bratei, Soporu de Câmpie, Verbiţa, Sǎrata Monteoru
  • Christian tombs and objects found at: Cluj-Napoca, Alba-Iulia, Biertan, Dej
  • Walls erected in the 4th century at Sarmizegetusa

The Biertan Donarium (IVth century A. Chr.)

• • Many inscriptions in the Latin language: inscriptions on silver ring from Micia, ceramic objects from Porolissum, brick found at Gornea, inscription on bronze object found at Biertan (reading "EGO ZENOVIUS VOTUM POSUI").
• A mosaic map found at Magada, Jordan, which, according to some scholars, ^{[attribution needed]} represents the province of Dacia in the IV and V century AD, and its link to different Middle Eastern trade routes; at present this interpretation is highly controversial.

This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Vulgar Latin, as in this political graffiti at Pompeii, was the way that ordinary people of the Roman Empire spoke, which was different from the Classical Latin used by the Roman elite. ... Toponymy is the taxonomic study of toponyms (place-names), their origins and their meanings. ... The SomeÅŸ (-Romanian, Hungarian: Szamos) river flows through Romania and Hungary. ... The MureÅŸ (in Romanian, in Hungarian: Maros, in German: Mieresch / Marosch) is an approx. ... The Prut river (also known as Pruth) is 950 km long, originating in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine and flowing southeast to join the Danube river near Reni, east of Galaţi. ... Piatra NeamÅ£ (population: 105,000) is the main city of NeamÅ£ county, Moldavia, Romania. ... Abrud (Hungarian: Abrudbánya, German: Großschlatten) is a city in Alba county of Transylvania, Romania, situated on the river with the same name. ... Trajans Column is a monument in Rome raised by Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Senate. ... Constantine. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... Lucius Domitius Aurelianus (September 9, 214–275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270–275), was the second of several highly successful soldier-emperors who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. ... The provinces of the Roman Empire in 120, with Dacia highlighted. ... The Danube (ancient Danuvius, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river of the European Union and Europes second-longest[3] (after the Volga). ... Map of Romania showing Cluj_Napoca Cluj_Napoca (Hungarian: Kolozsvár, German: Klausenburg, Latin: Claudiopolis), the seat of Cluj county, is one of the most important academic, cultural and industrial centers in Romania. ... County Alba County Status County capital Mayor Mircea Hava, since 2000 Area 103. ... Biertan and its fortified church Biertan (German Birthälm, Hungarian Berethalom) is a commune in central Romania in the north of the Sibiu County, 80 km north of Sibiu and 15 km east of MediaÅŸ. The first documentary testimony about the village is from 1283 in a document about the... Dej is located in the county of Cluj in Romania. ... Sarmisegetuza was the most important Dacian military, religious and political center. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1412x1404, 121 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1412x1404, 121 KB) I, the creator of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. ... Biertan Donarium The Biertan Donarium is a 4th century Christian votive object found near the town of Biertan, in Transylvania, Romania. ... Porolissum was an ancient Roman city in Dacia. ... Biertan Donarium The Biertan Donarium is a 4th century Christian votive object found near the town of Biertan, in Transylvania, Romania. ... Biertan and its fortified church Biertan (German Birthälm, Hungarian Berethalom) is a commune in central Romania in the north of the Sibiu County, 80 km north of Sibiu and 15 km east of MediaÅŸ. The first documentary testimony about the village is from 1283 in a document about the... Mosaic is the art of decoration with small pieces of colored glass, stone or other material. ... The provinces of the Roman Empire in 120, with Dacia highlighted. ...

Ancient and medieval sources

With the beginning of the 11th century, several contemporary sources mention the presence of Vlachs in Transylvania and the surrounding area, while a few other sources — though rather blunt in their nature — mention the Vlach presence in Transylvania as early as 8th century. These sources also mention the Vlach presence in Pannonia at the arrival of the Hungarians and they indicate that some of those Vlachs were pushed from Pannonia by the invading Hungarians and settled in Transylvania. Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ...

In 545, Procopius mention "the trick played by an Ant (a Slav or Alan from present-day Moldavia) who is supposed to have passed himself off as a Byzantine General by speaking a form of Latin which he had learned in these regions."^[2] An ancient letter from one Emmerich of Elwangen to Grimaldus, abbot of St. Gall], written about 860 mention Vlachs living north of Danube together with Germans, Sarmatians, and Alans;^[3] and "the Weltchronik of 1277, referring to the ninth century," calls those Dacians for "Wallachen".^[4] The Weltchronik of Jansen Enikel, written in Vienna in 1277, mentions Charlemagne going on a campaign in the east (around 8th century) and met with Wallachians.^[5] At the time of Charlemagne, the Hungarians of Arpad have yet not arrived in Pannonia, and the chronicle, when mentioning the Hungarians, refers to the people inhabiting the future Hungary. Procopius (in Greek Προκόπιος, c. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Abbey of St. ... Vienna (German: Wien ) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... A portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Dürer that was painted several centuries after Charlemagnes death. ...

Nestor's Chronicle, (Kiev, 1097-1110), relating events from 862 to 1110, mention Wallachians attacking and subduing the Slavs north of Danube and settling among them. In the chronicle of Simon of Keza (1282 to 1290), the Vlachs of Pannonia are mentioned as a settled population after the collapse of the Hunnish Empire.^[6] The Anonymous Notary of King Béla II (1131-1141) or Béla III also mention the presence of Vlachs in Pannonia and them mixing with Slavs, but retaining their language and culture.^[7] The Descriptio Europæ Orientalis, which was written by a French monk in 1308, discovered in the Paris Library in 1913, mention ten Vlach kings that were defeated by the Hungarians of Arpad.^[8] The Chronicon Pictum of Vienna, 1358, also mention the Vlachs remaining in Pannonia after the invasion of Atilla's Huns^[9] and both Chronicon Pictum of Vienna and Simon of Kéza note that "three thousand men of the Hunnish people remained in Pannonia ('in campun Csigla'), calling themselves Siculi (Zakuli), who upon the arrival of the Hungarians moved eastwards "cum Vlachis in montibus".^[10] In 1236, the monk Ricardus mention seven Hungarian chiefs that while being in Pannonia, met a Vlach population^[11] while Thomas of Spalato mentioned the same thing.^[12] The poem of the Nibelungs, written between 1140 and 1160, mentions the wedding of Attila and the presence at it of Vlachs.^[13] and Weltchronik of Rudolph von Ems, written circa 1250, mention Vlachs living in Pannonia.^[14] Location Map of Ukraine with Kiev highlighted. ... Béla II of Hungary, The Blind (Hungarian: Vak Béla) (1110-1141) of the Arpad dynasty was King of Hungary from 1131 until his death. ... Béla III of Hungary (Hungarian , Slovak: Belo III), born in 1148, was King of Kingdom of Hungary circa 1172-1196. ... City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Paris Eiffel tower as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro. ... Arpad is the name of: Arpad, a city in ancient Syria. ... A miniature from the Chronicon Pictum. ... Simon of Kéza (in Hungarian Kézai Simon) was the most famous Hungarian chronicler in the 13th century. ... For other uses, see Split (disambiguation). ...

Arguments against

• The short time of occupation, which lasted only about 165 years, not to mention the fact that in the last period the Roman occupation was only formal.
• Romans conquered only about 50% of the territories inhabitated by Romanians (Transylvania, Banat, Oltenia and parts of Muntenia, southern Moldova, eastern Serbia and northern Bulgaria); besides, many Dacians lived in remote mountainous areas, with little contact with the main Roman colonies. However it is possible that the process of Romanization wasn't limited only to major centres.
• After the Roman withdrawal, a Dacian tribe (the Carpians, living in Moldavia) conquered the abandoned areas and could have imposed their language or reverted the romanization process (if there was any romanization process).
• There are very few written documents confirming that Romanic peoples lived in Dacia in the period between the Roman evacuation of Dacia and the 10th century. However, written documents from Dark Ages usually recorded only events relative to the area were they were compiled.
• There are no clear traces of Teutonic influences in Romanian language and it is known that in the 5th and 6th centuries Dacia was inhabited by Germanic tribes.
• A large part of the Hungarian vocabulary related to farming and other activities requiring a settled lifestyle originate in ancient Slavic, whereas no Vlach or Romanian influence can be shown. This hints towards Hungarians having found a mostly Slavic population in the Carpatian basin, and tends to show the lack of Romanian element within the contemporary ethnic composition.
• It is unclear that the term "Vlach", as mentioned in the medieval chronicles, refers to which ethnic group. Taken into account that modern Polish "Wloch" and "Wlochy" mean respectively "Italian" and "Italy", and modern Hungarian "olasz", deriving from "Vlach", means again "Italian", it is arguable that the "Vlach" reference in the chronicles denoted in general Latin speaking population fragments adjacent to early Slavic settlements in the Carpathian basin. The existence of a substantial latinized population in Pannonia, which was held by the Romans from its conquest between 32 BC and 8 BC until the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, is undisputed. In this light, the references in the medieval chronicles to the "Vlach" population in Pannonia do not constitute a conclusive evidence of the presence of romanized Dacians in the Carpathian Basin in the last quarter of the first millenary.
• According to Eutropius (book IX, 15), Aurelian abandoned Dacia Traiana and reorganised a new Dacia Aureliana inside former Moesia Superior in 270-275, settling it with Romans brought from the former Dacia Traiana. In order to increase taxation, Caracalla decrees in 212 that all freemen throughout the Roman Empire become Roman Citizens.

Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or Ердељ / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... Banat (Romanian: Banat; Serbian: Банат or Banat; German: Banat; Hungarian: Bánát or Bánság; Slovak: Banát) is a geographical and historical region in Southeastern Europe divided among three countries: the eastern part belongs to Romania (the counties of Timiş, Caraş-Severin, Arad, and Mehedinţi), the western... Map of Romania with Oltenia highlighted Oltenia or Lesser Wallachia is a historical province of Romania. ... The Carpi or Carpians were a Dacian tribe that were originally located on the Eastern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, in what is now Bacău county, Romania. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... The term Germanic peoples may refer to: the Germanic tribes that in the first millennium were seen as a barbarian threat by the Roman Empire and its successors; the Germanic Christianity that in the second millennium came to dominate much of Northern Europe, politically organized in the Holy Roman Empire... Europe in 450 The 5th century is the period from 401 - 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era. ... This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century. ... The term Germanic tribes (or Teutonic tribes) applies to the ancient Germanic peoples of Europe. ... Eutropius was a pagan Roman historian of the later 4th century, writing in Latin, whose brief remarks about himself let us know that he had served under Emperor Julian the Apostate (ruled 361 - 363) and his history covers the reigns of Valentinian and Valens (died 378). ... Moesia is an ancient province situated in the areas of modern Serbia and Bulgaria. ... Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217. ...

Migration from the south

According to the 19th-century scholar Robert Rössler, a Romanic population came from the south in the Middle Ages and settled down in present-day Romania.

Arguments for

• Common words in Romanian and Albanian language which may be of Thracian or Illyrian origin (see also Origin of Albanians and List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin). However, according to a number of thracologists, the Proto-Albanian and Dacian languages were probably related and the common words could have come from the Dacian language. ^[15]
• There are Vlachs living south of the Danube and speaking East Romance languages: Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians and Istro-Romanians (in Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia and Croatia). There are mentions of their presence in those areas since the early Middle Ages. However this does not necessarily support migration from the south northwards.
• There are no traces of Teutonic influence in Romanian and it is known that in the 5th and 6th century Dacia was inhabited by Teutonic tribes. ^[15]
• Romanian toponyms in Albania and Bulgaria. ^[16]
• Vlach shepherds migrated northwards with their herds in search of better pastures (see Transhumance). For example they moved along the Carpathian Mountains to present day Poland and to the Czech Republic. However, this does not mean that they migrated only northward, or that they couldn't have come to Poland migrating from the territory of Dacia.
• Eutropius mentions Aurelian settled Moesia to the south of the Danube with Roman citizens brought from Dacia Traiana in 270-275. This, however, does not necessarily mean all Roman citizens of Dacia were resettled.
• There are far fewer Slavic words in Aromanian than Romanian. According to linguists proto-Romanian split after the Slavonic settlement in the Balcan peninsula. It supports the theory that the major Slavonic influence on Romanian took place after the migration of Vlachs and their settlement in Slav-populated territories North of the Danube.

Albanian ( IPA ) is a language spoken by about 6 million people, primarily in Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Macedonia but also in other parts of the Balkans, along the eastern coast of Italy and in Sicily, as well as by a significant diaspora in Scandinavia, Germany, the United Kingdom, Egypt, Australia... The Thracians were an Indo-European people, inhabitants of Thrace and adjacent lands (present-day Bulgaria, Romania, northeastern Greece, European Turkey and northwestern asiatic Turkey, eastern Serbia and parts of Republic of Macedonia). ... This article is about an ancient civilization in southeastern Europe; see also Illyria (software), Illyria (character in the TV series Angel). ... The origin of Albanians has been for some time a matter of dispute among historians. ... This is a list of Romanian words believed to be of Dacian origin and thus representing the Eastern Romance substratum. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Danube (ancient Danuvius, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river of the European Union and Europes second-longest[3] (after the Volga). ... Aromanians (also called: Arumanians or Macedo-Romanians; in Aromanian they call themselves Arumâni, Armâni, Rămăni, Rumâni or Aromâni) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans, especially in northern Greece, Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria, and as an emigrant community in Romania... Map of Balkans with regions inhabited by Megleno-Romanians in dark yellow Megleno-Romanians (In Megleno-Romanian: Vlashi, in Greek: Βλαχομογλενίτες Vlachomoglenítes) is an exonym for a people inhabiting six villages in the Moglená (Μογλενά) region of Macedonia spanning the Pella and Kilkis prefectures of Macedonia, Greece, as well as the... Map of Istro-Romanian-speaking villages, made by PuÅŸcariu in 1926. ... For an explanation of terms related to Macedonia, see Macedonia (terminology). ... Anthem: Capital (and largest city)  Belgrade Official languages Serbian written with the Cyrillic alphabet1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment    - Formation 8th century   - Independence c. ... Transhumance is the seasonal movement of livestock between mountainous and lowland pastures. ... Satellite image of the Carpathians. ...  Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language  Countries where an East Slavic language is the national language  Countries where a South Slavic language is the national language The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages), a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup... Distribution of Slavic people by language The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples. ...

Arguments against

The Jireček Line divides the areas of the Balkans which were under Latin and Greek influences

• The few Greek loanwords for religious terms in Romanian entered via Vulgar Latin, not directly from Greek (ex: Ro. biserică <Latin *basilica <Greek basilike). Important religious terms in Romanian came directly from Latin, which suggests the Daco-Romanians were converted to Christianity in the Latin language. Later on, during the Middle Ages, Romanians used Church Slavonic as their liturgical language, so the Eastern Orthodox church organization was probably brought by Bulgarian Slavs. This seems to imply the presence of a Slavic buffer zone between Greeks and Romanians ^{[17] [18]}. However this argument may support the theory about migration from the south since Old Church Slavonic (the ancestor of the Church Slavonic used in Romania) became a liturgical language in the Balkans no earlier than 890 AD. The Vlach migrants from the south could start using it after arriving to present day Romania, that has been largely inhabited by Slavonic tribes and subdued to Bulgarian Tsars and influenced by Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Besides the conversion to Christianity would be made on the territories of present day Serbia and northern Bulgaria, south of Danube.
• Dacian toponyms were kept; examples are the names of some rivers (Samus - Someş, Marisia - Mureş, Porata - Prut) and the names of some cities (Petrodava - Piatra Neamţ, Abruttum - Abrud). It should be noted, however, that the preservation of toponyms only indicates continuous settlement, and not necessarily continuous settlement by the same people. E.g. both Slavic and Hungarian languages kept the Latin name of Danubia (Dunaj and Duna), none of them being of Latin descent.
• A 13th century Hungarian chronicle, Gesta Hungarorum, claims that when the Magyars arrived in Pannonia, the surrounding areas were inhabited by Vlachs (Romanians). This chronicle also claims that the Hungarian king, Ladislaus I (1077-1095) fought against Cumans, but Cumans didn't live there at the time, only from the 13th century. ^[19]
• A chronicle by Venerable Nestor (1056 - 1136 AD) mentions Walachians (Romanians) fighting against Magyars north of the Danube in 898. ^[20]
• No medieval chronicle mentions any large-scale migrations of Romanic peoples from the Balkans to Romania; contrary to a south to north movement, a chronicle indicates rather a north to south movement: according to Cecaumenos' Strategicon (1066), the Vlachs of Epirus and Thessalia came from north of the Danube and from along the Sava. ^[21]
• Regional differences within Romanian language indicate that in certain Romanian areas which coincide quite exactly with the ancient Roman province of Dacia, the language preserved more Latin substance than in the rest of the country^[1]. It would be extremely hard to explain why Romanians supposedly coming from remote territories south of the Danube speak a more Latin Romanian language exactly within the boundaries of what used to be a Roman province 6-7 centuries before their alleged arrival to these areas, while in the Romanian spoken outside the Carpathian Basin those Latin elements were lost.
• Morpho-syntactical, lexical and phonetical differences between Romanian and Aroumanian are considerable, making mutual comprehension impossible. It is therefore extremely difficult to explain how could appear and differentiate two different Romance languages at the same time and in the same area, as implied by the immigration theory.
• If the hypothesis of a single proto-Romanian language is assumed, then the split of the proto-Romanian into Aroumanian and Romanian should have taken place some centuries before the 9th century, since linguists agree that the build up process of both Romanian and Aromanian was completed up to the 9th century. This implies that a northwards Vlach migration should not have been possible later than the 7-8th century and not, as some immigrationists claim, as early as the 11th century.
• The name of the Danube in Romanian has a form which appears to be original (derived from a reconstructed *donaris) and not borrowed from other languages, which shows that the Romanians always lived somewhere near this river and not far south like some theories suggest.

I, the creator of this image, hereby release it into the public domain. ... I, the creator of this image, hereby release it into the public domain. ... The Jire&#269;ek Line The Jire&#269;ek Line is an imaginary line that divided in the ancient Balkans, until the 4th century, the influences of the Latin (in North) and Greek (in South) languages. ... Church Slavonic may refer to: Old Church Slavonic language Church Slavonic language This is a disambiguation page &#8212; a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... A sacred language is a language, frequently a dead language, that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life. ... Events The sovereignty of prince Svatopluk I in Bohemia is confirmed. ... The Bulgarian Orthodox Church (Bulgarian: , Bylgarska pravoslavna cyrkva) is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church with some 6. ... Anthem: Capital (and largest city)  Belgrade Official languages Serbian written with the Cyrillic alphabet1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Establishment    - Formation 8th century   - Independence c. ... The Danube (ancient Danuvius, ancient Greek Istros) is the longest river of the European Union and Europes second-longest[3] (after the Volga). ... The SomeÅŸ (-Romanian, Hungarian: Szamos) river flows through Romania and Hungary. ... The MureÅŸ (in Romanian, in Hungarian: Maros, in German: Mieresch / Marosch) is an approx. ... The Prut river (also known as Pruth) is 950 km long, originating in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine and flowing southeast to join the Danube river near Reni, east of Gala&#355;i. ... Piatra NeamÅ£ (population: 105,000) is the main city of NeamÅ£ county, Moldavia, Romania. ... Abrud (Hungarian: Abrudbánya, German: Großschlatten) is a city in Alba county of Transylvania, Romania, situated on the river with the same name. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... There are two works with the name Gesta Hungarorum. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Modern bust of the Saint-King Ladislaus I, (Hungarian: I. Szent László, Slovak: Saint Ladislav I) (June 27, 1040 – July 29, 1095) was a king of the Kingdom of Hungary (1077–1095). ... Cumans, also called as Polovtsy, (Russian Половцы, from old Slavic for pale yellowish) was the European name for the Western Kipchaks, a nomadic West Turkic tribe living on the north of the Black Sea along the Volga. ... Mark Antokolski Nestor the Chronicler Nestor (c. ... Events Creation of the Crab Nebula observed by a Chinese astronomer Anselm of Canterbury leaves Italy. ... Events Completion of the Saint Denis Basilica in Paris Peter Abelard writes the Historia Calamitatum, detailing his relationship with Heloise People of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod and depose him Births Amalric I of Jerusalem William of Newburgh, English historian (died 1198) Deaths November 15 - Margrave Leopold III... Events Accession of Pope John IX Accession of King Kasyapa IV of Sri Lanka Magyar army headed by Álmos besieges Kiev Magyar tribes found state of Szekesfahervar in Hungary Bologna joins Italian Kingdom End of Yodit era in Ethiopia Foundation of Bhaktapur in Nepal Births Deaths Category: ... Events January 6 - Harold II is crowned September 20 - Battle of Fulford September 25 - Battle of Stamford Bridge September 29 - William of Normandy lands in England at Pevensey. ... Epirus (Greek Ήπειρος, Ípiros) is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in south-eastern Europe. ... Thessaly (&#920;&#949;&#963;&#963;&#945;&#955;&#953;&#945;; modern Greek Thessalía) is one of the 13 peripheries of Greece, and is further sub-divided into 4 prefectures. ... Sava also Save (in Serbian: Сава; German: Save; Hungarian: Száva) is a river in Europe, a right side tributary of Danube at Belgrade. ...

Footnotes

Wawel Hill. ... portrait of Nicolae Iorga Nicolae Iorga (a. ... Mark Antokolski Nestor the Chronicler Nestor (c. ...

See also

• History of Romania
• Origin of Albanians
• Jireček Line
• Etymology of Romania
• Protochronism
• Paleo-Balkan languages
• Dacian language
• Ethnogenesis

This article provides only a brief outline of each period of the History of Romania; details are presented in separate articles (see the links in the box and below). ... The origin of Albanians has been for some time a matter of dispute among historians. ... The Jireček Line The Jireček Line is an imaginary line that divided in the ancient Balkans, until the 4th century, the influences of the Latin (in North) and Greek (in South) languages. ... Neacşus letter, the oldest surviving document written in Romanian has the oldest appearence of the word Romanian Romanians are a people living in South-Eastern Europe speaking a Romance language. ... Protochronism (Romanian: Protocronism, originating in the Ancient Greek terms for before time [itself]) is a modern tendency in cultural nationalism. ... The Paleo-Balkan languages were the Indo-European languages which were spoken in the Balkans in ancient times: Dacian language Thracian language Illyrian language Paionian language Ancient Macedonian language The only remnant of them is Albanian, but it is still disputed which language was its ancestor. ... The Dacian language was an Indo-European language spoken by the ancient people of Dacia. ... Ethnogenesis is the process by which a group of human beings comes to be understood or to understand themselves as ethnically distinct from the wider social landscape from which their grouping emerges. ...

References

1. Use of the typical Latin tense of simple past

e.g. fui/fuşi/fu

2. Use of the typical Latin inverted interrogation form

e.g. “dusu-te-ai ?” vs. “te-ai dus ?”

3. Existence of Latin words not used in the rest of Romania

e.g. mâneca (Lat.manicare) – to wake up early in the morning

mânea – (Lat. manere) – to stay overnight

4. Existence of Latin forms in contrast to Slavic forms of the same word

e.g. snow: nea (Lat. nive) – zăpadă (Common Slavonic zapaditi)

garlic: aiu (lat. alium) – usturoi (Rom. constr)

slave: şerb (Lat. servus) – rob (CS robъ)

sand: arină (Lat. arena) – nisip (Bg. dial. nasip)

5. Existence of lexical forms closer to Latin

e.g. flour: fărină (Lat. farina) – făină

6. Existence of phonetical forms closer to Latin

e.g. pronunciation of the Romanian diphthong “oa” like “o”, thus closer to the original Latin “o”, like in “mo(a)rte” (lat. mortis) (death), “so(a)rtă” (Lat. sortis) (fate)

External links

• Friesian.com: The Vlach Connection
• Historical myths in Communist Romania (also part 2)