It has been suggested that Califas be merged into this article or section. ( Discuss) The toponym California is currently used by three North American sub-federal entities – in the United States, by the State of California; and in Mexico, by the State of Baja California (or "Lower California") and the State of Baja California Sur (or "South Lower California") – and many other places in other parts of the world. Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into California. ...
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Federal courts Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Minor parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures State Courts Counties, Cities, and Towns Other countries • Politics Portal • • A state of the United States is any one of the fifty subnational entities referred to...
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The United Mexican States or Mexico (Estados Unidos Mexicanos or México) is a federal republic made up of 31 states (estados) and one Federal District, (Distrito Federal), which contains the capital, Mexico City. ...
Baja California (literally lower California in Spanish) is the northernmost state of Mexico. ...
Baja California Sur is one of the 31 States of Mexico, occupying the part of the Baja California Peninsula south of the 28th parallel. ...
California is the 31st constituent state of the United States. ...
"Alta or "Upper" California" was the name of the State of California when it was still part of Mexico, and the Sea of Cortés is also known as the Gulf of California. Alta California (Upper California) was formed in 1804 when the province of California, then a part of the Spanish colony of New Spain, was divided in two along the line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south. ...
The Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez or Sea of Cortés; locally known in the Spanish language as Mar de Cortés or, much less frequently, Golfo de California) is a body of water that separates the Baja California Peninsula from the Mexican mainland. ...
The Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez or Sea of Cortés; locally known in the Spanish language as Mar de Cortés or, much less frequently, Golfo de California) is a body of water that separates the Baja California Peninsula from the Mexican mainland. ...
Several origins have been suggested for the word "California," including Spanish, Latin and Aboriginal American origins. All of these are disputed.[1] The following paragraphs illustrate some of the extant claims. Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...
Native American languages are the indigenous languages of the Americas, spoken by Native Americans from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland. ...
California originally referred to the entire region composed of the Mexican peninsula now known as Baja California and land in the current U.S. states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and Wyoming, which was eventually distinguished as Alta California. In even earlier times, the boundaries of the Sea of Cortés and the Pacific coast were only partially explored and California was shown on early maps as an island. Baja California (highlighted) Alternative use: Baja California (state) Baja California or Lower California is a peninsula in the west of Mexico. ...
Alta California (Upper California) was formed in 1804 when the province of California, then a part of the Spanish colony of New Spain, was divided in two along the line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south. ...
View of the Pacific Ocean from Oregon. ...
Las Sergas de Esplandián In the minds of European explorers, California existed as an idea before it was ever discovered. The earliest known mention of the idea of California was in the 1510 romance novel Las Sergas de Esplandián by Spanish author García Ordóñez de Montalvo. The book described the Island of California as being west of the Indies, "very close to the side of the Terrestrial Paradise; and it is peopled by black women, without any man among them, for they live in the manner of Amazons." Equally important is that this island, inhabited by black women, was in the imagination of Spaniards. The Island was ruled by Queen Califia. European redirects here. ...
1510 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Garci RodrÃguez de Montalvo was a Spanish author (d. ...
The Island of California is shown on a 1650 map by Nicolas Sanson The Island of California refers to a long-held European misconception, dating from the 16th century, that California was not part of mainland North America but rather a large island separated from the continent by the Mare...
The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and Southeast Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Maldives...
Composite of various Black people This article describes competing perspectives on the word Black (and its equivalents in other languages) as applies to people, both at present and in historical contexts. ...
In Greek mythology, the Amazons () were either an ancient legendary nation of female warriors or a land dominated by women at the outer edges of their known world. ...
Califia (or Calafia) is the name of a legendary Black Amazon warrior queen, associated with the mythical Island of California. ...
This notion of a place of women without men echoes a passage from the diary of Christopher Columbus's first voyage:[citation needed]
Dixéronle los indios que por aquella vía hallaría la isla de Matinino, que diz que era poblada de mugeres sin hombres, lo cual el almirante mucho quisiera por llevar diz que a los Reyes cinco o seis d'ellas... mas diz que era cierto que las avía y que cierto tiempo del año venían los hombres a ellas de la dicha isla de Carib, que diz que qu'estava d'ellas diez o doze leguas, y si parían niño enbiábanlo a la isla de los hombres, y si niña, dexávanla consigo. The Indians said that along that route one would find the island of Matinino, which they said was populated by women without men, of whom the admiral wanted very much to bring five or six to speak to the king and queen… but they said that it was certain that they (the women) had them (men) and that at a certain time of the year men came to [the women] of this island called Carib, which they said was ten or twelve leagues away, and if they gave birth to a son they sent it to the island of the men, and if a girl, they kept her with them. The lure of an earthly paradise, as well as the search for the fabled Strait of Anián, helped motivate Hernán Cortés,[citation needed] following his conquest of Mexico, to send several expeditions in the late 1530s and early 1540s to the west coast of New Spain. The first expedition reached the Gulf of California and Baja California, and proved that California was in fact a peninsula. Nevertheless, the idea that California was an island persisted for well over a century and was included on many maps. The Spanish gave the name "California" to the peninsula and to the lands north, including both Baja California and Alta California, the region that became the present-day U.S. state. The Strait of Anián was the 16th century Spanish name for the Northwest Passage that supposedly connected the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean in the temperate or tropic regions of North America. ...
Hernán(do) Cortés, Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca (1485–December 2, 1547) was the conquistador who became famous for leading the military expedition that initiated the Spanish Conquest of Mexico. ...
Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Decades: 1480s 1490s 1500s 1510s 1520s - 1530s - 1540s 1550s 1560s 1570s 1580s Years: 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 Events and Trends Spanish conquest of Peru Beginning of colonization of Brazil Categories: 1530s ...
Events and Trends 1541 Hernando de Soto is the first European to see the Mississippi River. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Alta California (Upper California) was formed in 1804 when the province of California, then a part of the Spanish colony of New Spain, was divided in two along the line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south. ...
Sabed que a la diestra mano de las Indias existe una isla llamada California muy cerca de un costado del Paraíso Terrenal; y estaba poblada por mujeres negras, sin que existiera allí un hombre, pues vivían a la manera de las amazonas. Eran de bellos y robustos cuerpos, fogoso valor y gran fuerza. Su isla era la más fuerte de todo el mundo, con sus escarpados farallones y sus pétreas costas. Sus armas eran todas de oro y del mismo metal eran los arneses de las bestias salvajes que ellas acostumbraban domar para montarlas, porque en toda la isla no había otro metal que el oro. Know that on the right hand from the Indies exists an island called California very close to Earthly Paradise; and it was populated by black women, without any man existing there, because they lived in the way of the Amazons. They had beautiful and robust bodies, and were brave and very strong. Their island was the strongest of the World, with its cliffs and rocky shores. Their weapons were golden and so were the harnesses of the wild beasts that they were accustomed to domesticate and ride, because there was no other metal in the island than gold. - — Las Sergas de Esplandián, (novela de caballería)
- by García Ordóñez de Montalvo.
- Published in Seville in 1510.
Since then, that unknown Amazon's Island came to be known as California. NO8DO (It has not abandoned me) Location Coordinates : ( ) Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Sevilla (Spanish) Spanish name Sevilla Founded 8th-9th century BC Postal code 41001-41080 Website http://www. ...
1510 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Some scholars speculate the Song of Roland, an 11th century Old French epic poem, may may have served as the inspiration for the name Califia. It refers to the defeat suffered August 15, 778, in the retreat of Charlemagne's army at the hands of the Saracens in Battle of Roncevaux Pass in the Pyrenees. The Saracens were a black people, and in England and elsewhere in ancient times, Saracen was often a name used to refer to black people, generally. On line 2924 of the poem, which is in verse number CCIX (209), the word Califerne is one of the lands mentioned, with no indication of its geographic location. It is, however, named after a reference to Affrike, or Africa. One possibility is that it refers to the domain of the Caliph, that is the Muslim world.[2] The Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland) is an 11th century Old French epic poem about the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (or Roncesvalles) fought by Roland of the Brittany Marches and his fellow paladins. ...
Old French was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in territories corresponding roughly to the northern half of modern France and parts of Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300 A.D. It was known at the time as the langue doïl to distinguish it from the langue...
August 15 is the 227th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (228th in leap years), with 138 days remaining. ...
Events Charlemagne fights the Moors in Spain. ...
Charlemagne, portrait by Albrecht Dürer. ...
It has been suggested that Serkland be merged into this article or section. ...
| width=50%|Charlemagnes Franks | width=50%|Basques |- !colspan=2|Commanders |- |Roland (?) |unknown |- !colspan=2|Strength |- |unknown |unknown |- !colspan=2|Casualties |- |Complete destruction of the army |unknown |} |} The Roncevaux Pass (==Background== This battle was the last of Charlemagnes first campaign to capture Spain, an attempt that ended in failure. ...
Central Pyrenees. ...
A world map showing the continent of Africa. ...
Caliph is the title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ...
- Morz est mis nies, ki tant me fist cunquere
- Encuntre mei revelerunt li Seisne,
- E Hungre e Bugre e tante gent averse,
- Romain, Puillain et tuit icil de Palerne
- E cil d'Affrike e cil de Califerne.
- My nephew's dead, who won for me such realms!
- Against me then the Saxon will rebel,
- Hungar, Bulgar, and many hostile men,
- Romain, Puillain, all those are in Palerne,
- And in Affrike, and those in Califerne;
- – Song of Roland, Verse CCIX (i.e. 209; lines 2920–2924), 11th c.
"Since the Roland poem concerns the 'evil' Saracens, it's possible that the poet derived 'Califerne' from 'caliph'. Montalvo might also have been influenced by such similar names as Californo and Calafornina in Sicily or Calahorra in Spain."[3] Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian, Σικελία in Greek) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 km² and 5 million inhabitants. ...
The legendary island, fourth carta de relación of Hernán Cortés In his fourth carta de relación (a letter to Spain narrating events of the conquest), datelined Mexico (meaning what is now Mexico City) 15 October 1524, Hernán Cortés wrote to the king of Spain about certain information about a legendary island, information that had been brought to him by the captain who had achieved the conquest of Colima. (Spanish: Ciudad de México, México D.F. or simply México, pronounced IPA: ) is the capital city of the nation of Mexico. ...
October 15 is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years). ...
Events March 1, 1524/5 - Giovanni da Verrazano lands near Cape Fear (approx. ...
Colima is a state in western Mexico. ...
- Y así mismo me trajo relación de los señores de la provincia de Cihuatlán, que se afirman mucho de haber toda una isla poblada de mujeres, sin varón ninguno, y que en ciertos tiempos van de la tierra firme hombres que con ellas han acceso… y si paren mujeres, las guardan; y si hombres, los echan de su compañia; y que esta isla está a diez jornadas de esta provincia; y que muchos dellos han ido allá y la han visto. Dícenme asimismo que es muy rica en perlas y oro; yo trabajaré en teniendo aparejo de saber la verdad y hacer de ello larga relación a vuestra majestad.
- And in the same manner I was brought a story from the men of the province of Cihuatlán, which reinforced completely that there is an island populated by women, without a single male, and at certain times men come from the mainland, who are granted access by the women… and if they give birth to women [sic], they keep them; and if men, they throw them out of their company; and that this island is ten days journey from this province; and that many of them have gone there and have seen it. They tell me also that it is very rich in pearls and gold; I will prepare myself to know the truth and tell it at length to your majesty.
- — Hernán Cortés. Fourth carta de relación.
The abandoned lands receive the name of California and Hernán Cortés enters history as their discoverer Cortés failed in his third journey of exploration (1535-36), when he tried unsuccessfully to establish a colony in La Paz under a royal charter granting him land on the recently discovered Baja California Peninsula. The Bay of La Paz, as seen from the International Space Station La Paz, the capital of Baja California Sur, Mexico, is a small city on the shores of the Gulf of California. ...
Baja California (highlighted) Baja California or Lower California is a peninsula in the west of Mexico. ...
Hernando de Alarcón, sent by the viceroy Mendoza — an enemy of Cortés — on a 1540 expedition to verify Cortés's discoveries, referred to the inhospitable lands as California, after the imaginary island in Las Sergas, discussed above. There is no question about Hernando de Alarcón's use of the term, nor about his allusion to Las Sergas, but there is question as to whether this is the first use of the name to refer to those lands and whether he intended the name as mockery. Alarcón provides a clear link from the literary, imaginary California to the real place, but his usage cannot be proven to be the actual origin, in that the name might predate him.[4][5] Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón, a Spanish navigator of the 16th century, noted for having led an early expedition to the peninsula of Baja California, meant to be coordinated with Francisco Vasquéz de Coronados overland expedition, and for penetrating the lower Colorado River, perhaps as far as the...
Today the name California is applied to the Baja California Peninsula, the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortés), the U.S. State of California, and the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur. The Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez or Sea of Cortés; locally known in the Spanish language as Mar de Cortés or, much less frequently, Golfo de California) is a body of water that separates the Baja California Peninsula from the Mexican mainland. ...
The Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez or Sea of Cortés; locally known in the Spanish language as Mar de Cortés or, much less frequently, Golfo de California) is a body of water that separates the Baja California Peninsula from the Mexican mainland. ...
This article is becoming very long. ...
Baja California (literally lower California in Spanish) is the northernmost state of Mexico. ...
Baja California Sur is one of the 31 States of Mexico, occupying the part of the Baja California Peninsula south of the 28th parallel. ...
Other origins Some suggest that the word California may signify that a place is "hot as an oven" (cali > hot, fornia > oven). It may be derived from caliente fornalia, Spanish for hot furnace, or it may come from calida fornax, Latin for hot climate.[6] Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ...
Another possible source may be kali forno, an indigenous phrase meaning "high mountains".[7] There is no agreement among scholars.[citation needed] Native American languages are the indigenous languages of the Americas, spoken by Native Americans from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland. ...
Notes - ^ See, for example, the several theories cited at Etimología de California on etimologias.dechile.net. Accessed 1 April 2006.
- ^ Craig Chalquist, Why it's called California. Accessed 1 April 2006.
- ^ Words@Random."The Maven's Word of the Day, California." April 26, 2000. Retrieved 2006-09-19.
- ^ Descubrimientos y Exploraciones en las Costas de California 1532-1650 ("Discoveries and Explorations on the Coasts of California 1532–1650", Madrid, 1947; 2ª edición 1982, pp. 113-141): relevant passage quoted and cited at Etimología de California on etimologias.dechile.net. Accessed 1 April 2006.
- ^ Primeras Exploraciones ("First explorations") on Portal Ciudadano de Baja California, on the official site of the Baja California state government. Accessed 1 April 2006.
- ^ These possibilities are mentioned in Etimología de California on etimologias.dechile.net; however, they are cited only as "Gracias: Maximiliano Mena Perez". Accessed 1 April 2006. They are also alluded to on the site of Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada:Baja California, accessed 1 April 2006. The site of the New Mexico State University, on its page on Field Ecology of Baja, states this etymology as fact, and cites it to "Zwinger, 1961", presumably A. Zwinger, A Desert Country Near the Sea: A Natural History of the Cape Region of Baja California New York: Harper and Row (1961).
- ^ According to the Chronology of California History (accessed 1 April 2006) on the site of Sons of the Revolution in California, Mexican priest Miguél Venegas put forth this theory in 1757.
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ...
Baja California (literally lower California in Spanish) is the northernmost state of Mexico. ...
New Mexico State University, or NMSU, is a land-grant university that has its main campus in Las Cruces, New Mexico. ...
References - This article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the Spanish-language Wikipedia, which was accessed in the version of 20 March 2005. It was translated by the Spanish Translation of the Week collaboration.
- The original text and English translation for the song of Roland follows Charles Scott Moncrief (London, 1919), as reproduced at Orbis Latinus; many variant texts exist.
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