|
Orion is a spacecraft currently under development by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Orion will carry a crew of four to six astronauts, and will be launched by the new Ares I launch vehicle. Both Orion and Ares I are element of NASA's Project Constellation, which plans to send human explorers back to the Moon, and then onward to Mars and other destinations in the solar system.[1][2] NASA awarded Lockheed Martin (LM) the contract to design, develop, and build Orion on August 31, 2006.[3] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3000x2400, 760 KB) Orion space capsule in lunar orbit (Concept September 2006) Source: http://www. ...
An aerospace manufacturer is a company or individual involved in the various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and maintaining aircraft, aircraft parts, missiles, rockets, and/or spacecraft. ...
Lockheed/BAE/Northrop F-35 Lockheed Trident missile C-130 Hercules; in production since the 1950s, now as the C-130J Lockheed Martin (NYSE: LMT) is an aerospace manufacturer formed in 1995 by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta. ...
In business and engineering, new product development is the complete process of bringing a new product to market. ...
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an agency of the United States Government, responsible for that nations public space program. ...
The Space Shuttle Discovery as seen from the International Space Station. ...
In business and engineering, new product development is the complete process of bringing a new product to market. ...
NASA Logo Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-09-01, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ...
For other uses, see Astronaut (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the Ares I launch vehicle. ...
Rockets (including missiles) can be launched from the following: for a launch into an orbital spaceflight and beyond: a launch pad, including a floating platform (see San Marco platform, Sea Launch) for the launch into a suborbital flight also: a missile silo a mobile launcher vehicle a submarine air launch...
Project Constellation is NASAs current plan for space exploration. ...
boogers loser The furthest of destinations for manned spaceflight missions has been the Moon. ...
Apparent magnitude: up to -12. ...
Note: This article contains special characters. ...
Major features of the Solar System (not to scale, from left to right): Pluto, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter, the asteroid belt, the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth & Moon, and Mars. ...
Lockheed/BAE/Northrop F-35 Lockheed Trident missile C-130 Hercules; in production since the 1950s, now as the C-130J Lockheed Martin (NYSE: LMT) is an aerospace manufacturer formed in 1995 by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta. ...
August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
Previously known as the Crew Exploration Vehicle or CEV, Orion will launch from the same launch complex at Kennedy Space Center that currently launches the Space Shuttle. Orion spacecraft will replace the three Shuttle orbiters when they are retired in 2010. Orion will initially handle logistic flights to the International Space Station starting at the end of 2014 or beginning of 2015, but after will become a key component of missions to the Moon and Mars. The aerial view of Launch Complex 39. ...
Merritt Island and Kennedy Space Center The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is the NASA space vehicle launch facility (spaceport) at Cape Canaveral on Merritt Island in Florida, United States. ...
NASAs Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States governments current manned launch vehicle. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
International Space Station insignia ISS Statistics Crew: 3 As of December 19, 2006 Perigee: 352. ...
2014 (MMXIV) will be a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
2015 (MMXV) will be a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Origin The proposal to create the Orion spacecraft is partly a reaction to the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, the subsequent findings and report by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB), and the White House's review of the American space program. The Orion spacecraft effectively replaced the conceptual Orbital Space Plane (OSP), which itself was proposed after the failure of the Lockheed Martin X-33 program to produce a replacement for the shuttle. The Space Shuttle Columbia breaks up over Texas. ...
Memorial emblem for the three U.S. human space flight accidents. ...
North façade of the White House, seen from Pennsylvania Avenue. ...
// Background The Orbital Space Plane program (now defunct and replaced by the Spiral series of CEV — Crew Exploration Vehicles) was designed to support the International Space Station requirements for crew rescue, crew transport and contingency cargo such as supplies, food and other needed equipment. ...
The X-33 was a sub scale technology demonstrator for the VentureStar, a next-generation, commercially operated reusable launch vehicle. ...
On January 14, 2004, President George W. Bush announced the Orion spacecraft, then known as the "Crew Exploration Vehicle," as part of the Vision for Space Exploration: January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The presidential seal was first used by President Hayes in 1880 and last modified in 1959 by adding the 50th star for Hawaii. ...
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ...
Image from NASA site Two planned configurations for a return to the moon, heavy lift (left) and crew (right) The Vision for Space Exploration is the United States space policy announced on January 14, 2004 by President George W. Bush. ...
- "Our second goal is to develop and test a new spacecraft, the Crew Exploration Vehicle, by 2008, and to conduct the first manned mission no later than 2014. The Crew Exploration Vehicle will be capable of ferrying astronauts and scientists to the Space Station after the shuttle is retired. But the main purpose of this spacecraft will be to carry astronauts beyond our orbit to other worlds. This will be the first spacecraft of its kind since the Apollo Command Module."[4]
For other uses, see Astronaut (disambiguation). ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
The International Space Station in 2006 Computer-generated image of the completed International Space Station A space station is an artificial structure designed for humans to live in outer space. ...
Description Role: Earth and Lunar Orbit Crew: 3; CDR, CM pilot, LM pilot Dimensions Height: 36. ...
Design
 The Orion spacecraft configuration including Launch Escape System/Boost Protective Cover and Orion/Ares I spacecraft adapter The Orion Crew & Service Module (CSM) stack consists of two main parts: a conical Crew Module (CM), and a cylindrical Service Module (SM) which will hold the spacecraft's propulsion system and expendable onboard supplies. Both are based heavily on the Apollo Command & Service Modules (Apollo CSM) flown between 1967 and 1975, but include advances derived from the Space Shuttle program. "Going with known technology and known solutions lowers the risk," according to Neil Woodward, director of the integration office in the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate.[5] Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1111x832, 45 KB) Orion CEV exploded view http://www. ...
Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1111x832, 45 KB) Orion CEV exploded view http://www. ...
The Command/Service Module (CSM) was a spacecraft built for NASA by North American Aviation. ...
Crew Module (CM) The shape of the Orion CM (a 70° cone) is similar to that of the Apollo Command Module. The Orion CM will hold four to six crew members, compared to a maximum of three in the smaller Apollo CM. Although superficially resembling the 1960s-era Apollo, Orion's CM will boast significantly improved technology, including, but not limited to: Description Role: Earth and Lunar Orbit Crew: 3; CDR, CM pilot, LM pilot Dimensions Height: 36. ...
- "Glass cockpit" digital control systems derived from that of the Boeing 787, with provisions of the flight crew taking manual control of the vehicle in an emergency or in critical phases (such as docking with the ISS or the LSAM/EDS combination).[6]
- Improved waste management collection systems (e.g., a miniaturized camping-style toilet and unisex urinal "relief tube" similar to that used on both the Soyuz and International Space Station) instead of the much-hated plastic bags used on Apollo.
- A nitrogen/oxygen (N2/O2) mixed atmosphere at either sea level (101.3 kPa; 14.7 psi) or slightly reduced (55.2 to 70.3 kPa; 8.0 to 10.2 psi) pressure.
An important feature that will be introduced in the Orion CM is a new system employing a combination of parachutes and either retrorockets or airbags for capsule recovery. This will allow retrieval of the Orion CM on land, like the Russian Soyuz and Chinese Shenzhou descent module, and eliminate the expensive naval recovery fleet employed on all Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo flights. The CM will also have the capability of water recovery, but it would be limited to in-flight aborts in which the launch escape system must be employed to pull the CM away from a malfunctioning Ares I rocket, or in the case of a Gemini 8-type emergency if the reentry thrusters are activated. In the case of a launch abort, NASA will use either the M/V Freedom Star or M/V Liberty Star in conjunction with United States Coast Guard personnel who will then retrieve the capsule, while an emergency splashdown after launch would require the observance of the Outer Space Treaty signed in 1967. A Glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that features electronic instrument displays. ...
The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is a mid-sized, wide body, twin engined jet airliner currently under development by Boeings Commercial Airplanes unit and scheduled to enter service in May 2008. ...
Soyuz TMA-6 spacecraft approaching the International Space Station Soyuz (Soyus, Союз, union) is a series of spacecraft designed by Sergey Korolyov for the Soviet Unions space program. ...
International Space Station insignia ISS Statistics Crew: 3 As of December 19, 2006 Perigee: 352. ...
Shenzhou (Chinese: 神舟; pinyin: Shénzhōu) is the name of a spacecraft from the Peoples Republic of China which first carried a Chinese astronaut into orbit in 2003. ...
Project Mercury was the United States first successful manned spaceflight program. ...
Project Gemini was the second human spaceflight program of the United States of America. ...
Project Apollo was a series of human spaceflight missions undertaken by the United States of America (NASA) using the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch vehicle, conducted during the years 1961–1974. ...
Atlantic splashdown locations of American spacecraft. ...
Gemini 8 (officially Gemini VIII) was a 1966 manned spaceflight in NASAs Gemini program. ...
The M/V Freedom Star, along with its sister ship the Liberty Star is one of the NASA-owned recovery ships tasked with retrieving spent Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) following the launch of Space Shuttle missions. ...
The M/V Liberty Star, along with its sister ship the Freedom Star is one of the NASA-owned recovery ships tasked with retrieving spent Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) following the launch of Space Shuttle missions. ...
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is a branch of the United States armed forces involved in maritime law enforcement, mariner assistance, search and rescue, and national defense. ...
// The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies also known as the Outer Space Treaty (the Treaty), was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union (the three...
1967 (MCMLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar (the link is to a full 1967 calendar). ...
Another feature will be the partial reusability of the Orion CM, which would be capable of being reused for up to ten flights, allowing NASA to build a fleet of both manned and unmanned Orion CMs. Both the CM and SM will be constructed of an aluminum/lithium (Al/Li) alloy that is as strong as the aircraft aluminum used on the Shuttle Orbiter's skin, but will make the spacecraft lighter than both its Apollo and Shuttle predecessors. The CM itself will be covered in the same nomex felt-like thermal protection blankets used on non-critical parts on the Shuttle (such as the payload bay doors) while the Thermal Protection System (TPS) will be made of a derivative of the Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator (PICA) heat shield previously developed for the Stardust return mission[7]. The heat shield, attached to the spacecraft with an eight-point attachment system, will either drop off (similar to that employed on the Soyuz) to expose the retrorockets or airbags, or will have "blow-off" covers that will allow the operation of the retrorockets or airbags, but will allow the shield to serve as a sort-of "crumple zone" for the projected 18 mph speed that the Orion will encounter at touchdown. The recovery parachutes, also reusable, will be based on the parachutes used on both the Apollo spacecraft and the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, and will also use the same nomex cloth for construction. General Name, Symbol, Number aluminium, Al, 13 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 13, 3, p Appearance silvery Atomic mass 26. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number lithium, Li, 3 Chemical series alkali metals Group, Period, Block 1, 2, s Appearance silvery white/grey Atomic mass 6. ...
NOMEX® is the brand name of a flame retardant meta-aramid material marketed and first discovered by DuPont in the 1970s. ...
An artists rendering of Stardust (NASA image) The Stardust capsule with cometary and interstellar samples landed at the U.S. Air Force Utah Test and Training Range at 10:10 UTC (15 January 2006) in the Bonneville Salt Flats. ...
The Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) is the rocket that provides 83% of liftoff thrust for the Space Shuttle. ...
To allow the Orion spacecraft to service the International Space Station, and to mate with other Constellation vehicles it will use the Low Impact Docking System, a different and simplified version of the Russian-developed universal docking ring currently in use on the Shuttle fleet and based on the earlier system used on the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in 1975. Both the spacecraft and docking adapter will employ a Launch Escape System (LES) like that used in Mercury and Apollo, along with an Apollo-derived fiberglass "Boost Protective Cover," to protect the Orion CM during ascent. Unlike Gemini, Apollo, and Shuttle, in which a pilot was required to control the spacecraft for docking, Orion will have an "autodock" capability, in which the computer will control the docking without the need for a pilot (especially critical when Orion flights to the Moon will require the Orion CSM to remain unmanned in orbit), although as a backup measure, the pilot can take over from the computer and perform a manual dock if needed. The Low Impact Docking System or (LIDS) is the space vehicle mating system designed by NASA for the next generation of space exploration vehicles included in Project Constellation. ...
Apas are oblong-shaped biscuits that are topped with sugar. ...
The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the first joint flight of the US and Soviet space programs. ...
Bundle of fiberglass Fiberglass or glassfibre is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. ...
The Orion CM is projected to be around 5 meters (16.5 feet) in diameter, with a mass of about 25 tonnes. It is to be built by the Lockheed Martin Corporation.[8] It will have more than 2.5 times the volume of an Apollo capsule and can carry between four to six astronauts.[9] A tonne (also called metric ton) is a non-SI unit of mass, accepted for use with SI, defined as: 1 tonne = 103 kg (= 106 g). ...
Lockheed/BAE/Northrop F-35 Lockheed Trident missile C-130 Hercules; in production since the 1950s, now as the C-130J Lockheed Martin (NYSE: LMT) is an aerospace manufacturer formed in 1995 by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta. ...
Service Module (SM) Like its Apollo predecessor, the Orion service module has a cylindrical shape, but the new Orion SM will be larger, shorter, and lighter. It too would be constructed from the same Al-Li alloy as the Orion CM, and will feature a pair of deployable circular or rectangular solar panels (a final decision on their design has not yet been made), eliminating the need to carry malfunction-prone fuel cells and the associated hardware (mainly tanks containing liquid hydrogen [LH2]) needed for their operation. The spacecraft's main propulsion system is a Delta II upper stage engine using hypergolic propellants (nitrogen tetroxide and monomethyl hydrazine) drawn from spherical, helium-pressurized titanium tanks. The SM Reaction Control System (RCS — the spacecraft's maneuvering thrusters) will also be pressure-fed, and will use the same propellants. NASA believes the SM RCS would be able to act as a backup for a trans-Earth injection (TEI) burn in case the main SM engine fails. The SM's twin spherical "slush" LOX tanks and a single tank of liquid nitrogen (LN2) will provide the crew with breathing air during the majority of the mission, while a "surge tank" located in the Orion CM itself will provide the crew with 2 to 4 hours (depending upon the number of crew members) of the same breathing air after SM jettison. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) cartridges will recycle the spacecraft's environmental system by "scrubbing" the carbon dioxide (CO2) exhaled by the astronauts from ship's air and adding fresh oxygen and nitrogen, which is then cycled back out into the system loop. Because of the elimination of the fuel cells and LH2 tanks, a large tank of potable water will be carried in both the CM and SM that will both provide drinking water for the astronauts and (mixed with glycol) cooling water for the electronics. A system identical to that used in the ISS will allow the astronauts to recycle both waste water and urine into glycol-mixed cooling water for the electronics. Al-Li alloys are a series of alloys of aluminium and lithium, often also including copper and zirconium. ...
A laundromat in California with flat-plate solar water heating collectors on its roof. ...
The Delta II family of launch vehicles was designed and built by Boeings Integrated Defense Systems division and has been in service since 1989. ...
Hypergolic rocket fuels spontaneously ignite when their two components come into contact with each other. ...
Nitrogen tetroxide (or Dinitrogen tetroxide) (N2O4) is a hypergolic propellant often used in combination with a hydrazine-based rocket fuel. ...
Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) is a volatile hydrazine with the chemical formula CH3N2H2. ...
Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is a corrosive alkali. ...
The SM also mounts the spacecraft's waste heat management system (its radiators) and the aforementioned solar panels. These panels, along with backup batteries located in the Orion CM, will provide a total of 28 V (dc) in-flight power to the ship's systems. This is similar to the voltage used on the Apollo spacecraft during flight. Solar Panel made by BP Solar The solar panels (photovoltaic arrays) on this small yacht at sea can charge the 12 V batteries at up to 9 Amps in full, direct sunlight. ...
Josephson junction array chip developed by NIST as a standard volt. ...
Direct current (DC or continuous current) is the continuous flow of electricity through a conductor such as a wire from high to low potential. ...
July 2006 design revisions In late July of 2006 NASA's second design review resulted in major changes to the spacecraft design.[10] Originally, NASA wanted to use liquid methane (LCH4) as the SM fuel, as it could be "mined" (in situ) on the Moon, Mars, and other methane-rich bodies, but due to the infancy of oxygen/methane-powered rocket technologies and the need to launch the Orion by 2012, the switch to hypergolic propellants was mandated in late July 2006. This switch will allow NASA to man-rate the Orion and Ares I stack by no later than 2011[citation needed], and eliminate a possible delay between the Shuttle's retirement in 2010 and the first manned Orion flight scheduled for 2012.[11] Methane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula CH4. ...
In situ is a Latin phrase meaning in the place. ...
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the solar system, named after the Roman god of war (the counterpart of the Greek Ares), on account of its blood red color as viewed in the night sky. ...
Hypergolic rocket fuels spontaneously ignite when their two components come into contact with each other. ...
Criticism - See also: Exploration Systems Architecture Study#Criticism
The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) is the official title of a large-scale, system level study conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) during the Summer of 2005 in response to the American president George W. Bushs announcement on January 14, 2004 of his goal of...
Hypergolics The switch to hypergolic fuels has not been welcomed by some critics of the Orion program. Unlike LOX/LH2, LOX/RP-1, or even LOX/ethanol fuel mixtures, which require an ignition source to burn, hypergolic fuels spontaneously ignite when the components are mixed together in the rocket's combustion chamber. This allows for the reliable storage and ignition of such fuels (as used on the Titan II ICBM rocket, and later on both the Apollo Service Module and Apollo Lunar Module, Titan III rocket, and Titan IV-Centaur rocket), but provides a less-than-ideal thrust as compared to LOX/LH2 or LOX/LCH4. Hypergolic rocket fuels spontaneously ignite when their two components come into contact with each other. ...
RP-1 (refined petroleum) is a highly refined form of kerosene similar to jet fuel, used in the United States as a rocket fuel. ...
Titan II launch vehicle launching Gemini 11 (Sept. ...
A Minuteman III missile soars after a test launch. ...
The LEM flight instrumentation panel and front windows. ...
The Titan IIIC is a space booster used by the United States Air Force. ...
The Titan IV family (including the IVA and IVB) of space boosters are used by the US Air Force. ...
Model of Centaur with Surveyor as payload. ...
Additionally, hypergolics are very corrosive, and hazardous to humans. An incident during the landing phase on the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project flight exposed the crew to fumes, causing a form of chemical-induced pneumonia, and nearly killing one crew member (his life was saved by another astronaut when he placed an oxygen mask over his face). Another hazard occurred with the breakup of Columbia in 2003, when parts of the orbiter were exposed to the chemicals, causing chemical burns to those who handled the Shuttle debris without any protection. Even under normal conditions, Shuttle landing party crews must wear environmental "SCAPE" suits right after the Orbiter comes to a complete stop until the system is made safe and purged before flight surgeons and technicians wearing white surgical smocks can enter the Orbiter to retrieve the crew. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the first joint flight of the US and Soviet space programs. ...
The Space Shuttle Columbia breaks up over Texas. ...
Despite the switch to hypergolic fuels for the early-model ("Block I") Orion, experts think that LCH4 propulsion will be utilized on later Orion variants, especially those intended for use on Mars; in some Martian mission models, fuel for Orion-derived ships could be produced on the Martian surface by means of equipment utilizing the Sabatier reaction to "distil" the thin carbon dioxide (CO2) atmosphere of Mars into LCH4. By using this technique, the crew of an Orion Mars mission could vastly decrease the need to carry fuel for their return trip, thus increasing the amount of equipment and supplies they could carry for use in exploring the red planet. (See also the Mars Direct mission proposal). The Sabatier process involves the reaction of hydrogen with carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures and pressures in the presence of a nickel catalyst to produce methane and water. ...
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ...
Mars Direct is a proposal for a relatively low-cost manned mission to Mars with current rocket technology. ...
Acquisition strategy The Space Frontier Foundation has asserted that the $3.9 billion initial phase of the Orion contract essentially duplicates the functionality of NASA's $500 million Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program.[12][13] Additionally, NASA's contract with Lockheed Martin is a cost-plus contract, a contracting method which has been criticized for being prone to cost overruns and delays, while contractors in the COTS only receive payment for successes.[12] The Space Frontier Foundation is a small but influential space advocacy organization that promotes increased involvement of the private sector, rather than governments, in the exploration and development of space. ...
t/Space CXV approaches ISS (t/Space) Commercial Orbital Transportation Services is a NASA program to coordinate the commercial delivery of crew and cargo to the International Space Station. ...
Exploration Systems Architecture Study -
A number of changes to the original CEV acquisition strategy were explained in a NASA study called the Exploration Systems Architecture Study. The results were presented at a news conference held on September 19, 2005.[14] The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) is the official title of a large-scale, system level study conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) during the Summer of 2005 in response to the American president George W. Bushs announcement on January 14, 2004 of his goal of...
September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Competition The Draft Statement of Work for the CEV was issued by NASA on December 9, 2004, and slightly more than one month later, on January 21, 2005, NASA issued a Draft Request For Proposal. The Final RFP was issued on March 1, 2005,[15] with the potential bidders being asked to answer by May 2, 2005. December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
RFP is an acronym (or TLA) for request for proposal, a business term referring to a request for bids, through a tender process, on a specific product or service. ...
March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
May 2 is the 122nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (123rd in leap years). ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
NASA had planned to have a suborbital or an Earth orbit fly-off called Flight Application of Spacecraft Technologies between two teams' CEV designs before September 1, 2008. However, in order to permit an earlier date for the start of CEV operations, Administrator Griffin had indicated that NASA would select one contractor for the CEV in 2006. From his perspective, this would both help eliminate the currently planned four-year gap between the retirement of the Shuttle in 2010 and the first manned flight of the CEV in 2014 (by allowing the CEV to fly earlier), and save over $1 billion for use in CEV development.[16] September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
2008 (MMVIII) will be a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
On June 13, 2005, NASA announced the selection of two consortia, Lockheed Martin Corp. and the team of Northrop Grumman Corp. and The Boeing Co. for further CEV development work.[17] Each team had received a US$28 million contract to come up with a complete design for the CEV and its launch vehicle until August 2006, when NASA would award one of them the task of building the CEV[citation needed]. The teams would also have to develop a plan for their CEV to take part in the assembly of a lunar expedition, either in EOR, LOR, or in a direct mode. The two teams were composed of: June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ...
2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Lockheed/BAE/Northrop F-35 Lockheed Trident missile C-130 Hercules; in production since the 1950s, now as the C-130J Lockheed Martin (NYSE: LMT) is an aerospace manufacturer formed in 1995 by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta. ...
The Northrop Grumman Corporation (NYSE: NOC) is an aerospace and defense conglomerate that is the result of a 1994 merger between Northrop and Grumman. ...
The Boeing Company (NYSE: BA, TYO: 7661 ) is an aerospace and defense corporation headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. ...
Another announced team was t/Space, a consortium including such groups as Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites, Elon Musk's SpaceX, and Red Whittaker[18] of the Carnegie Mellon Robotics Institute[citation needed]. Some news reports in mid-March 2005, stemming from an interview with New Scientist, had reported that t/Space intended to withdraw from the competition, citing a high paperwork burden; however, no announcement of a withdrawal had been made by t/Space[citation needed]. NASA has not gone public about who did finally submit a bid. Therefore, either t/Space did not submit a bid, or its bid was not selected by NASA. Alcatel Alenia Space was established on July 1 2005 by the merger of Alcatel Space and Alenia Spazio and is owned by Alcatel (67%) and Finmeccanica (33%). The company is Europes largest satellite manufacturer. ...
ARES Corporation, a privately-held small business, is an engineering and technology consulting company founded in 1992. ...
The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. ...
Headquartered in Houston, Texas, United Space Alliance (USA) is one of the world’s leading space operations companies. ...
EADS SPACE Transportation (acronym: EADS-ST) was formed in June 2003 from the Space Infrastructure division of Astrium (whose core was originally ERNO) and the EADS Launch Vehicles division (formerly Aerospatiales Space division). ...
Headquartered in Houston, Texas, United Space Alliance (USA) is one of the world’s leading space operations companies. ...
Aerojet is a major rocket and missile propulsion manufacturer based primarily in Sacramento, California with divisions in Redmond, Washington, Orange, VA, Gainesville, VA, and Camden, AK. Their products include a wide range of propulsion, from main engines used on a number of NASA vehicles and ballistic missiles, down to stationkeeping...
Honeywell Heating Specialties Company Stock Certificate dated 1924 signed by Mark C. Honeywell - courtesy of Scripophily. ...
Categories: Stub ...
United Technologies Corporation (UTC) (NYSE: UTX) is a multinational corporation based in Hartford, Connecticut, USA, and is the 20th largest U.S. manufacturer. ...
August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining. ...
Image from NASAs Vision for Space Exploration page, showing t/Spaces proposal for using cargo canisters as lunar habitats t/Space (or Transformational Space Corporation) is an American aerospace company which tried to compete for NASAs Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) contract. ...
Elbert Leander Burt Rutan (born June 17, 1943 in Estacada, Oregon) is an American aerospace engineer noted for his originality in designing light, strong, unusual-looking, energy-efficient aircraft. ...
Scaled Composites (often abbreviated as Scaled) was founded in 1982 in Mojave, California by famous aircraft designer Burt Rutan out of what used to be the Rutan Aircraft Factory. ...
Image:Elon Musk 1999. ...
The Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) is a space-transportation startup company whose stated goal is to improve the cost and reliability of access to space ultimately by a factor of ten. It is based in El Segundo, California, USA. SpaceX is developing a family of partially reusable two-stage...
William L. Red Whittaker is a roboticist and professor of robotics. ...
Carnegie Mellon University is a private research university located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ...
The Robotics Institute (RI) at Carnegie Mellon University was established in 1979. ...
New Scientist is a weekly international science magazine covering recent developments in science and technology for a general English-speaking audience. ...
Each contractor-led team included subcontractors that provided the lunar expedition astronauts with equipment, life support, rocket engines, and onboard navigation systems. The planned orbital or suborbital fly-offs under FAST would have seen the competition of a CEV built by each team, or of a technology demonstrator incorporating CEV technologies.[19] Under FAST, NASA would have chosen the winner to build the final CEV after actual demonstration of this hardware. Fly-offs are often used by the U.S. Air Force to select military aircraft; NASA has never used this approach in awarding contracts. However, as Administrator Griffin had indicated he would abandon the FAST approach, NASA pursued the more traditional approach of selecting a vehicle based on the contractors' proposals.[20]
On August 31, 2006, NASA announced that the contract to design and develop the Orion was awarded to Lockheed Martin Corp.[21] According to Bloomberg News, five analysts it surveyed prior to the award announcement tipped the Northrop team to win.[22] Marco Caceres, a space industry analyst with Teal Group, had projected that Lockheed would lose, partly because of Lockheed Martin's earlier failure on the $912 million X-33 shuttle replacement program; after the contract award he suggested that Lockheed Martin's work on the X-33 gave it more recent research and development experience in propulsion and materials, which may have helped it win the contract.[22] According to an Aerospace Daily & Defense Report summary of a NASA document explaining the rationale for the contract award, the Lockheed Martin proposal won on the basis of a superior technical approach, lower and more realistic cost estimates, and exceptional performance on Phase I of the CEV program.[23] August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
Bloomberg Television is a cable television network that broadcasts business and financial news 24 hours a day. ...
An editor has expressed a concern that the subject of the article does not satisfy the notability guideline or one of the following guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Biographies, Books, Companies, Fiction, Music, Neologisms, Numbers, Web content, or several proposals for new guidelines. ...
The X-33 was a technology demonstrator for NASAs next-generation of space launch vehicle. ...
Lockheed Martin plans to manufacture the manned spacecraft at facilities in Texas, Louisiana, and Florida.[24] The program manager is Cleon Lacefield. Cleon Lacefield is Lockheed Martin vice president and CEV program manager. ...
Proposals
 Lockheed Martin's initial CEV concept CEV - Lockheed Martin concept Source: Lockheed Martin This work is copyrighted. ...
CEV - Lockheed Martin concept Source: Lockheed Martin This work is copyrighted. ...
Original designs Lockheed's proposed craft was a small shuttle-shaped lifting-body design, big enough for six astronauts and their equipment. Its airplane-shaped design made it easier to navigate during high-speed returns to Earth than the capsule-shaped vehicles of the past, according to Lockheed Martin. According to the French daily Le Figaro and the publication Aviation Week and Space Technology, EADS SPACE Transportation would be in charge of the design and construction of the associated Mission Module. The head of the Lockheed team was Cleon Lacefield. The Lockheed Martin design was quite similar to their OSP design, but has some slight changes, mainly the presence of the mission module.[25] Le Figaro (English: ) is one of the leading French morning daily newspapers. ...
Categories: Stub | Science & technology magazines ...
Cleon Lacefield is Lockheed Martin vice president and CEV program manager. ...
The Lockheed Martin CEV design included several modules in the LEO (low earth orbit) and manned lunar versions of the spacecraft, plus an abort system. The abort system was an escape tower like that used in the Mercury, Apollo, Soyuz, and Shenzhou craft (Gemini, along with the Space Shuttles Enterprise and Columbia [until STS-4] used ejection seats). It would be capable of an abort during any part of the ascent phase of the mission. The crew would sit in the Rescue Module (RM) during launch. According to the publication Aviation Week and Space Technology, the RM would have an outer heat shield of reinforced carbon-carbon and a redundant layer of felt reusable surface insulation underneath in case of RCC failure. The RM comprised the top half of the Crew Module (CM), which comprised the RM and the rest of the lifting-body structure. The CM included living space for four crewmembers. In an emergency the RM separates from the rest of the CM. The RM would seat up to six crewmembers, with two to a row, and the CM has living space and provisions for four astronauts for 5–7 days. EVAs could be conducted from the CM, which could land on land or water and could be reused 5–10 times.[26] Project Apollo was a series of human spaceflight missions undertaken by the United States of America (NASA) using the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch vehicle, conducted during the years 1961–1974. ...
1:40 scale model of Shenzhou 1 Shenzhou (Chinese: 神舟; Pinyin: ) is a spacecraft from the Peoples Republic of China which first carried a Chinese astronaut into orbit on October 15, 2003. ...
STS-4 was a space shuttle mission by NASA using the Space Shuttle Columbia, launched June 27, 1982. ...
US Air Force F/A-22 Raptor ejection seat test using a mannequin. ...
The mission module would be added to the bottom of the CEV for a lunar mission, and would be able to hold extra consumables and provide extra space for a mission of lunar duration. It would also provide extra power and communications capabilities, and include a docking port for the LSAM. On the bottom of the lunar CEV stack would be the Propulsion or Trans-Earth Injection Module would provide for return to Earth from the Moon. It would probably incorporate (according to Aviation Week) 2 Pratt & Whitney RL-10 engines. Together, the RM/CM, MM, and TEIM made up the Lockheed Martin lunar stack. The original idea was to launch the CM, MM, and TEIM on three separate EELVs, with one component in each launch. This vehicle would need additional modules to reach lunar orbit and to land on the Moon. However, this plan was to be altered according to the CFI (Call for Improvements), described below.
Unlike the well-publicized Lockheed Martin CEV design, virtually no information was publicly available on the Boeing/Northrop Grumman CEV design. However, it is instructive to note that most publicly released Boeing designs for the cancelled Orbital Space Plane resembled the Apollo capsule. Given that Lockheed Martin's CEV design was in many ways a derivative of their OSP, it was possible that the Boeing CEV is a capsule rather than a lifting body or plane design.[27] // Background The Orbital Space Plane program (now defunct and replaced by the Spiral series of CEV — Crew Exploration Vehicles) was designed to support the International Space Station requirements for crew rescue, crew transport and contingency cargo such as supplies, food and other needed equipment. ...
Changes to original bids
 NASA Constellation officials announcing the selected Orion contractor Aug. 31, 2006, at NASA Headquarters Sean O'Keefe's strategy would have seen the CEV development in two distinct stages, or Phases. Phase I would have involved the design of the CEV and a demonstration by the potential contractors that they could safely and affordably develop the vehicle. Phase I would have run from bid submissions in 2005 to FAST and downselect to one contractor. Phase II would have begun after FAST and involved final design and construction of the CEV. However, this schedule was unacceptably slow to Mike Griffin, and the plan was changed such that NASA will issue a "Call for Improvements" (CFI) after the release of the ESAS for Lockheed Martin and Boeing to submit Phase II proposals.[28] NASA chose Lockheed Martin's consortium as the winning consortium on August 31, 2006.[29] Therefore, the CEV bids submitted and described above are not necessarily representative of the final CEV design, as they will be changed in accordance with the CFI and any findings of the ESAS that are put into the CFI. Image File history File links Orion_Selection. ...
Image File history File links Orion_Selection. ...
Testing NASA will perform environmental testing of Orion from 2007 to 2011 at the Glenn Research Center Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio. The Center's Space Power Facility is the world's largest thermal vacuum chamber.[30] Aerial View of Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field The Glenn Research Center is a NASA center, located in Cleveland, Ohio between Cleveland Hopkins International Airport and the Rocky River Reservation (part of the Cleveland Metroparks). ...
Muddy brown water fills Sandusky Bay, just south of Lake Erie in this astronaut photograph. ...
The interior of the Space Power Facility The Space Power Facility (SPF) is a vacuum chamber built by NASA in 1969. ...
Schedule NASA hopes to follow this schedule in development of the CEV: - 2006–2007 — Engineering review of selected CEV design
- 2009 (April) — First suborbital flight of a CEV-mock-up
- 2009 (May) — AA-1 unmanned ascent abort system test (transonic)
- 2010 (August) — AA-2 unmanned ascent abort system test (Max Q)
- 2011 (February) — AA-3 unmanned ascent abort system test (low-altitude)
- 2011 (September) — AA-4 unmanned ascent abort system test (high altitude)
- 2012 — First unmanned flight of CEV in Earth orbit.[31]
- 2014 (September) — First manned flight of CEV in Earth orbit.
- 2015–2018 — First unmanned flight of Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM).
- 2016–2018 — First manned flight of LSAM.
- 2020 — First manned lunar landing with CEV/LSAM system.
- 2020 — Start of planning for Mars missions
It has been rumored that the ESAS will support a phased retirement of the Space Shuttle, which would begin by retiring one orbiter (probably Atlantis), as early as 2008. Under this plan, Discovery would likely be retired in late 2009, followed by the retirement of Endeavour prior to September 30, 2010 (the last day of fiscal year (FY) 2010). In the meantime, NASA engineers would work to upgrade the current launch facilities to work with the next generation shuttle-derived launch vehicles.[32] Such a plan would allow lunar mission development to begin much earlier than currently planned, as additional funding will be available earlier. Transonic is an aeronautics term referring to a range of velocities just below and above the speed of sound. ...
A visible shock wave formed as the Apollo 11 Saturn V encountered Maximum Dynamic Pressure (Max Q) at about 1 minute 20 seconds into the flight (altitude 12. ...
Space Shuttle Orbiter Atlantis (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-104) is one of the space shuttle fleet belonging to the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). ...
Space Shuttle Discovery (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-103) is one of three remaining spacecraft in the Space Shuttle fleet belonging to the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), along with Atlantis and Endeavour. ...
Space Shuttle Orbiter Endeavour (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-105), is the fifth and final operational NASA space shuttle to be built. ...
September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
Possibilities for future CEV development After the replacement of Sean O'Keefe, NASA's procurement schedule and strategy has completely changed, as described above. In July 2004, before he was named NASA administrator, Michael Griffin participated in a study called "Extending Human Presence Into the Solar System"[33] for The Planetary Society, as a co-team leader. The study offers a strategy for carrying out Project Constellation in an affordable and achievable manner. Since Griffin was one of the leaders of the study, it can be assumed that he agrees with its conclusions, and it is therefore instructive to review the study to gain insight into possible future developments regarding the CEV. Indeed, as described below, the actions he has taken thus far as administrator support the goals of the plan. This article is in need of attention. ...
According to the executive summary, the study is built around "a staged approach to human exploration beyond low Earth orbit (LEO)."[33] It recommends that Project Constellation be carried out in three distinct phases, called "Stages." These are:
- Stage 1 - "Features the development of a new crew exploration vehicle (CEV), the completion of the International Space Station (ISS), and an early retirement of the Shuttle Orbiter. Orbiter retirement would be made as soon as the ISS U.S. Core is completed (perhaps only 6 or 7 flights) and the smallest number of additional flights necessary to satisfy our international partners’ ISS requirements. Money saved by early Orbiter retirement would be used to accelerate the CEV development schedule to minimize or eliminate any hiatus in U.S. capability to reach and return from LEO."[33]
- Stage 2 - "Requires the development of additional assets, including an uprated CEV capable of extended missions of many months in interplanetary space. Habitation, laboratory, consumables, and propulsion modules, to enable human flight to the vicinities of the Moon and Mars, the Lagrange points, and certain near-Earth asteroids."[33]
- Stage 3 - "Development of human-rated planetary landers is completed in Stage 3, allowing human missions to the surface of the Moon and Mars beginning around 2020."[33]
In celestial mechanics, the Lagrangian points, (also Lagrange point, L-point, or libration point) are the five stationary solutions of the circular restricted three-body problem. ...
Stage I Rather than designing a CEV solely for the earliest lunar landing possible, the report recommends developing the CEV in two Blocks. The Block I CEV would be suitable for LEO missions only and would be developed as quickly as possible to avoid the gap between the currently scheduled Shuttle retirement in 2010 and CEV flights starting in 2014. It would carry a crew of 4–6 astronauts. The report recommends the development of a shuttle-derived CEV launch vehicle based on the "Shuttle Solid Rocket Motor with a new liquid propellant upper stage"[33] for CEV launch, rather than man-rating an EELV. This approach would allow the advantages of using a proven, man-rated design (the Solid Rocket Motor), plus the ability to continue using Shuttle infrastructure to support CEV operations. The U.S. Government–sponsored Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program was intended to develop affordable alternatives to legacy medium-to-heavy-lift launch vehicles (e. ...
Indeed, as described above, the upcoming Exploration Systems Architecture Study is thought to contain an endorsement of exactly this option — the construction of an SRM-based SDLV, plus a heavy-lift launch vehicle derived from the Shuttle, in addition to options for expediting CEV development to permit earlier manned flight.[34] Therefore, the idea that the Planetary Society report could shed light on future CEV development is supported by these new developments. In other words, the very recommendations contained in the report for the beginning of Stage I — namely, the expedited CEV development and the SRM-derived launch vehicle — appear to have materialized. The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) is the official title of a large-scale, system level study conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) during the Summer of 2005 in response to the American president George W. Bushs announcement on January 14, 2004 of his goal of...
Under the rest of Stage I, the Shuttle would be retired as soon as possible after completing the "U.S. Core Complete" configuration of the International Space Station, an option that also appears to have gained support within NASA and the Bush administration.[35] The report makes no specific mention of a manned Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, although Administrator Griffin has instructed Hubble managers at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center to make preparations for such a mission,[36] and the report refers to Hubble as "world-class astronomy".[33] The report suggests the use of expendable launchers, either foreign vehicles such as the Ariane and Proton, or a new Shuttle-derived, heavy-lift launch vehicle to complete the ISS after Shuttle retirement. The Block I CEV could also act as an ISS Crew Return Vehicle, allowing crews of more than three to be supported. Stage I is to be implemented by 2010. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a telescope in orbit around the Earth, named after astronomer Edwin Hubble. ...
Aerial view of Goddard Space Flight Center. ...
The Ariane Family The name Ariane refers to a series of a civilian European expendable launch vehicles for space launch use. ...
The Proton rocket (formal designation: UR-500) is a Russian unmanned space vehicle design first launched in 1965 and still in use as of 2003. ...
ISS NASA Crew Return Vehicle cancelled in 2001. ...
Stage II Under Stage II, a new Block II CEV would be developed, suitable for interplanetary flight. The report states that the new CEV should keep the same mold lines as the Block I, making the selection of an appropriate Block I CEV extremely important to the successful implementation of the plan. The report states that the Block II CEV would need to have capability to conduct interplanetary cruises of at least several months in duration. It suggests the development of other modules, specifically modules called "Hab," "Lab," "Propulsion," and "Consumables" to support longer-duration flights, possibly to be carried onboard Ares V to LEO for Orion to pick-up. The use of ISS module derivatives for the Hab and Lab modules is suggested but not explicitly endorsed.
Four destinations are suggested for CEV exploration in Stage II. They are (probably, although not necessarily) in the order that they would be visited:
The goal would be to conduct flights to each of these destinations but without a human-rated lander for the Moon and Mars. The use of SEL2 is described as important to demonstrate the capability of servicing future space telescopes (such as the James Webb Space Telescope) there and also for staging interplanetary flights. After the flights to SEL2, a flight to a NEO could be attempted; due to its extremely low surface gravity a landing module would not be needed and the astronauts could "walk" on it with MMU-like equipment. Finally, a mission to orbit Mars and possibly land on its moons is suggested. All these flights would be accomplished with one CEV design supported by the various modules, as necessary. Stage II would take place from about 2015 onward. However, according to the current descriptions of the ESAS, a landing on the Moon appears to be the first priority of Project Constellation and will occur by 2018.[37] A contour plot of the effective potential (the Hills Surfaces) of a two-body system (the Sun and Earth here), showing the five Lagrange points. ...
Near-Earth objects (NEO) are asteroids, comets and large meteoroids whose orbit intersects Earths orbit and which may therefore pose a collision danger. ...
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a planned space infrared observatory, intended to be a significant improvement on the aging Hubble Space Telescope. ...
U.S. astronaut Bruce McCandless uses a manned maneuvering unit A Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) is a rocket pack (propulsion backpack that snaps onto the back of the spacesuit) which has been used on spacewalks (EVAs) from NASAs space shuttle, allowing an astronaut to move independently from the shuttle. ...
Stage III In Stage III, human-rated landers are developed to allow landings on both the Moon and Mars. Since the Block II CEV should be capable of flights to both these destinations, lunar and Mars landings could begin simultaneously, with the experience gained from exploring the four destinations referenced in Stage II. These landings would begin in 2020.
Summary Although Orion development is in an early stage, and it remains to be seen what form it will finally take, NASA is apparently taking exactly the steps recommended for the implementation of Stage I of the report. Therefore it is likely that the three-stage plan suggested in this report will be the plan for the actual Project Constellation. Although it appears that the plan will not be followed exactly, it is possible that elements of it will still be used as a baseline for Constellation exploration strategies (for example, Stage I appears to have become a NASA strategy). The plan does not allow for lunar landings as early as 2015, as suggested in the Bush vision, but does permit an early Mars landing in 2020, contemporaneous with lunar landings by that date.
Building 9 at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas contains a full-scale mock-up simulator of the Orion "capsule." As of July 26, 2006, internal components were being fitted. An aerial view of the complete Johnson Space Center facility in Houston, Texas in 1989. ...
Nickname: Space City Location in the state of Texas Coordinates: Country United States State Texas Counties Harris County Fort Bend County Montgomery County Incorporated June 5, 1837 Government - Mayor Bill White Area - City 601. ...
Funding President Bush's budget request for Fiscal Year 2005 included: "$428 million for Project Constellation ($6.6 billion over five years) to develop a new crew exploration vehicle." The budget for FY2005 was confirmed by the Congress in November 2004 with full funding for the CEV.
The FY2006 budget request includes $753 million for continuing development of the CEV. As of 2005 the total development costs of the CEV are estimated at $ 15 billion.[38]
Lockheed Martin's contract for the initial "Schedule A" part of the Orion project, awarded on August 31, 2006 and running through 2013, is worth $3.9 billion. Additional development options in the "Schedule B" part of the contract could be worth up to another $3.5 billion.[39]
Although to date the exploration systems have received full funding and a House endorsement,[40] there is a possibility that rising Shuttle return to flight costs will make funding of CEV development extremely difficult. There has been discussion of either obtaining a special supplemental from Congress to pay for the extra Shuttle costs, or of involving private industry in CEV development and operations.[41] The total funding of Project Constellation through 2025, inflation-adjusted and without any other increases to NASA's budget, is estimated at $210 billion; the ESAS estimates the cost of the program through that date at being only $7 billion more, at $217 billion.[37] This cost may in fact end up lower as it includes developing new engines for the EDS instead of the newer idea of using J-2 derivatives.[37]
Nomenclature In June 2006 the NASA assigned two "notional" names, Altair and Artemis, to the CSM and LSAM spacecraft. However, on 20 July 2006, it was reported[42] that the NASA had applied for trademark protection for the name "Orion" as both the name of the CEV spacecraft as a whole and as the name of its overall project to return to the moon. Astronaut Jeff Williams accidentally confirmed this name publicly and prematurely in a NASA communications blunder from the International Space Station on 22 August 2006.[20] In October 2006 NASA announced the official name "Artemis" for the LSAM spacecraft. Boeings early CEV concept CEV with lunar lander The Crew Exploration Vehicle is NASAs proposed series of human spaceflight spacecraft, intended to supersede the space shuttle system. ...
July 20 is the 201st day (202nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 164 days remaining. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
External link NASA Biography Categories: Stub | 1958 births | Astronauts ...
August 22 is the 234th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (235th in leap years), with 131 days remaining. ...
For the Manfred Mann album, see 2006 (album). ...
Further revisions in nomenclature by NASA are possible before the launch of the first Orion mission.
Orion Nomenclature (October 2006) - Orion Command/Service Module (CSM) manned/unmanned multi-role spacecraft
- Artemis[citation needed] Lunar Surface Access Module (LSAM) manned/unmanned lunar logistics vehicle
- Ares I ("the Stick") Medium-lift crew/cargo launch vehicle
- Ares IV Medium-heavy lift launch vehicle announced in February, 2007.[citation needed]
- Ares V Heavy-lift cargo launch vehicle
See also Image File history File links WikiNews-Logo. ...
Wikinews is a free-content news source and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. ...
Cleon Lacefield is Lockheed Martin vice president and CEV program manager. ...
Russian media coverage of Kliper spacecraft - Russias Channel One TV network. ...
For the trade union, see Confederation of Cameroon Trade Unions CSTS or ACTS (Crew Space Transportation System and Advanced Crew Transportation System respectively) is a crew transportation system which is jointly studied by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Space Agency (Roskosmos) with the objective to design a...
// Background The Orbital Space Plane program (now defunct and replaced by the Spiral series of CEV — Crew Exploration Vehicles) was designed to support the International Space Station requirements for crew rescue, crew transport and contingency cargo such as supplies, food and other needed equipment. ...
Comparison of the Saturn V, Space Shuttle and the two Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicles proposed to replace the Shuttle. ...
The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) is the official title of a large-scale, system level study conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) during the Summer of 2005 in response to the American president George W. Bushs announcement on January 14, 2004 of his goal of...
Reentry redirects here. ...
Colonization on the Moon according to 2001:A Space Odyssey An artists rendering of a lunar base. ...
Mars Many believe space colonization is a desirable and perhaps inevitable step in the future of humanity. ...
References |
