The Orion 1 Space Observatory and Orion 2 Space Observatory were space observatories installed in spacecraft launched by the space program of the Soviet Union during the 1970s. Space telescopes A space observatory is any instrument in outer space which is used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects. ... Soviet Soyuz rockets like the one pictured above were the first reliable means to transport objects into Earth orbit. ...

Orion 1

The Orion 1 space astrophysical observatory was installed in the orbital station Salyut 1. It was designed by Grigor Gurzadyan of Byurakan Observatory in Armenia. It was operated in June 1971 by crew member Viktor Patsayev, who thus became the first man to operate a telescope outside the Earth’s atmosphere. Spectrograms of stars Vega and beta Centauri between wavelengths 2000 and 3800 Å have been obtained. Salyut 1 (DOS 1) was the first Salyut space station, and the first human-made space station of any kind. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, or Byurakan Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Armenian Academy of Sciences. ... Viktor Patsayev Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev (Russian: Виктор Иванович Пацаев; June 19, 1933, Aktuybinsk – June 30, 1971) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 11 mission and had the unfortunate distinction of being part of the second crew to die during a space flight. ... For other uses, see Vega (disambiguation). ... Beta Centauri (β Cen / β Centauri), also known as Hadar or Agena, is the second brightest star in the constellation Centaurus and the eleventh brightest star in the nighttime sky. ...

Orion 1 parameters

• UV-telescope:
• Optical system: Mersenn
• Spectrograph: Wadsworth
• Diameter of primary mirror: 280 mm
• Focal length: 1400 mm
• Spectral range: 2000-3800 Å
• Spectral resolution at wavelength 2600 Å: 5 Å
• Film: UFSh 4, width 16 mm, range of sensitivity: 4000-2500 Å, resolution better 130 lines/mm
• Cartridge capacity: 12m

• Stabilization: two-stage, inertial
• First stage: three-axis inertial stabilization of station Salyut 1;
• Fine guidance: via a star with accuracy 15 arcsec on each axes.
• Star sensor: of semi-disk (diameter of input: 70 mm; focal length: 450 mm), limiting stellar magnitude 5m.
• Mass: 170 kg

Orion 1: Selected References

• Gurzadyan, G.A, Ohanesyan, J.B., Observed Energy Distribution of alpha Lyra and beta Cen at 2000−3800 Å, Nature, vol.239, p.90, 1972.
• Gurzadyan G.A., A Magnesium Feature in Ultraviolet Stellar Spectra, Sky & Telescope, vol.43, p.350, 1972.
• Gurzadyan, G.A., Ohanesyan, J.B., Spectrograms of alpha Lira and beta Cen in the region of 2000-3800A, Space Science Reviews, vol.13, p.647, 1972.
• Gurzadyan, G. A., Ohanesyan, J. B., The Use of Synchrotron Radiation in the Energy Calibration of Astronomical Apparatus, Space Science Reviews, vol.13, p.642, 1972.
• Gurzadyan, G.A., On One Principle of Operation of Orbital Observatory by a Cosmonaut, Commun. Byurakan Obs., vol.XLV, p.5, 1972.
• Gurzadyan, G.A., Harutyunian, E.A., Orbital Astrophysical Observatory Orion, Commun. Byurakan Obs., vol.XLV, p.12, 1972.
• Gurzadyan, G. A., Ohanesyan, J. B., Ultraviolet absorption lines in the spectrum of Vega, Astron. & Astrophys., vol.20, p.321, 1972.
• Gurzadyan, G. A., Space astronomy, Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR, No. 6, p.66–74, 1973.
• Oberg J., Notes on Soviet space astronomy, Sky and Telescope, vol.53, p.92, 1977.

Orion 2

Orion 2 was installed onboard Soyuz 13 in December 1973, a spacecraft modified to become the first manned space observatory. The observatory was operated by crew member Valentin Lebedev. The designer of the observatory was Grigor Gurzadyan, then at Garni Space Astronomy Laboratory in Armenia. Ultraviolet spectrograms of thousands of stars to as faint as 13th stellar magnitude were obtained by a wide-angle meniscus telescope. The first satellite UV spectrogram of a planetary nebula (IC 2149) was obtained, revealing spectral lines of aluminum and titanium - elements not previously observed in planetary nebulae. Two-photon emission in that planetary nebula and a remarkable star cluster in Auriga were also discovered. Soyuz 13 was a second test flight of the redesigned Soyuz capsule that first flew as Soyuz 12. ... Valentin Vitaliyevich Lebedev (Russian: Валентин Витальевич Лебедев; born April 14, 1942 in Moscow) was a Soviet cosmonaut who made two flights into space. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Ultraviolet (disambiguation). ... Origins: There is considerable evidence that spectrum analysis actually had its origin in western Pennsylvania. ... A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from an excess or deficiency of photons in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. ... NGC 6543, the Cats Eye Nebula A planetary nebula is an astronomical object consisting of a glowing shell of gas formed by certain types of stars at the end of their lives. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Auriga can refer to: A constellation of stars A Roman slave chauffeur This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...

Orion 2 parameters

• Telescope: meniscus, Cassegrain (-Maksutov) system with an objective prism
• Primary mirror: 300 mm
• Focal length: 1000 mm
• Field of view: 5°
• Registration of spectrograms: film KODAK 103UV, diameter: 110 mm
• Spectral resolution: 8-29 Å at 2000-3000 Å
• Two star sensor sets: each containing a two-coordinate star sensor coaxial to telescope and one-coordinate one, in 45° to telescope axis.
• Two additional sidereal spectrographs.
• Three-axes guidance system accuracy: better than 5 arcsec on two cross-sectional axes of telescope (via star А), and better than 30 arcsec at optical axis (star B)
• Star sensors: input apertures: 80 and 60 mm; focal lengths: 500 and 240 mm; limiting stellar magnitudes: 3.5 and 3.0 m.

• Mass: 240 kg (telescope: 205 kg)
• Mass returned to Earth (cartridges): 4.3 kg

Cassegrain may refer to the Cassegrain Reflector Laurent Cassegrain, catholic priest and teacher and probably the inventor of the Cassegrain Reflector Sieur Guillaume Cassegrain, French sculptur Categories: Disambiguation ...

Orion 2: Selected References

• Gurzadyan G.A., Ultraviolet spectra of Capella, Nature, vol. 250, p.204, 1974; [1]
• Gurzadyan G.A., On the Possibility of Spectral Classification of Stars by their Ultraviolet Spectrograms, Astron. & Astrophys. vol. 35, p.493, 1974.
• Gurzadyan G.A., A Group of Ultraviolet Stars in Auriga, The Observatory, vol.94,p.293,1974.
• Gurzadyan, G. A., An interesting ultraviolet star discovered by Orion-2, Astrophysics,,vol.10, p.236, 1974.
• Gurzadyan, G.A., Orion-2: First Scientific Results, Space Science Reviews, vol.18, p.95-139, 1975.
• Gurzadyan, G.A., Rustambekova, S.S., Silicon-rich stellar envelope? Nature, vol. 254, p.311, 1975; [2]
• Gurzadyan G.A., Ultraviolet Chromospheric Lines in the Spectra of Late-Type Stars, Monthly Not. Royal Astron. Soc., vol.172, p.617, 1975.
• Gurzadyan G.A., Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry of the Emission Star SAO 0400183, Astron. & Astrophys., vol.39, p.213, 1975.
• Gurzadyan G.A., The Ultraviolet Spectrum of Planetary Nebula IC 2149, Monthly Not. Royal Astron. Soc., vol.172, p.249, 1975.
• Gurzadyan G.A., Ultraviolet Continuous spectra of gamma Cassiopea, Astron. & Astrophys., vol.40, p.447-450, 1975.
• Gurzadyan G. A., Orion 2: first scientific results, Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR, No. 1, p.13 – 24, 1975.
• Gurzadyan G.A., Two-photon emission in planetary nebula IC 2149, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Publications, vol.88, p.891, 1976;[3]
• Gurzadyan G.A., Jarakyan, A.L., Krmoyan, M.N., Kashin, A.L., Loretsyan, G.M., Ohanesyan, J.B., Space astrophysical observatory Orion-2, Astrophysics and Space Science, vol.40, p.393, 1976; [4]
• Gurzadyan, G. A., A high-power orbital telescope: What a telescope with a three-meter mirror carried into space can give to science, Vestnik Akad. Nauk SSSR No.12, p.80-90, 1977.
• Gurzadyan, G. A., Ultraviolet observations of planetary nebulae, Planetary nebulae. Observations and theory, Proc. IAU Symp.76, Ed.Y.Terzian, p.79, Dordrecht, D.Reidel Publ., 1978.
• Gurzadyan G.A., Ultraviolet Spectra of Planetary Nebulae, Vistas in Astronomy, vol. 23, p.45, 1979.
• Ambartsumian V.A. (ed) Gurzadyan, G.A.; Raushenbach, B.V.; Feoktistov, K.P.; Klimuk, P.I.; Lebedev, V.V.; Maksimenko, A.P.; Gorshkov, K.A.; Savchenko, S.A.; Baryshnikov, G.K.; Pachomov, A.I.; Antonov, V.V.; Kashin, A.L.; Loretsian, G.M.; Gasparyan, O.N.; Chabrov, G.I.; Ohanesian, J.B.; Tsybin, S.P.; Rustambekova, S.S.; Epremian, R.A. Observatory in space "SOYUZ-13”-“ORION-2” . “Mashinostroenie” Publ., Moscow, 1984 (monograph, in Russian).
• Gurzadyan G.A, Ohanesyan, J.B., Rustambekova, S.S. & Epremian, R.A., Catalogue of 900 Faint Star Ultraviolet Spectra, Publ. Armenian Acad. Sci., Yerevan, 1985.

• Oberg J., Notes on Soviet space astronomy, Sky & Telescope, vol.53, 92, 1977.
• Abt, H.A., Spectral types in Gurzadyan's clustering in Auriga, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Publications, vol.90, p.555, 1978; [5]
• Furniss, T., Manned Spaceflight Log, Jane's, London, 1986.
• Davies, J. K., Astronomy from Space, PRAXIS Publishing, Chichester, 2002.