Orjen
Mount Orjen from the north (6 June 2001)
Elevation:	1,894 metres (6,225 feet)
Location:	Serbia and Montenegro
Range:	Dinaric Alps
Coordinates:	42° 34′ 08″ N 18° 32′ 56″ E (http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=42_34_08_N_18_32_56_E_type:mountain)
Type:	glaciokarst
Age of rock:	Cretaceous
First ascent:
Easiest route:	basic scramble

Orjen (42.54° N 18.52° E (http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=42.54_N_18.52_E_)) is a Dinaric Mediterranean limestone mountain range in Montenegro. At 1894 m (6225 ft.) Zubacki kabao is the highest peak in the subadriatic Dinarides. The massif of Orjen lies to the northwest of Risan in Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor). From the town of Risan, situated at the innermost protected part of the bay, a well-engineeered road, at first metalled, with many hairpin bends climbs to about 1600 m, over to the interior. June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. ... 2001 is a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A topographical summit is a point on a surface which is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. ... The most general definition of mountain range is a group of mountains bordered by lowlands. ... The Dinaric Alps or Dinarides are a mountain chain in southern Europe, spanning areas of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro and Albania. ... This article is about longitude and latitude; see also UTM coordinate system Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (vertically) and longitude (horizontally); large version (pdf) The geographic (earth-mapping) coordinate system expresses every horizontal position on Earth by two of the three coordinates of a spherical coordinate system which... Mountains can be characterized in several ways. ... The geologic timescale is used by geologists and other scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occured during the history of the Earth. ... The Cretaceous period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic period (about 135 mya) to the beginning of the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary period (65 mya). ... In climbing, a first ascent (FA) is the first climb to reach the top of a mountain, or the first to follow a particular climbing route. ... Southern and northern Mount Everest climbing routes as seen from the International Space Station. ... The Dinaric Alps or Dinarides are a mountain chain in southern Europe, spanning areas of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro and Albania. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... Mount Cook, a mountain in New Zealand A mountain is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. ... Serbia and Montenegro  – Serbia    – Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    – Vojvodina  – Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  – Total  – % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  – Total (2003)  – Density  616,258  48. ... Dinaric Alps or Dinarides are a mountain chain in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro. ... Risan is the oldest settlement in the Montenegrin Bay of Kotor at the shores of southern Dalmatia. ... Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor, Bocca di Cattaro) in western Montenegro is a winding bay on the Adriatic sea. ...

At the main summit of Orjen and the surrounding ridges and high plateaux the action or quaternary glaciation is evident. In Ice Age long valley glaciers deceded from Orjen to the Bay of Kotor and surrounding poljes. Hollowing U-shaped vallies and cirques in their course. Glaciers also shaped jagged peaks and ridges. Glacial and karst type relief combine now in a unique coastal scenery. Elswhere in the Mediterranean few places show similar phenomena. This article is about Plateaux, Congo. ... The Quaternary Period is the geologic time period from the end of the Pliocene Epoch roughly 1. ... Glaciation, often called an ice age, is a geological phenomenon in which massive ice sheets form in the Arctic and Antarctic and advance toward the equator. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ... Austrias longest glacier, the Pasterze, winds its 8 km (5 mile) route at the foot of Austrias highest mountain, the Grossglockner. ... Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor, Bocca di Cattaro) in Montenegro is a winding bay on the Adriatic sea. ... Karst topography occurs when a landscape is marked by underground drainage patterns. ... For other meanings, see Relief (disambiguation) In the art of sculpture, a relief is an artwork where a modelled form projects out of a flat background. ... A coastal image featured on a United States postal stamp. ...

The Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor (http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=125) is a UNESCO World Heritage site, comprising the territory between Orjen and Lovćen, including all the small towns in the bays of Risan and Kotor with their natural setting. UNESCO logo The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, commonly known as UNESCO, is a specialized agency of the United Nations system established in 1946. ... Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ... . Mount Lovćen is a mountain located in the southwest of Montenegro Lovcen, covering 6. ...

Broader region of Orjen and Bay of Kotor. On the Landsat image cumulunimbus clouds are forming above Mount Orjen while the coast is sunny. Vegetation is distributed in a patchy pattern. Dense forests are exclusive to the Mount Orjen while mediterranean shrublands are typical for the coastal parts. 07 August 2001.

With this privileged natural harbour the Bay of Kotor has been settled for milenias. Illyrians and Greeks colonised the coast from 400 BC and established todays ports Risan (Rhizon) and Kotor (Cattaro). Due to lack of potable water the high mountain was never densly populated. Snowpatches collected from deep pitholes were used even late in the 20th century to provide the few hamlets with water. Today wells are used instead. Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor, Bocca di Cattaro) in Montenegro is a winding bay on the Adriatic sea. ... Risan is the oldest settlement in the Montenegrin Bay of Kotor at the shores of southern Dalmatia. ... Kotor and its bay Kotor is a town in southwestern Montenegro, population 19,000, Kotor municipality 23,481 (2003). ...

A road crossing the Orjen col at 1594 m is the main communication line on Mount Orjen. In recent years parts have slipped away and no passing from Crkvice to the Orjen col is now possible. As earthquakes are frequent in the area, the last major happend in 1979, infrastructre in the more remote areas is not always repaired. It took several years to repair the telephone lines of several hamlets on Orjen after the 7.3 magnitude quake in 1979.

View from cirque Pavlovica do to the sea

Valley Dobri do

Geography

Zubacki kabao with a small snowpatch in June

Mount Orjen is a block mountain lifted up as a horst and thus towering above the lowered Bay of Kotor and the high karst plateaux surrounding the Mount Orjen horst. With 1894 m difference between the lowest and the highest point, relief energy has a great role in the extremly harsh environment. A hyperkarstic barren landscape of vast karren fields contrasts with very species rich vegetation types, ranging from evergreen decidous forests at lower altitudes to endemic clacareous dinaric Fir and Pine forests in higher altitudes. Precipitation reaches 5000 l per m², amounts typical for tropical rainforests or the eastern Himalaya than the dry Mediterranean. Lying at Europe's wettest coast, snow easily accumulates on karstic plateaux and as late as June small snowpatches continue to lie in shaded places under the summits. Skiing is possible but no relevant infrastructres exist today. Orjen is a more important hiking destination. Three mountain huts provide basic accomodation. Orjen comprises an area of about 400 km² and runs for 25 km from Herzegovina in the west to Montenegro in the east. Mount Orjen is composed of four high karstic plateaux divided by ridges. Three near parallel ridges collide in Zubacki kabao, Orjens' culumination point. The ridges are arranged by elevation with the highest to the north screening the Bijela gora plateaux from the Mediterranean coast. The separated plateaux are the Krivosije to the East, Bijela gora to the North, and Dobri do and Vrbanj to the west. Only few settlments are scattered in surrounding poljes. The poljes of Grahovo, Dragalj, Vrbanj, Krusevica and Grabalj are important for agricultural use and provide the only lines of communication in the karst. Migration circelied around Mount Orjen as a major obstsacle between the coastal, Herceg Novi and Risan and the interior towns of Grahovo, Trebinje and Niksic. Several dry river valleys are found on Orjen. Only in decades they react as shortliving rivers when heavy rain and snowmelt combine. Flooding can be a problem and several poljes are reknown for their long inundation periodes. The Harvesters, by Pieter Brueghel the Elder, 1565: Peace and agriculture in a pre-Romantic ideal landscape, without sublime terrors The word landscape as most westerners use it is completely entrenched in western notions of land, nature and art. ... Divisions Green algae land plants (embryophytes) non-vascular embryophytes Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses vascular plants (tracheophytes) seedless vascular plants Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongue ferns seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta - flowering... A Silver Fir shoot showing three successive years of retained leaves In botany, an evergreen plant is a plant which retains its leaves year-round, with each leaf persisting for more than 12 months. ... Species See text. ... Species About 115. ... Rainforest on Fatu-Hiva, Marquesas Islands A rainforest is a forested biome with high annual rainfall due to the Intertropical convergence zone. ... The Himalaya is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Herzegovina (natively Херцеговина/Hercegovina) is a historical region in the Dinaric Alps that composes the southern part of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Serbia and Montenegro  – Serbia    – Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    – Vojvodina  – Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  – Total  – % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  – Total (2003)  – Density  616,258  48. ... Krivosije is a high plateaux on the eastern branches of Mt. ... Herceg Novi is a town in southwestern Montenegro, population ca. ... Risan is the oldest settlement in the Montenegrin Bay of Kotor at the shores of southern Dalmatia. ... Trebinje (in Serbian Cyrillic: Требиње) is the southern-most city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in southeastern Herzegovina. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...

Glacial traces

Cirque Borovi do on the north side of Bijela gora

Mediterranean mountains bear no glaciers any more except small snowfields in some shaded cirques of the Taurus range. Even during the pleistocene snowlines were not much lower as in todays Alps. Glaciers were only of local significance in the Mediterranean enabling frost sensitive vegetation types to survive the climatical changes of the Quatenrnary. Among the once glaciated Mediterranean mountains Orjen was outstanding for one of the biggest ice cap in the region. A 150 km² covered 1/3 of the area. All part above 900 m were burried under a thick sheet of ice from where several glacial tonges decended to 500 m above sea level. Traces of glacial activity are evident in any part of Orjen as in the Bijela gora plateaux. No glacial lakes survive today as they were extinguished due to the porosity of the karstified landscape. Many cirques, U-shaped valleys and moraines and jagged ridges and summits bear the evidence of the glacial erosion. In stoneage and bronze age humans settled in the Orjen region. This early human activity is depicted by rock paintings of deerhunt and humans in Lipci in Risan bay. A major bronze age excarvation site is at Popovo polje to the north of Mount Orjen. Austrias longest glacier, the Pasterze, winds its 8 km (5 mile) route at the foot of Austrias highest mountain, the Grossglockner. ... Taurus may refer to: Taurus, one of the constellations of the zodiac Bos taurus, a species of the bos genus An ancient region in todays Crimea The Taurus Mountains in northern Syria / southern Turkey Montes Taurus, a Lunar mountain range. ... The Pleistocene Epoch is part of the geologic timescale, usually dated as 1. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Cirque has several meanings: A cirque (landform) is an amphitheatre-like valley of glacial origin, formed by glacial erosion at the head of the glacier. ... Moraine is the general term for debris of all sorts originally transported by glaciers or ice sheets that have since melted away. ... Stone Age fishing hook. ... The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... Risan is the oldest settlement in the Montenegrin Bay of Kotor at the shores of southern Dalmatia. ...

Snow lines across the Mediterranean. The upper line shows recent snowlines the bigger signifies those from the last Ice age. Mount Orjen due to heavy precipitation was in Ice age a major center of the Mediterranean local glacier formation

Karst

Karst fauna on Orjen

Mount Orjen is built up from pure cretaceous limestone. As precipitation and temperatures are high and vegetation is abundant karstification processe are evolved. Lapiez, sinkholes and caves resolve from the solution of the limestone. The solution process is the faster the more water is available for solution. Vegetation and soilformation play also a role in the process. A major disadvantage is that the water is perculating fast in the porous rocks and does not form brooks and rivers despite the heavy amounts of precipitation. An overall dryness is characteristic that is unsuitable for settling. Thus the region has been depopulated for a long time. Only during times of repression the unfavourable high mountains were mainly populated by Montenegrin tribes. During the time of the Ottoman rule from the 15th to the 19th century the high karst was acting as main shelter for the christian population. Military campaigns of Turks and Austro-Hungarians faced heavy losses while both great powers underestimated the difficulties to undertake succesful raids in karst areas. The battle of Vucji dol between Montenegrins and Turks and the Krivosije uprising in 1869 showed that the Montenegrins used the natural conditions in their favour. Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... Sinkholes are formed by the collapse of cave roofs and are a feature of landscapes that are based on limestone bedrock. ... Alternate meanings: Cave (disambiguation) The outside world viewed from a cave A cave is a natural underground void large enough that some portion of it will not receive daylight. ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... Dissolving table salt in water In chemistry, a solution is one or more substance (the solute) dissolved in another substance (the solvent) forming a homogenous mixture. ... For the heavy metal band see Soil (band) Soil is the layer of minerals and organic matter, in thickness from centimetres to a metre or more, on the land surface. ... This article is about the republic in Serbia-Montenegro, Europe. ... Viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe consists of a social formation existing before the development of, or outside of, states. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... The term Christian means belonging to Christ and is derived from the Greek noun Χριστός Khristós which means anointed one, which is itself a translation of the Hebrew word Moshiach (Hebrew: משיח, also written Messiah), (and in Arabic it is pronounced Maseeh مسيح). ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... The Battle of Waterloo by William Sadler. ... This article is about the republic in Serbia-Montenegro, Europe. ... Krivosije is a high plateaux on the eastern branches of Mt. ...

Karst is also a major tourist atraction as caves are frequent and peculiar geomorphological forms can be studied. Karst vegetation on the other hand is species rich and major karst areas are hotspots of biodiversity. The both famous southeast asian karst areas like the Guilin tower karst region in Southchina or Phuket island in Thailand and the mediterranean dinaric karst areas with the Plitvice lakes in Croatia and the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro rival with spectularity. Elephant Trunk Hill, the Symbol of Guilin Looking across the Guilin plain from southeast of the city. ... Phuket (Thai ภูเก็ต) is one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. ... Categories: Croatian geography stubs | National parks of Croatia | UN World Heritage Sites ... Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor, Bocca di Cattaro) in Montenegro is a winding bay on the Adriatic sea. ... Serbia and Montenegro  – Serbia    – Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    – Vojvodina  – Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  – Total  – % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  – Total (2003)  – Density  616,258  48. ...

Geology

Tectonically the area of the Southern Adriatic is very active as the frequency of earthquakes indicates. As the Adriatic plate subduces under the Dinarids, earthquakes can have devastating energy sometimes even Tsunamis are observed. Mount Orjen is completly build up of folded cretaceous limestones which belongs to the High-Karst Zone geological unit. The High-Karst Zone has the greatest extent in the territory of Montenegro. The terrain of this geotectonic unit is mainly built up of Mesozoic (Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous) limestones and dolomites of several kilometres of thickness. This thickness is even larger, due to the reverse faulting and overthrusting and thus repeating of carbonate series. The karst of this region is characterised by all surface occurrences and all processes characteristic for holokarst such as: karst plain, polje, uvala, sinkhole, dry-, hanging-, blind- and karstified valley, lapies, canyon, shaft, cave, resurgence, vrulja, estavelle and so on. The karstification of limestones and dolomites in this area is below the base level of erosion, below the sea level and is deeper than 1.000 m. The High-Karst Zone has all the prominent characteristics of fluvial erosion (deep canyons of Komarnica and Moraca rivers with their tributaries), glacial erosion (on Mount Orjen), lacustrine, sea and combined erosion. Global earthquake epicenters, 1963–1998 An earthquake is a trembling or a shaking movement of the Earths surface. ... The tsunami that struck Malé in the Maldives on December 26, 2004. ... Serbia and Montenegro  – Serbia    – Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    – Vojvodina  – Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  – Total  – % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  – Total (2003)  – Density  616,258  48. ... The Mesozoic is one of three geologic eras of Phanerozoic eon. ... The Triassic is a Geologic period that extends from about 248 to 202 million years (My or megayears) before the present. ... The Jurassic period is a major unit of the geologic timescale that extends from about 195 million years BP at the end of the Triassic to 135 million years BP at the beginning of the Cretaceous. ... The Cretaceous period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic period (about 135 mya) to the beginning of the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary period (65 mya). ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... Dolomite from Touissite, Morocco Dolomite is a mineral (formula CaMg(CO3)2) consisting of a calcium magnesium carbonate found in crystals and in beds as dolostone. ... Carbonate is an anion with a charge of -2 and an empirical formula of CO32-. An aqueous solution of carbon dioxide contains a minute amount of H2CO3, called carbonic acid, which dissociates to form hydrogen ions and carbonate ions. ... Karst topography occurs when a landscape is marked by underground drainage patterns. ... Sinkholes are formed by the collapse of cave roofs and are a feature of landscapes that are based on limestone bedrock. ... Grand Canyon, Arizona A canyon, or gorge, is a valley walled by cliffs. ... A shaft can be a hole in the earth typically used for mineral extraction, such as mining. ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... Dolomite from Touissite, Morocco Dolomite is a mineral (formula CaMg(CO3)2) consisting of a calcium magnesium carbonate found in crystals and in beds as dolostone. ...

Along the internal belt of Bay of Kotor, from Morinj, across Risan to Kotor, the High-Karst Zone is in direct contact with the sea, as the High-Karst Zone overthrusts the Pindus Cukali Zone where Mount Orjen rises from the Bay of Risan. The direct contact of the Adriatic sea and the High-Karst Zone leads to interesting hydrological phenomenas. In these terrains the largest vrulja on the Adriatic coast, called Sopot, is located. The vast differences in water-yielding capacity of the constant and periodic karst springs point out to the strong karstification of High-Karst Zone limestones and dolomites on Mount Orjen. The difference between minimal and maximal water yielding capacity is over 350 m³. Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor, Bocca di Cattaro) in Montenegro is a winding bay on the Adriatic sea. ... Risan is the oldest settlement in the Montenegrin Bay of Kotor at the shores of southern Dalmatia. ... Kotor and its bay Kotor is a town in southwestern Montenegro, population 19,000, Kotor municipality 23,481 (2003). ... The Adriatic Sea Source: NASA The Adriatic Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea separating the Apennine peninsula (Italy) from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. ... Hydrology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and movement of water on, in, and above the earth. ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... Dolomite from Touissite, Morocco Dolomite is a mineral (formula CaMg(CO3)2) consisting of a calcium magnesium carbonate found in crystals and in beds as dolostone. ...

Climate

Meteorological station on Orjen

Mount Orjen is within the mediterranean subtropical belt. While summers are hot and sunny, autmn, winter and spring are rainy seasons. It is the climate type throughout the Mediterranean, but modification exist in this vast region. A peculiaity of the littoral Dinarids is the precipitation regime as Mount Orjen is Europes place with the most abundant precipitation. Like with the Indian monsoon the rain is seasonally distributed. Thus November thunderstorms can bring 2000 l of water in several days while August is frequently completely dry leading to devastating forest fires. The Sopot karst spring is a remarkable idicator of this seasonality. Most of the time the spring is inactive but after heavy rain pours down on Orjen a remarkable waterfall appears 20 m above the Bay of Kotor. Sopot is one of the biggest Karst springs in the world with a maximum discharge close to 200 m³ (200 000 l) water per second. The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Subtropical (or semitropical) areas are those adjacent to the tropics, usually roughly defined as the ranges 23. ... Belt can refer to the following objects: A belt (clothing) is an article of clothing worn around the waist. ... Monsoon in the Vindhya(mountains) in central India A monsoon is a periodic wind, especially in the Indian Ocean and southern Asia. ... Fire in San Bernardino, California Mountains (image taken from the International Space Station) A wildfire, also known as a forest fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, or bushfire (in Australasia), is an uncontrolled fire in wildland often caused by lightning; other common causes are human carelessness and arson. ... Karst topography occurs when a landscape is marked by underground drainage patterns. ... The word spring has several meanings: spring (device), a common mechanical part. ... Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor, Bocca di Cattaro) in Montenegro is a winding bay on the Adriatic sea. ...

Two wind systems are noteworthy for their ecological significance: Bora and Scirocco. Strong cold downslope winds of Bora type appear in winter and are most severe in the Bay of Risan. Gusts reach 250 km/h and can lead to a significant fall of temperatures in several hours with freezing events problematic for most of the Mediterranean cultures. Bora weather situations are frequent and sailors keep an eye on the mountains as cap clouds indicate an eminent Bora event. Scirocco is a warm humid rain and is important as it brings heavy rain. It appears throughout the year but is usually centered in autmn and spring. Ecology is the branch of science that studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment. ... Bora or Bura is a northern to north-eastern katabatic wind in the Adriatic, Greece and Turkey. ... This article is about the Mediterranean wind. ... Composite satellite image showing the progress of a hurricane weather system approaching the east coast of America Weather comprises all the various phenomena that occur in the atmosphere of a planet. ...

* classification scheme after Köppen Risan is the oldest settlement in the Montenegrin Bay of Kotor at the shores of southern Dalmatia. ...

* monthly and yearly precipitation ranges in Dalmatia, Herzegowina and Montenegro Herceg Novi is a town in southwestern Montenegro, population ca. ... Risan is the oldest settlement in the Montenegrin Bay of Kotor at the shores of southern Dalmatia. ... Mayor Unknown Area km² Population  - city  - urban  - density 14,700 in 2003 /km² Time zone Summer Time CET (UTC +1) CEST (UTC +2) founded became capital last independence Unknown 1482 1918 Latitude Longitude ° N ° E Area code +381 86 Car plates CT Official Website Cetinje is a city (population 14... Trebinje (in Serbian Cyrillic: Требиње) is the southern-most city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in southeastern Herzegovina. ... Dubrovnik (Latin Ragusa), population 43,770 in 2001, 49,728 in 1991 is a port and one of the most prominent tourist resorts on the Adriatic Sea coast in the extreme south of Croatia, and the center of the Dubrovnik-Neretva county, positioned at 42. ... Dalmatia (Croatian Dalmacija, Italian Dalmazia, Serbian Далмација) is a region of Croatia on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, spreading between the island of Pag in the northwest and the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. ... Serbia and Montenegro  – Serbia    – Kosovo and Metohia        (UN administration)    – Vojvodina  – Montenegro Official language Serbian Capital Podgorica Former Royal Capital Cetinje President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Milo Đukanović Area  – Total  – % water  13,812 km²  n/a Population  – Total (2003)  – Density  616,258  48. ...

Biology

Habitats

Mostly limstone rocks but also moraines and screes. Coastal cliffs are present at all parts of the Bay of Kotor. Many forest types can be seen of which mediterranean decidous evergreen dont play a significant role. Dinaric calcareous fir forests are found in several grooves on the Bijela gora but are difficult to reach. Bosnian pine forests are quite widspread on all major ridges. Virgin woodlands still exist, mainly Beech forests.

Sinkhole on Mount Orjen

Firs are sung in local songs

Pasture Pirina poljana

Glaciokarst features at Reovack greda

Vegetation

Vegetation profile on Orjen

* The Vegetation profile on Mount Orjen shows the mediterranean zonation which varies from alpine mountain zonations.

Across Orjen vegetation varies with climate and altitude. While the sub-adriatic range exhibits evergreen deciduous forests, the vegetation graduates to temperate forests, conifers and tundra in the northern and upper regions. The ridges also have a variety of mediterranean alpine vegetation - oromediterranean pastures. The typical karst country with bare limstone rochocks interspersed with parches of wood is found on lower altitudes. White Oak, Hop-hornbeam and Montpellier Maple, or the characteristic scrub of the maquis and garigue are notable. There are stony meadows in the sunken dolina of the karst that contrast vividly with the stony slopes and rocky scrubland all round. Higher altitudes are characterised by heavy beech forest with occasional open grassy pastures. On northern branches Silver Fir accompanies Beech. Above the Beech and Fir-Beech forests are scattered open stands of pure Silver Fir and Bosnian Pine with deep-purple young cones set among stiff lightgreen needles. Open stony screes and rocks are exposed to the jagged riges and summits. They are very rich in species. A Silver Fir shoot showing three successive years of retained leaves In botany, an evergreen plant is a plant which retains its leaves year-round, with each leaf persisting for more than 12 months. ... Deciduous forest after leaf fall Deciduous means temporary or tending to fall off (deriving from the Latin word decidere, to fall off). ... In geography, temperate latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... In physical geography, tundra is an area where tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. ... Alpine may refer to: Alpine, a breed of goat. ... Oakland International Airport is located in Oakland, California and serves the San Francisco Bay Area metro region. ... The MAPLE dedicated isotope-production facility is a current project jointly undertaken by AECL and MDS Nordion. ... Scrub has a number of meanings: to rub a surface hard, especially with a brush. ... See: Maquis (World War II) for the French anti-Nazi resistance Maquis (Spain) for the Spanish anti-Franco guerrilla acting after the Spanish Civil War. ... Karst topography occurs when a landscape is marked by underground drainage patterns. ... Scrubland is an uncultivated region covered with scrub vegetation. ... Species Fagus crenata - Japanese Beech Fagus engleriana - Chinese Beech Fagus grandifolia - American Beech Fagus hayatae - Taiwan Beech Fagus japonica - Japanese Blue Beech Fagus longipetiolata - South Chinese Beech Fagus lucida - Shining Beech Fagus mexicana - Mexican Beech or Haya Fagus orientalis - Oriental Beech Fagus sylvatica - European Beech Beech (Fagus) is a genus... Binomial name Abies alba Mill. ... Species Fagus crenata - Japanese Beech Fagus engleriana - Chinese Beech Fagus grandifolia - American Beech Fagus hayatae - Taiwan Beech Fagus japonica - Japanese Blue Beech Fagus longipetiolata - South Chinese Beech Fagus lucida - Shining Beech Fagus mexicana - Mexican Beech or Haya Fagus orientalis - Oriental Beech Fagus sylvatica - European Beech Beech (Fagus) is a genus... Species See text. ... Species About 115. ... A cone is a basic geometrical shape: see cone (geometry). ...

Pure silver fir forests are endemic to the Dinaric alps and especially to Orjen

Flora

Flora is of Balkan type with many illyrian and balkan endemics. Notable is local endemism with 10 endemics restricted to Mount Orjen.

Gallery

Saxifraga species	Variety of Martagon Lily	Silver fir and Bosnian pine	Iris orjenii is endemic to altimediterrranean pastures on Orjen
Variety F. gracilis is common in the altimediterranean lifezone	Endemic snowball from Orjen	Very rare Paeonia daurica	Subendemic Greek Maple

Conservation

A National Park was planned for a long time on Orjen. The disintegration of Yugoslavia, civil war and standstill of tourism canceled plans. Today plans a rejuvenated but funding maybe a proble. UNESCO declared the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor (http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=125) a World Heritage site. The part of Orjen within the boundaries of this Site is namly the Krivosije plateaux. A further evaluation of the patrimony and nomination of a greater part of Orjen as National park has good reasons. Unique Flora, Fauna and Relief certainly require a protection plan by administrative action. Yosemite National Park in the United States. ... UNESCO logo The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, commonly known as UNESCO, is a specialized agency of the United Nations system established in 1946. ... Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ... The term flora has several meanings in English: Flora is a collective term for plant life; as distinct from Fauna (animals). ... Fauna is a collective term for animal life, as distinct from Flora (plant life) Fauna is an ancient Roman goddess. ...

History

The earliest historic confirmations are the Lipce rock paintings which are dated in the Bronze age. The first historic significant events are connected with the Illyrians when Queen Teuta, reigned approximately from 231 BC to 228 BC choose Risan as her capital during her war against the Romans. The Greek also colonised the region and eventually the Romans took over. The classical name of the Bay of Kotor is after Rhizon (Risan) Sinus Rhizonicus. Eventually Kotor was becoming more important during the middle ages This article is about an ancient civilization in southeastern Europe; see also Illyria (software), Illyria (character in the TV series Angel). ... Queen Teuta of the Illyrians (reigned approximately from 231 BC to 228 BC) (aka Tefta) After the death of Agron (250 BC?-231 BC) who established the first kingdom of Illyria, from which the Albanians are believed to descend, extending from Dalmatia on the north to the Aous (Vjosa river... Kotor and its bay Kotor is a town in southwestern Montenegro, population 19,000, Kotor municipality 23,481 (2003). ... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ...

People

Shepherds on Orjen. Dried mushrooms decorate the walls in this hut

Only few traditional shepherds live today on Orjen. Mostly remain on the northern side of the Bijela gora. They have their local songs describing live on the remote mountain and evry year in July a great feast takes place when all the shepherds from Bijela gora come together to sing dance a eat on a pasture at Ledenik. One of the songs sung depicts the Silver firs of the Bijela gora:

Livestock is mostly sheep but also horses and few cattle are held. At Orjen saddle oxes graze. In former times nomadic migration took place between the poljes and the higher regions of Orjen. The traditional housing on Orjen is the so called Koliba. Small limestone huts with roofs build of pine bark. Only few hamlets are inhabited, mostly close to the coast. The higher up the stronger the push factors acted to leave. Tribes on Orjen were once renown for their wildness and still people from the coast have this notion towards the mountain tribes.

Activities

Glacial and karst features compose a unique landscape that is attracting visitors also from abroad. Backpacking an alpine recreation are important factors for the development of the Orjen region. Three mountain huts are established and enthusiast keep wintersports alive.

Hiking

Ascend on Orjen via the Medugorje valley

Trails are maintained by the PSD Subra (http://subra.users.cg.yu/index1.htm) mountaineering ascociation from Herceg Novi. Most trails are around the huts at Vratlo (1160 m) and Orjen ridge (1594 m). 40 km of marked trails exist in the Mount Orjen region, leading to the most attractive destinations. Marked trails start at the city bus station at Herceg Novi (30 m) and lead to the Vratlo hut (1160 m). Hiking in other more remote parts is also possible but no marcation exist as today. Visitors of Bijela gora or Dobri do can use several local forest roads. sometimes shepherds can offer night accomodation. Herceg Novi is a town in southwestern Montenegro, population ca. ...

Water is only available at some places, shepherd villagers usally use rain collectors. Most hikers tend to visit Subra (1680 m) or Zubacki kabo (1894 m). Both are well marked.

Brown bears appear in the Bijela gora and should not be disturbed as the population is critically endangered.

Evry year around mid May a half marathon called Orjen marathon is organised by the PSD Subra (http://subra.users.cg.yu/index1.htm) alpine organization. Guests are welcomed to take part in the traditional manifestation

Climbing

Several interesting alpine like climbing possibilities like rock climbing exist. Most remarkable is the 500 m wall of the Subra amphitheatre. In last few years the alpine – speleo section (A.S.O.S.) of PSD Subra (http://subra.users.cg.yu/index1.htm) started to climbe routes on Mount Orjen. Good climbing routes are only 10 minutes walk from the Vratlo mountain hut. Other good climbing routes are in Subra’s Amphitheatre and Reovacka Greda rocks. Mount Orjen gives a lot opportunities for climbing unclimbed routes with various dificulties. A training rock near to the Herceg Novi – Trebinje road called "Silobod" (250m) is in use.

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Summer activities

• Backpacking - Between late spring and early fall. All overnight trips into the back country require enough water supplies.

• Bicycling - Mountain biking is possible throughout Mount Orjen and local roads are well suited for bicyxling.

• Swimming - Plages are found on the 90 km coastline of the Bay of Kotor. Herceg Novi and Risan offer several good hotels.

• Orjen marathon - An annual event with several possible tracks most starting at the Vratlo hut towards Subra 1679 m and Zubacki kabao 1894 m

Backpacking (also tramping or trekking in some countries) is the complete combination of hiking and camping. ... Cycling is a recreation, a transport across land. ... Mountain biking (Mountain bicycling) is a form of offroad cycling which uses very sturdy bicycles (the mountain bike or cross-country bike) with (usually) straight handlebars and wide tires. ... Swimming is the method by which humans (or other animals) move themselves through water. ...

Winter activities

Much of Mount Orjen is inaccasible due to heavy snow in winter. However, Orjen saddle 1594 m can be reached also in Winter from Vrbanj.

• Skiing - the Only skiing area is around Orjen saddle opens in winter. No lifts and equipment are provided at the mountain hut.

• Hunting - Hunters are generally welcome official permits are required.

Skiing is the activity of gliding over snow using skis (originally wooden planks, now usually made from fiberglass or related composites) strapped to the feet with ski bindings. ... A hunt is an activity during which humans or animals chase wild animals in order to kill them, either for food or as a form of sport. ...

Reference

Pavle Cikovac

• Phytosociological investigation and habitats of Dinaric calcareous fir forest on Mount Orjen Montenegro. Munich.: Diploma Thesis at the LMU Department of Geography. (2002)

2002 is a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Further reading

Goran Ž. Komar

• "Planinska sela Dračevice pod vlašću Venecije

1687-1797" (1997) 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• [1] (http://www.rastko.org.yu/rastko-bo/istorija/gkomar-dracevica/gkomar-dracevica1_l.html) Goran Z. Komar: Planinska sela Dracevice pod vlascu Venecije 1687-1797
• [2] (http://subra.users.cg.yu/) PSD Subra mountaineering association