Orogeny (Greek for "mountain generating") is the process of mountain building, and may be studied as a tectonic structural event, as a geographical event and a chronological event, in that orogenic events cause distinctive structural phenomena and related tectonic activity, affect certain regions of rocks and crust and happen within a time frame. Mount McKinley (Denali) in Alaska (USA) has the largest visible base-to-summit elevation difference on Earth. ...

Orogenic events occur solely as a result of the processes of plate tectonics; the problems which were investigated and resolved by the study of orogenesis contributed greatly to the theory of plate tectonics, coupled with study of flora and fauna, geography and mid ocean ridges in the 1950s and 1960s. Bridge across the Álfagjá rift valley in southwest Iceland, the boundary of the Eurasian and North American continental tectonic plates. ... A mid-ocean ridge or mid-oceanic ridge is an uplifting of the ocean floor that occurs when convection currents beneath the ocean bed force magma up where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary. ...

The physical manifestations of orogenesis, the process of orogeny, are orogenic belts or orogens. An orogen is different from a mountain range in that an orogen may be completely eroded away, and only recognizable by studying (old) rocks that bear the traces of the orogeny. Orogens are usually long, thin, arcuate tracts of rocks which have a pronounced linear structure resulting in terranes or blocks of deformed rocks, separated generally by dipping thrust faults. These thrust faults carry relatively thin plates (which are called nappes, and are different to tectonic plates) of rock in from the margins of the compressing orogen to the core, and are intimately associated with folds and the development of metamorphism. Severe soil erosion in a wheat field near Washington State University, USA. Erosion s the displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock and other particles) by the agents of wind, water or ice, by downward or down-slope movement in response to gravity or by living organisms (in the case of... A terrane in paleogeography is an accretion that has collided with a continental nucleus, or craton but can be recognized by the foreign origin of its rock strata. ... Strike and dip refer to the orientation or attitude of a geologic feature. ... A thrust fault is a particular type of fault, or break in the fabric of the Earths crust with resulting movement of each side against the other, in which a lower stratigraphic position is pushed up and over another. ... A nappe, in geology, is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved far from its original position. ... The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century. ... A fold in Slichowice nature reserve in Kielce (Variscan orogeny) The term fold is used in geology when one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of plastic (i. ... Metamorphism can be defined as the mineralogical, chemical and crystallographic changes in a solid-state rock, i. ...

The topographic height of orogenic mountains is related to the principle of isostasy, where the gravitational force of the upthrust mountain range of light, continental crust material is balanced against its buoyancy relative to the dense mantle. Isostasy is a term used in Geology to refer to the state of gravitational equilibrium between the Earths lithosphere and asthenosphere such that the tectonic plates float at an elevation which depends on their thickness and density. ... Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. ...

Erosion inevitably takes its course, removing much of the mountains, leaving the core or mountain roots, which may be exhumed by further isostasy events balancing out the loss of elevated mass. This is the final form of the majority of old orogenic belts, being a long arcuate strip of crystalline metamorphic rocks sequentially below younger sediments which are thrust atop them and dip away from the orogenic core. Severe soil erosion in a wheat field near Washington State University, USA. Erosion s the displacement of solids (soil, mud, rock and other particles) by the agents of wind, water or ice, by downward or down-slope movement in response to gravity or by living organisms (in the case of...

History

Orogeny was used by Gressly (1840) and Thurmann (1854) as orogenic in terms of the creation of mountain elevations, as the term mountain building was still used to describe the processes.

Elie de Beaumont (1852) used the evocative "Jaws of a Vise" theory to explain orogeny, but was more concerned with the height rather than the implicit structures orogenic belts created and contained. His theory essentially held that mountains were created by the squeezing of certain rocks. Jean-Baptiste Armand Louis Léonce Elie de Beaumont (September 25, 1798 – September 21, 1874) was a French geologist. ...

Suess (1875) recognised the importance of horizontal movement of rocks. The concept of a precursor geosyncline or initial downward warping of the solid earth (Hall, 1859) prompted Dana (1873) to include the concept of compression in the theories surrounding mountain-building. With hindsight, we can discount Dana's conjecture that this contraction was due to the cooling of the Earth (aka the cooling earth theory). Eduard Suess (August 20, 1831 – April 26, 1914) was a 19th century geologist who was an expert on the geography of the Alps. ... Geosyncline refers to a thick pile of sedimentary rocks that were deposited in a deep marine basin and subsequently compressed, deformed, and uplifted into a mountain range with attendant volcanism and plutonism. ... James Dwight Dana (February 12, 1813 - April 14, 1895) was an American geologist, mineralogist and zoologist. ...

The cooling Earth theory was the chief paradigm for most geologists until the 1960s. It was, in the context of orogeny, contested hotly by proponents of vertical movements in the crust (similar to tephrotectonics), or convection within the asthenosphere or mantle (geology). Dont be afraid of big words. ... Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. ...

Steinmann (1906) recognised different classes of orogenic belts, including the Alpine type orogenic belt, typified by a flysch and molasse geometry to the sediments; ophiolite sequences, tholeiitic basalts, and a nappe style fold structure. A flysch is a sandstone formation, the word comes from the Swiss German language. ... Molasse refers to the sandstones, or less commonly shales, formed as shore deposits, for example that left from the rising Alps, or erosion in the Himalaya. ... Ophiolites are sections of oceanic lithosphere that have been uplifted or emplaced to be exposed within continental crustal rocks. ... A nappe, in geology, is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved far from its original position. ...

In terms of recognising orogeny as an event, Leopold von Buch (1855) recognised that orogenies could be placed in time by bracketing between the youngest deformed rock and the oldest undeformed rock, a principle which is still in use today, though commonly investigated by geochronology using radiometric dating. Christian Leopold Freiherr von Buch (* April 26th 1774 in Stolpe (Brandenburg), † March 4th 1853 in Berlin) was a German geologist and is remembered as one of the most important contributors to geology in the first half of the nineteenth century. ... Geochronology is the science of determining the age of rocks, fossils, and sediments. ...

Zwart (1967) drew attention to the metamorphic differences in orogenic belts, proposing three types, modified by Pitcher (1979);

• Hercynotype (back-arc basin type);
  • Shallow, low-pressure metamorphism; thin metamorphic zones
  • Metamorphism dependent on increase in temperature
  • Abundant granite and migmatite
  • Few ophiolites, ultramafic rocks virtually absent
  • very wide orogen with small and slow uplift
  • nappe structures rare
• Alpinotype (ocean trench style);
  • deep, high pressure, thick metamorphic zones
  • metamorphism of many facies, dependent on decrease in pressure
  • few granites or migmatites
  • abundant ophiolites with ultramafic rocks
  • Relatively narrow orogen with large and rapid uplift
  • Nappe structures predominant
• Cordilleran (arc) type;
  • dominated by calc-alkaline igneous rocks,andesites, granite batholiths
  • general lack of migmatites, low geothermal gradient
  • lack of ophiolite and abyssal sedimentary rocks (black shale, chert, etcetera)
  • low-pressure metamorphism, moderate uplift
  • lack of nappes

The advent of plate tectonics has explained the vast majority of orogenic belts and their features. The cooling earth theory (principally advanced by Descartes) is dispensed with, and tephrotectonic style vertical movements have been explained primarily by the process of isostasy. Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of a pre-existing rock type, the protolith, in a process called metamorphism, which means change in form (from the Greek prefix meta, after, and the noun morphe, form). The protolith is subjected to heat (greater than 150 degrees Celsius) and extreme... Quarrying granite for the Mormon Temple, Utah Territory. ... Ptygmatic folding in migmatite Migmatite on the coast of Saaremaa. ... Ophiolites are sections of oceanic lithosphere that have been uplifted or emplaced to be exposed within continental crustal rocks. ... Ultramafic (or ultrabasic) rocks are igneous rocks with very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content). ... A nappe, in geology, is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved far from its original position. ... A sample of andesite (dark groundmass) with amygdaloidal vesicules filled with zeolite. ... Quarrying granite for the Mormon Temple, Utah Territory. ... Half Dome A batholith is a large emplacement of igneous intrusive (also called plutonic) rock that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earths crust. ... Ptygmatic folding in migmatite Migmatite on the coast of Saaremaa. ... Ophiolites are sections of oceanic lithosphere that have been uplifted or emplaced to be exposed within continental crustal rocks. ... Shale Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. ... Chert Chert is a fine-grained silica-rich cryptocrystalline sedimentary rock that may contain small fossils. ... A nappe, in geology, is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved far from its original position. ... René Descartes René Descartes (IPA: , March 31, 1596 – February 11, 1650), also known as Cartesius, worked as a philosopher and mathematician. ... Isostasy is a term used in Geology to refer to the state of gravitational equilibrium between the Earths lithosphere and asthenosphere such that the tectonic plates float at an elevation which depends on their thickness and density. ...

Some oddities exist, where simple collisional tectonics are modified in a transform plate boundary, such as in New Zealand, or where island arc orogenies, for instance in New Guinea occur away from a continental backstop. Further complications such as Proterozoic continent-continent collisional orogens, explicitly the Musgrave Block in Australia, previously inexplicable (see Dennis, 1982) are being brought to light with the advent of seismic imaging techniques which can resolve the deep crust structure of orogenic belts.

Physiography

The process of orogeny can take tens of millions of years and build mountains from plains or even the ocean floor. Orogeny can occur due to continental collision or volcanic activity. Frequently, rock formations that undergo orogeny are severely deformed and undergo metamorphism. During orogeny, deeply buried rocks may be pushed to the surface. Sea bottom and near shore material may cover some or all of the orogenic area. If the orogeny is due to two continents colliding, the resulting mountains can be very high (see Himalaya). Continental collision is a phenomenon of the plate tectonics of our solid Earth. ... Smoking Bromo and Semeru (background) volcanoes on Java in Indonesia. ... Metamorphism can be defined as the mineralogical, chemical and crystallographic changes in a solid-state rock, i. ... Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ...

Orogeny usually produces long linear structures, known as orogenic belts. Generally, orogenic belts consist of long parallel strips of rock exhibiting similar characteristics along the length of the belt. Orogenic belts are associated with subduction zones, which consume crust, produce volcanoes, and build island arcs. These island arcs may be added to a continent during an orogenic event. Sedimentary, volcanic, plutonic, metamorphic rock types of North America. ... Categories: Geology stubs | Plate tectonics ... Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. ... An island arc is a type of archipelago formed by plate tectonics as one oceanic tectonic plate subducts under another and produces magma. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Taconic orogeny

Download high resolution version (448x780, 28 KB)United States Geological Survey figure of the Taconic orogeny Source URL: http://vulcan. ... Download high resolution version (448x780, 28 KB)United States Geological Survey figure of the Taconic orogeny Source URL: http://vulcan. ...

List of orogenies

North American orogenies

• Caledonian orogeny
  • the Taconic phase in the NE U.S. and Canada during the Ordovician Period.
  • the Acadian phase in the Eastern U.S. during Silurian and Devonian Periods.
• Antler orogeny
  • Ancestral Sierra Nevada western United States.
• Appalachian orogeny, usually seen as the same as the Variscan orogeny in Europe.
  • Appalachian Mountains, is a well studied orogenic belt resulting from a late Paleozoic collision between North America and Africa.
• Grenville orogeny
  • Worldwide during the late Proterozoic, 1300-1000 mya. Associated with the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia. Formed folded mountains in Eastern North America from Newfoundland to North Carolina, 1100-1000 mya.
• Laramide orogeny
  • Rocky Mountains, western North America, 40-70 Myr ago.
• Nevadan orogeny
  • developed along western North America during the Jurassic Period.
• Ouachita orogeny
  • Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma is an orogenic belt that dates from the late Paleozoic Era and is most likely a continuation of the Appalachian orogeny west across the Mississippi embayment - Reelfoot Rift zone.
• Penokean orogeny
  • Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan, U. S. A. and southern Ontario, Canada, 1900 Myr ago.
• Sevier orogeny
  • Rocky Mountains, western North America, 140 - 50 million years ago.

World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... The Caledonian orogeny is a hypothetical series of events in geologic history explaining a group of highland formations that are very similar in composition, stratigraphy and fossils: the mountains and hills of northern England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and west Norway. ... Illustration of the Taconic orogeny The Taconic orogeny was a great mountain building period that perhaps had the greatest overall effect on the geologic structure of basement rocks within the New York Bight region. ... The Ordovician period is the second of the six (seven in North America) periods of the Paleozoic era. ... The Acadian orogeny is a middle Paleozoic deformation, especially in the northern Appalachians, between Alabama and Newfoundland. ... The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Ordovician period, about 443. ... Disambiguation: Devonian is sometimes used to refer to the Southwestern Brythonic language, and the people of the county of Devon are sometimes referred to as Devonians The Devonian is a geologic period of the Paleozoic era. ... In geology, a period or age is a time span of many millions of years that are assumed to have had similar characteristics. ... The Antler orogeny is an orogeny that extensively deformed Paleozoic rocks of the Great Basin in Nevada during Late Devonian and Early Mississipian time. ... The Sierra Nevada is a mountain range that is almost entirely in eastern California. ... The Appalachian orogeny is a geological event that formed the Appalachian Mountains. ... The Variscan or Hercynian orogeny is a geologic mountain-building event recorded in the European mountains and hills called the Variscan Belt. ... A rainy day in the Great Smoky Mountains, Western North Carolina The Appalachian Mountains (French: les Appalaches) are a vast system of North American mountains, partly in Canada, but mostly in the United States, forming a zone, from 100 to 300 miles wide, running from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, 1... The Paleozoic Era is a major division of the geologic timescale, one of four geologic eras. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ... The Grenville orogeny was an episode of mountain-building (orogeny) associated with the assembly of the ancient supercontinent Rodinia. ... In geology, the Proterozoic is an eon prior to the first abundant complex life on Earth. ... Depiction of Rodinia at time of initial breakup. ... Newfoundland (French: Terre-Neuve; Irish: Talamh an Éisc; Latin: Terra Nova) is a large island off the northeast coast of North America, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 500 miles (805 km)  - Length 150 miles (240 km)  - % water 9. ... The Laramide orogeny was a period of mountain building in western North America, which started in the Late Cretaceous, 70 to 80 million years ago, and ended 35 to 55 million years ago. ... White Goat Wilderness Area, Alberta, Canada View of the Rocky Mountains as depicted on the Colorado state quarter The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a broad mountain range in western North America. ... The Nevadan Orogeny was a major mountain building event that took place along the western edge of ancient North America between the Mid to Late Jurassic(between about 180 and 146 million years ago). ... The Jurassic Period is a major unit of the geologic timescale that extends from about 200 Ma (million years ago), at the end of the Triassic to 146 Ma, at the beginning of the Cretaceous. ... Ouachita Mountains The Ouachita Mountains are a mountain range located in west central Arkansas and east central Oklahoma. ... Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Area  Ranked 29th  - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,732 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 261 miles (420 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) None Capital Oklahoma City Largest city Oklahoma City Area  Ranked 20th  - Total 69,960 sq mi (181,196 km²)  - Width 230 miles (370 km)  - Length 298 miles (480 km)  - % water 1. ... The Paleozoic Era is a major division of the geologic timescale, one of four geologic eras. ... A geologic era is a subdivision of geologic time that is a separate classification that divides the Phanerozoic Eon into three parts timeframes. ... The Appalachian orogeny is a geological event that formed the Appalachian Mountains. ... This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ... Seismic map New Madrid Seismic Zone - USGS The New Madrid Seismic Zone, also known as the Reelfoot Rift or the New Madrid Fault Line, is a major seismic zone, located in the mideastern United States. ... The Penokean orogeny was a mountain-building episode that occured in the early Proterozoic about 1. ... Official language(s) None Capital Madison Largest city Milwaukee Area  Ranked 23rd  - Total 65,498 sq. ... It has been suggested that some sections of this article be split into a new article entitled Professional Sports Minnesota . ... Official language(s) None (English, de-facto) Capital Lansing Largest city Detroit Area  Ranked 11th  - Total 97,990 sq mi (253,793 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 491 miles (790 km)  - % water 41. ... Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains) Official languages English (French has some legal status but is not fully co-official) Flower White trillium Capital Toronto Largest city Toronto Lieutenant-Governor James K. Bartleman Premier Dalton McGuinty (Liberal) Parliamentary representation  - House seat  - Senate seats... The Sevier orogeny was a mountain-building event that affected western North America between aproximately 140 million years ago (Ma), and 50 Ma. ...

European orogenies

• The Caledonian orogeny
  • Formation of the highlands of west Norway, Britain and Ireland in the Silurian Period.
• Uralian orogeny
  • Formation of the Ural Mountains, Eurasia, during the Permian Period.
• The Variscan orogeny (also called the Hercynian orogeny)
  • Formation of the mountains of western Iberia, SW Ireland, SW England central France, southern Germany and Czechoslovakia during the Devonian and Carboniferous Periods.
• The Alpine orogeny, encompassing:
  • the Formation of the Alps during the Eocene through Miocene Periods.
  • the Carpathean orogeny building the Carpathian Mountains of east Europe during the Miocene Period.
  • the Hellenic orogeny in Greece and Aegean area during Eocene through Miocene Period.

This article is about the continent. ... The Caledonian orogeny is a hypothetical series of events in geologic history explaining a group of highland formations that are very similar in composition, stratigraphy and fossils: the mountains and hills of northern England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and west Norway. ... The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Ordovician period, about 443. ... The Uralian orogeny refers to the long series of geological events that raised the Ural Mountains starting in the Late Carboniferous and Permian periods of the Palaeozoic Era, ca. ... Map of Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains (Russian: Уральские горы = Урал) also known simply as the Urals and as the Riphean Mountains in Greco-Roman antiquity, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia. ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the landmass composed of Europe and Asia. ... The Permian is a geologic period that extends from about 299. ... The Variscan or Hercynian orogeny is a geologic mountain-building event recorded in the European mountains and hills called the Variscan Belt. ... The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location (dark green) within the United Kingdom (light green), with the Republic of Ireland (blue) to its west Languages English Capital London Largest city London Area – Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population –mid-2004... Disambiguation: Devonian is sometimes used to refer to the Southwestern Brythonic language, and the people of the county of Devon are sometimes referred to as Devonians The Devonian is a geologic period of the Paleozoic era. ... The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359. ... The Alps arose as a result of the pressure exerted on sediments of the Tethys Ocean basin as its Mesozoic and early Cenozoic strata were pushed against the stable Eurasian landmass by the northward-moving African landmass. ... The West face of the Petit Dru above the Chamonix valley near the Mer de Glace. ... The Eocene epoch (56-34 Ma) is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in the Cenozoic era. ... The Miocene epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23 to 5. ... Satellite image of the Carpathians Souvenir from Carpathian region (Poland) The Carpathian Mountains are the eastern wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe, curving 1500 km (~900 miles) along the borders of Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and northern Hungary. ... The Miocene epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23 to 5. ... The Aegean Sea. ... The Eocene epoch (56-34 Ma) is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in the Cenozoic era. ... The Miocene epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23 to 5. ...

Asian orogenies

• The Aravalli-Delhi Orogen (precambrian)
• The Cimmerian and Cathayasian orogenies
  • Active through Triassic and Jurassic Periods along south and southeast Asia.
• Alpine orogeny, encompassing:
  • The Himalayan orogeny, forming the Himalaya Mountains, as a result of the ongoing collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate.

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Asian people. ... The Aravalli Range is a range of mountains in western India running approximately 300 miles northeast-southwest across Rajasthan state. ... The Precambrian is an informal name for the eons of the geologic timescale that came before the current Phanerozoic eon. ... The Cimmerian plate is an ancient tectonic plate that comprises parts of present-day Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and Tibet. ... The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 245 to 202 Ma (million years ago). ... The Jurassic Period is a major unit of the geologic timescale that extends from about 200 Ma (million years ago), at the end of the Triassic to 146 Ma, at the beginning of the Cretaceous. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... The Alps arose as a result of the pressure exerted on sediments of the Tethys Ocean basin as its Mesozoic and early Cenozoic strata were pushed against the stable Eurasian landmass by the northward-moving African landmass. ... Fig 1: The earth in the Early Permian. ... Perspective view of the Himalaya and Mount Everest as seen from space looking south-south-east from over the Tibetan Plateau. ... The India or Indian Plate is a minor tectonic plate. ...  The Eurasian plate, shown in green The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate covering Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the continents Europe and Asia) except that it does not cover the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent, and the area east of the Verkhoyansk Range in East Siberia. ...

South American orogenies

• Andean orogeny
  • Andes Mountains, 0-200 Myr ago.

South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... The Andes between Chile and Argentina The Andes form the longest mountain chain in the world. ...

African orogenies

• Pan-African orogeny (Neoproterozoic)

Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia. ... The Neoproterozoic is the geological era from 1000 Ma to 542 Ma (million years ago). ...

Australian orogenies

• Sleaford Orogeny (2440-2420 Ma), Gawler Craton, South Australia
• Glenburgh Orogeny (c. 2005 - 1920 Ma), Glenburgh Terrane, Western Australia.
• Kimban Orogeny (c. 1845-1700 Ma), Gawler Craton, South Australia
• Yapungku Orogeny (c. 1700 Ma), North Yilgarn craton margin, Western Australia
• Mangaroon Orogeny (c.1680 - 1620 Ma), Gascoyne Complex, Western Australia.
• Kararan Orogeny (1650- Ma), Gawler Craton, South Australia
• Barramundi Orogeny (c. 1600 Ma), MacArthur Basin, northern Australia
• Isan Orogeny, c. 1600 Ma, Mt Isa Block, Queensland
• Olarian Orogeny, Olary Block, South Australia
• Capricorn Orogeny, Gascoyne Complex, Western Australia
• Musgrave Orogeny (c. 1080 Ma), Musgrave Block, Central Australia.
• Edmundian Orogeny (c. 920 - 850 Ma), Gascoyne Complex, Western Australia.
• Petermann Orogeny (c. 510 Ma Permian), Central Australia
• Delamerian Orogeny, South Australia and Victoria, Australia, Ordovician
• Lachlan Orogeny, c. 540 and 440 Ma., Victoria and New South Wales
• Alice Springs orogeny in central Australia, Early Carboniferous
• Hunter-Bowen Orogeny, (c. 260 - 225 Ma)Permian to Triassic, Queensland and New South Wales

Emblems: Hairy Nosed Wombat (faunal); Leafy Seadragon (marine); Piping Shrike (bird: unofficial); Sturts Desert Pea (floral); Opal (gemstone) Motto: United for the Common Wealth Slogan or Nickname: Festival State Other Australian states and territories Capital Adelaide Government Const. ... Emblems: Floral - Kangaroo Paw (Anigozanthos manglesii); Mammal - Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus); Bird - Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) Motto: Cygnis Insignis (Distinguished by its swans) Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Const. ... The Yilgarn Craton is a craton which constitutes the bulk of the Western Australian land mass. ... The Gascoyne Comlex is a terrane of granite and migmatite-gneiss which occurs at the northern edge of the Archaean Yilgarn in Western Australia. ... Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia Mount Isa is a city and Local Government Area located in north-western Queensland, Australia. ... Emblems: Faunal - Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); Floral - Cooktown orchid (Dendrobium bigibbum); Bird - Brolga (Grus rubicunda); Aquatic - Barrier Reef Anemonefish (Amphiprion akindynos); Gem - Sapphire; Colour - Maroon Motto: Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Const. ... The Gascoyne Comlex is a terrane of granite and migmatite-gneiss which occurs at the northern edge of the Archaean Yilgarn in Western Australia. ... The Gascoyne Comlex is a terrane of granite and migmatite-gneiss which occurs at the northern edge of the Archaean Yilgarn in Western Australia. ... // Overview The Petermann Orogen is an intracontinental event that affected basement rocks of the northern Musgrave Province and Proterozoic sediments of the (now) southern Amadeus Basin between ~550-535 Ma. ... The Permian is a geologic period that extends from about 299. ... Central Australia is a term used to describe the area of land surrounding and including Alice Springs in Australia. ... Emblems: Hairy Nosed Wombat (faunal); Leafy Seadragon (marine); Piping Shrike (bird: unofficial); Sturts Desert Pea (floral); Opal (gemstone) Motto: United for the Common Wealth Slogan or Nickname: Festival State Other Australian states and territories Capital Adelaide Government Const. ... Emblems: Pink heath (floral) helmeted honeyeater (bird) Leadbeaters possum (faunal) Motto: Peace and Prosperity Slogan or Nickname: Garden State, The Place To Be, On The Move Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Government Governor Premier Const. ... The Ordovician period is the second of the six (seven in North America) periods of the Paleozoic era. ... Emblems: Pink heath (floral) helmeted honeyeater (bird) Leadbeaters possum (faunal) Motto: Peace and Prosperity Slogan or Nickname: Garden State, The Place To Be, On The Move Other Australian states and territories Capital Melbourne Government Governor Premier Const. ... Emblems: Floral - Waratah (Telopea Speciosissima); Bird - Kookaburra (Dacelo Gigas); Animal - Platypus (Ornithorhynchus Anatinus); Fish - Blue Groper (Achoerodus Viridis) Motto: Orta Recens Quam Pura Nites (Newly Risen, How Brightly You Shine) Slogan or Nickname: First State, Premier State Other Australian states and territories Capital Sydney Government Const. ... The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359. ... The Hunter-Bowen Orogeny was a significant arc accretion event in the Permian and Triassic affecting approximately 2,500km of the Australian continental margin. ... The Permian is a geologic period that extends from about 299. ... The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 245 to 202 Ma (million years ago). ...

Antarctic orogenies

• Napier orogeny (4000 ± 200 Myr ago.)
• Rayner orogeny (~ 3500 Myr ago.)
• Humboldt orogeny (~ 3000 Myr ago.)
• Insel orogeny (2650 ± 150 Myr ago.)
• Early Ruker orogeny (2000 - 1700 Myr ago.)
• Late Ruker / Nimrod orogeny (1000 ± 150 Myr ago.)
• Beardmore orogeny (633 - 620 Myr ago.)
• Ross Orogeny (~ 500 Myr ago.)

Greek ἀνταρκτικός, opposite the arctic) is a continent surrounding the Earths South Pole. ...

See also

• Continental collision

Continental collision is a phenomenon of the plate tectonics of our solid Earth. ...

External links

• Maps of the Acadian and Taconic orogenies
• Antarctic Geology

References

L. Elie de Beaumont, 1852. Notice sur les Systèmes de Montagnes lit Note on Mountain Systems, Bertrand, Paris, 1543 p. (English synopsis in Dennis (1982))

Buch, L. Von, 1902. Gesammelte Schriften, Roth & Eck, Berlin.

Dana, James D., 1873. On some results of the Earth's contraction from cooling, including a discussion of the origins of mountains, and the nature of the Earth's interior. American Journal of Science, 5, pp. 423-443.

Dennis, John G., 1982. Orogeny, Benchmark Papers in Geology, Volume 62, Hutchinson Ross Pulishing Company, New York ISBN 0-87933-394-4

Hall, J., 1859. Palaeontology of New York, in New York National Survey No. 3, Part 1, 533 p.

Suess, Eduard, 1875. Die Entstehung Der Alpen lit. The Origin Of The Alps, Braumüller, Vienna, 168 p.