This fracture of the lower cervical vertebrae, known as a 'teardrop fracture' is one of the conditions treated by orthopaedic surgeons.

This image, taken in September 2006, shows extensive repair work to the right acetabulum 6 years after it was carried out (2000). Further damage to the joint is visible due to the onset of arthritis.

Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (also spelled orthopaedics) is the branch of surgery concerned with acute, chronic, traumatic, overuse injuries and other disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons address most musculoskeletal ailments including arthritis, trauma and congenital deformities using both surgical and non-surgical means. Nicholas Andry coined the word "orthopaedics", derived from Greek words for orthos ("correct", "straight") and paideia ("rearing" (usually of child)), in 1741, when at the age of 81 he published Orthopaedia: or the Art of Correcting and Preventing Deformities in Children. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (760x674, 33 KB) Summary This is an image from my personal library that I am donating to Wikipedia. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (760x674, 33 KB) Summary This is an image from my personal library that I am donating to Wikipedia. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (4280x3520, 2307 KB) This image is of myself, and from my own personal collection. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (4280x3520, 2307 KB) This image is of myself, and from my own personal collection. ... This article is about anatomical region. ... “Surgeon” redirects here. ... In medicine, an acute disease is a disease with either or both of: a rapid onset; a short course (as opposed to a chronic course). ... In medicine, a chronic disease is a disease that is long-lasting or recurrent. ... In medicine, a trauma patient has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury resulting in secondary complications such as shock, respiratory failure and death. ... Injury is damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body caused by an outside agent or force, which may be physical or chemical. ... The musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system) is an organ system that gives animals the ability to physically move using the muscles and skeletal system. ... Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation; plural: arthritides) is a group of conditions where there is damage caused to the joints of the body. ... In medicine, a trauma patient has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury resulting in secondary complications such as shock, respiratory failure and death. ... A congenital disorder is a medical condition or defect that is present at or before birth (for example, congenital heart disease). ... For other uses, see Word (disambiguation). ... // Events April 10 - Austrian army attack troops of Frederick the Great at Mollwitz August 10 - Raja of Travancore defeats Dutch East India Company naval expedition at Battle of Colachel December 19 - Vitus Bering dies in his expedition east of Siberia December 25 - Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale Celsius...

In the US the spelling orthopedics is standard^{[citation needed]}, although the majority of university and residency programs^{[citation needed]}, and even the AAOS, still use Andry's spelling. Elsewhere, usage is not uniform; in Canada, both spellings are common; orthopaedics usually prevails in the rest of the Commonwealth, especially in Britain.

Training

In the United States and Canada, orthopedic surgeons are physicians who have completed applied training in orthopedic surgery after the completion of medical school and attainment of the conventional (MD, MBBS, MBChB, etc) or osteopathic (DO) degree. According to the latest Occupational Outlook Handbook (2006–2007) published by the US Department of Labor, between 3–4% of all practicing physicians are orthopedic surgeons. The word physician should not be confused with physicist, which means a scientist in the area of physics. ... Doctor of Medicine (M.D. or MD, from the Latin Medicinae Doctor meaning Teacher of Medicine,) is an academic degree for medical doctors. ... D.O. redirects here. ...

Orthopedic surgeons (also known as orthopedists or orthopods) complete a minimum of 10 years of postsecondary education and clinical training. In the majority of cases this training includes obtaining an undergraduate degree (a few medical schools will however admit students with as little as two years of previous undergraduate education), either an MD MBBS, MBChB, etc) or osteopathic (DO) degree, and then completing a five-year residency in orthopedic surgery. The five-year residency consists of one year of general surgery training followed by four years of training in orthopedic surgery. Post-secondary education is a form of secondary education that is taken after first attending a secondary school, such as a high school. ... In some educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelors degree. ... Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Lubbock, Texas, USA. A medical school or faculty of medicine is a tertiary educational institution — or part of such an institution — that teaches medicine. ... Doctor of Medicine (M.D. or MD, from the Latin Medicinae Doctor meaning Teacher of Medicine,) is an academic degree for medical doctors. ... D.O. redirects here. ... Residency is a stage of postgraduate medical training in North America and leads to eligibility for board certification in a primary care or referral specialty. ... Residency is a stage of postgraduate medical training in North America and leads to eligibility for board certification in a primary care or referral specialty. ...

After completion of specialty residency/registrar trainng, an orthopedic surgeon is then eligible for board in the United States. In Canada it leads to eligibility for Certification by and Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. In Australia and New Zealand it leads to eligibility for Fellowship of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. Residency is a stage of postgraduate medical training in North America and leads to eligibility for board certification in a primary care or referral specialty. ... A specialist registrar is a doctor in the United Kingdom who is receiving advanced training in a specialist field of medicine in order to eventually become a consultant. ... Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, (RCPSC) is a national, private, nonprofit organization established in 1929 by a special Act of Parliament to oversee the medical education of specialists in Canada. ... The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) is the body responsible for training and examining surgeons in New Zealand and Australia. ...

Many orthopedic surgeons elect to do further subspecialty training in programs known as 'fellowships' after completing their residency training. Fellowship training in an orthopedic subspeciality is typically one year in duration (sometimes two) and usually has a research component involved with the clinical and operative training. Examples of orthopedic subspecialty training in the US are: This article is about the concept. ...

• Hand surgery (also performed by Plastic and General Surgeons)
• Shoulder and elbow surgery
• Total joint reconstruction (arthroplasty)
• Pediatric orthopedics
• Foot and ankle surgery (Also performed by podiatric surgeons)
• Spinal disk fusions
• Musculoskeletal oncology
• Surgical sports medicine
• Orthopedic trauma

These are also the nine main sub-specialty areas of orthopedic surgery. Arthroplasty (literally formation of joint) is an operative procedure of orthopaedic surgery performed for replacing the arthritic or dysfunctional joint surface with something better or remodeling or realigning the joint by osteotomy or some other procedures. ...

Hand surgery and, more recently, Sports Medicine are the only truly recognized sub-specialties within orthopaedic surgery by the Accredited Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). The other sub-specialities are informal concentrations of practice. To be recognized as a hand surgeon or sports surgeon, a practitioner must have completed an ACGME-accredited fellowship and obtained a Certificate of Added Qualifications (CAQ) which requires an additional standardized examination.

Practice

Orthopedic surgeons address most musculoskeletal ailments including arthritis, trauma and congenital deformities using both surgical and non-surgical means. According to applications for board certification from 1999 to 2003, the top 25 most common procedures (in order) performed by orthopaedic surgeons are as follows:

• Knee arthroscopy and meniscectomy
• Shoulder arthroscopy and decompression
• Carpal tunnel release
• Knee arthroscopy and chondroplasty
• Removal of support implant
• Knee arthroscopy and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
• Knee replacement
• Repair of femoral neck fracture
• Repair of trochanteric fracture
• Debridement of skin/muscle/bone/fracture
• Knee arthroscopy repair of both menisci
• Hip replacement
• Shoulder arthroscopy/distal clavicle excision
• Repair of rotator cuff tendon
• Repair fracture of radius (bone)/ulna
• Laminectomy
• Repair of ankle fracture (bimalleolar type)
• Shoulder arthroscopy and débridement
• Lumbar spinal fusion
• Repair fracture of the distal part of radius
• Low back intervertebral disc surgery
• Incise finger tendon sheath
• Repair of ankle fracture (fibula)
• Repair of femoral shaft fracture
• Repair of trochanteric fracture

Of orthopedic surgeons applying for certification with the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery between 1999 to 2003 these were the percentages of surgeons in each specialty area: Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope, a type of endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. ... Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope, a type of endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. ... This article is about the connective tissue. ... Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope, a type of endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. ... Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope, a type of endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. ... The anterior cruciate ligament (or ACL) is one of the four major ligaments of the knee. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgery A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone has cracked or broken. ... Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgery A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone has cracked or broken. ... This article is about the organ. ... For other uses of Muscle, see Muscle (disambiguation). ... This article is about the skeletal organs. ... Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgery A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone has cracked or broken. ... Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope, a type of endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope, a type of endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. ... Collarbone and collar bone redirect here. ... The rotator cuff (rotor cuff) is an anatomical term given to the group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. ... Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgery A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone has cracked or broken. ... The radius is the bone of the forearm that extends from the outside of your limb to your phlangx (lateral) of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist. ... The ulna (Elbow Bone) [Figs. ... Laminectomy is a surgical procedure for treating spinal stenosis by relieving pressure on the spinal cord. ... Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgery A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone has cracked or broken. ... Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope, a type of endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. ... Spinal fusion, also known as spondylosyndesis is a surgical technique used to combine two or more vertebrae. ... Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgery A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone has cracked or broken. ... This article is about an authentication, authorization, and accounting protocol. ... Intervertebral discs lie in between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. ... Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgery A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone has cracked or broken. ... For other uses see fibula (disambiguation) The fibula or calf bone is a bone placed on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. ... Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgery A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone has cracked or broken. ... Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgery A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone has cracked or broken. ...

• General orthopedics: 54.8%
• Spine surgery: 11.3%
• Sports medicine: 10.8%
• Hands and upper extremity: 8.7%
• Adult reconstructive: 3.9%
• Pediatric orthopedics: 3.4%
• Foot and ankle: 3.1%
• Trauma: 2.6%
• Musculoskeletal oncology: 1.3%

A typical schedule for a practicing orthopedic surgeon involves 50-55 hours of work per week divided among clinic, surgery, various administrative duties and possibly teaching and/or research if in an academic setting. In 2007, the median salary for an orthopedic surgeon in the United States is $388,784.^[1]

History

Orthopedic implants to repair fractures to the radius and ulna. Note the visible break in the ulna. (right forearm) Photo: Peter Battaglia

Jean-Andre Venel established the first orthopedic institute in 1780, which was the first hospital dedicated to the treatment of children's skeletal deformities. He is considered by some to be the father of orthopedics or the first true orthopedist in consideration of the establishment of his hospital and for his published methods. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 300 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (862 × 1722 pixel, file size: 233 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Surgical grade stainless steel implants to repair fractures of the ulna and radius. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 300 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (862 × 1722 pixel, file size: 233 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Surgical grade stainless steel implants to repair fractures of the ulna and radius. ... 1780 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Antonius Mathysen, a Dutch military surgeon, invented the plaster of Paris cast in 1851. “Surgeon” redirects here. ... This article is about the building material. ... cast A cast is a shell, frequently made from plaster, encasing a limb (or, in some cases, large portions of the body) to hold a broken bone (or bones) in place until it has healed. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

Many developments in orthopedic surgery resulted from experiences during wartime. On the battlefields of the Middle Ages the injured were treated with bandages soaked in horses' blood which dried to form a stiff, but unsanitary, splint. Traction and splinting developed during World War I. The use of intramedullary rods to treat fractures of the femur and tibia was pioneered by Dr. Kuntschner of Germany. This made a noticeable difference to the speed of recovery of injured German soldiers during World War II and led to more widespread adoption of intramedullary fixation of fractures in the rest of the world. However, traction was the standard method of treating thigh bone fractures until the late 1970s when the Harborview Medical Center in Seattle group popularized intramedullary fixation without opening up the fracture. External fixation of fractures was refined by American surgeons during the Vietnam War but a major contribution was made by Gavril Abramovich Ilizarov in the USSR. He was sent, without much orthopedic training, to look after injured Russian soldiers in Siberia in the 1950s. With no equipment he was confronted with crippling conditions of unhealed, infected, and malaligned fractures. With the help of the local bicycle shop he devised ring external fixators tensioned like the spokes of a bicycle. With this equipment he achieved healing, realignment and lengthening to a degree unheard of elsewhere. His Ilizarov apparatus is still used today as one of the distraction osteogenesis methods. The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times, beginning with the Renaissance. ... For other uses, see Blood (disambiguation). ... In orthopaedic medicine, Traction refers to the set of mechanisms for straightening broken bones or relieving pressure on the skeletal system. ... A splint is a medical device for the immobilisation of limbs or of the spine. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... The femur or thigh bone is the longest, most voluminous, and strongest bone of the mammalian bodies. ... This article is about the vertebrate bone. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgery A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone has cracked or broken. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... Harborview Medical Center Harborview Medical Center, located on Seattles First Hill, is the public hospital of King County, Washington and is managed by the University of Washington. ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam United States Republic of Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand The Philippines National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam People’s Republic of China Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea Strength US 1,000,000 South Korea 300,000 Australia 48,000... Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov (Russian: ; 15 June 1921 – 1992) was a Russian physician, known for inventing the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for his eponymous surgery. ... State motto (Russian): Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Soviet republics Area  - Total  - % water 1st before collapse 22,402,200 km² Approx. ... This article is about Siberia as a whole. ... The 1950s decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ... For other uses, see Bicycle (disambiguation). ... Distraction osteogenesis, also called callus distraction,[1] callotasis[1] and osteodistraction[2] is a surgical process used to reconstruct skeletal deformities and lengthen the long bones of the body. ... The Ilizarov apparatus is used in a surgical procedure that can be used to lengthen or reshape limb bones. ... Distraction osteogenesis, also called callus distraction,[1] callotasis[1] and osteodistraction[2] is a surgical process used to reconstruct skeletal deformities and lengthen the long bones of the body. ...

David L. MacIntosh pioneered the first successful surgery for the management of the torn anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. This common and serious injury in skiers, field athletes, and dancers invariably brought an end to their athletics due to permanent joint instability. Working with injured football players, Dr. MacIntosh devised a way to re-route viable ligament from adjacent structures to preserve the strong and complex mechanics of the knee joint and restore stability. The subsequent development of ACL reconstruction surgery has allowed numerous athletes to return to the demands of sports at all levels. The anterior cruciate ligament (or ACL) is one of the four major ligaments of the knee. ... For other uses, see Knee (disambiguation). ... Cross-country skiing (skating style) in Einsiedeln, Switzerland. ... For other uses, see Dance (disambiguation). ... United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport that is both fast-paced and strategic. ... In anatomy, the term ligament is used to denote three different types of structures:[1] Fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones. ...

Modern orthopaedic surgery and musculoskeletal research has sought to make surgery less invasive and to make implanted components better and more durable.

Arthroscopy

The use of arthroscopic tools has been particularly important for injured patients. Arthroscopy was pioneered in the early 1950's by Dr. Masaki Watanabe of Japan to perform minimally invasive cartilage surgery and re-constructions of torn ligaments. Arthroscopy helped patients recover from the surgery in a matter of days, rather than the weeks to months required by conventional, 'open' surgery. Knee arthroscopy is one of the most common operations performed by orthopedic surgeons today and is often combined with meniscectomy or chondroplasty. Arthroscopy (also called arthroscopic surgery) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope, a type of endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision. ... A minimally invasive medical procedure is defined as one that is carried out by entering the body through the skin or through a body cavity or anatomical opening, but with the smallest damage possible to these structures. ...

Joint replacement

The modern total hip replacement was pioneered by Sir John Charnley in England in the 1960s.^[2] He found that joint surfaces could be replaced by metal or high density polyethylene implants cemented to the bone with methyl methacrylate cement. Since Charnley, there have been continuous improvements in the design and technique of joint replacement (arthroplasty) with many contributors, including W. H. Harris, the son of R. I. Harris, whose team at Harvard pioneered uncemented arthroplasty techniques with the bone bonding directly to the implant. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Sir John Charnley (born August 29, 1911–August 5, 1982) was a British orthopaedic surgeon. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Methyl methacrylate is a chemical compound mostly known as monomer for the production of the transparent plastic polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). ... Arthroplasty (literally formation of joint) is an operative procedure of orthopaedic surgery performed for replacing the arthritic or dysfunctional joint surface with something better or remodeling or realigning the joint by osteotomy or some other procedures. ...

Knee replacements using similar technology were started by McIntosh in rheumatoid arthritis patients and later by Gunston and Marmor for osteoarthritis in the 1970's. The modern knee replacement was developed by Dr. John Insall and Dr. Chitranjan Singh Ranawat in New York utilizing a fixed bearing,^[3] and by Dr Frederick Buechel and Dr Michael Pappas utilizing a mobile bearing.^[4] Uni-compartment knee replacement, in which only one side of an arthritic knee is replaced, is a smaller operation and has become popular recently. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is traditionally considered a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints. ... Osteoarthritis (OA, also known as degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease), is a condition in which low-grade inflammation results in pain in the joints, caused by abnormal wearing of the cartilage that covers and acts as a cushion inside joints and destruction or decrease of synovial fluid that lubricates those... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Chitranjan Singh Ranawat is an eminent orthopaedic surgeon . ...

Joint replacements are available for other joints on a limited basis, most notably shoulder, elbow, wrist, ankle, and fingers.

In recent years, surface replacement of joints, in particular the hip joint, have become more popular amongst younger and more active patients. This type of operation delays the need for the more traditional and less bone-conserving total hip replacement, but carries significant risks of early failure from fracture and bone death.

One of the main problems with joint replacements is wear of the bearing surfaces of components. This can lead to damage to surrounding bone and contribute to eventual failure of the implant. Use of alternative bearing surfaces has increased in recent years, particularly in younger patients, in an attempt to improve the wear characteristics of joint replacement components. These include ceramics and all-metal implants (as opposed to the original metal-on-plastic). The plastic (actually ultra high molecular weight polyethylene) can also be altered in ways that may improve wear characteristics.

Pediatric orthopaedics

The treatment of children with muscoloskeletal problems remains an integral part of modern orthopaedic surgery. Many fractures and injuries occur in children due to their high activity level and unique immature skeleton. Treatment of fractures in children is different than adults due to active growth plates in their bones. Damage to the growth plate can lead to significant problems with later bone growth, and at-risk fractures have to be monitored with care. The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide, and grow primarily by elongation of the diaphysis at an epiphysis at one end of the growing bone. ...

The treatment of scoliosis is a mainstay of pediatric orthopaedics. For poorly understood reasons, curvature develops in the spine of some children, which if left untreated leads to undesirable deformity and may progress to cause chronic pain and breathing problems. The treatment of scoliosis is quite complicated and often involves a combination of bracing and surgery.

Children have other unique musculoskeletal conditions that have been a focus of orthopedics since Hippocrates, including conditions such as club foot and congenital dislocation of hip (also known as developmental dysplasia of the hip). In addition, infections in bones and joints (osteomyelitis) in children are common. In the US, specialized hospitals such as the Shriners Hospitals for Children have provided a substantial portion of treatment for children with musculoskeletal deformities and diseases. For other uses, see Club foot (disambiguation). ... A congenital disorder is a medical condition or defect that is present at or before birth (for example, congenital heart disease). ... A dislocated hip is a condition that can be congenital or acquired. ... This article is about hip dysplasia, a condition affecting the hip joint, which occurs in humans but is more commonly associated with animals, especially dogs (Canine hip dysplasia). ... Infection is also the title of an episode of the television series Babylon 5; see Infection (Babylon 5). ... Osteomyelitis is an infection of bone, usually caused by pyogenic bacteria or mycobacteria. ... // Shriners Hospitals for Children is a network of 22 pediatric non-profit hospitals across North America that provide all care at no charge. ...

References

• Garrett, WE, et al. American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Practice of the Orthopaedic Surgeon: Part-II, Certification Examination. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American). 2006;88:660-667.

Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (BE: orthopaedics) is the branch of surgery concerned with acute, chronic, traumatic and recurrent injuries and other disorders of the locomotor system, its musclular and bone parts. ...

See also

• Bone grafting
• Computer-Assisted Orthopedic Surgery
• Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen
• Gait analysis
• Halo Brace.
• Hand surgery
• Orthopaedic nursing
• Traction
• Partial knee replacement

Bone grafting is a surgical procedure where bone is taken from a donor site and implanted into the patient. ... With Computer Assisted Orthopedic Surgery or C.A.O.S, the surgeon can more accurately pinpoint anatomical landmarks that might be hard to see in a small incision. ... Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (commonly called AO) (German for Association for the Study of Internal Fixation) is a non profit organization dedicated to improving the care of patients with musculoskeletal injuries and their sequelae through research, development, education and quality assurance in the principles, practice, and result of fracture treatment. ... Gait analysis is the process of quantification and interpretation of human locomotion. ... A halo, also known as a halo ring, halo vest or halo crown, is a cervical brace used to aid spinal injuries. ... The field of hand surgery deals with both surgical and non-surgical treatment of conditions and problems that may take place in the hand or upper extremity (commonly from the tip of the hand to the shoulder). ... Orthopaedic nursing is a nursing specialty focused on the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. ... In orthopaedic medicine, Traction refers to the set of mechanisms for straightening broken bones or relieving pressure on the skeletal system. ...

External links

• Pro-Motion Medical Inc. is your source for orthopedic braces and wraps for back, arms, and legs. Medical grade quality with better prices and fast delivery.
• Orthopaedic Education & Animation - Orthopaedic Associates of Wisconsin
• Oxford Clinic for Specialist Surgery - Orthopaedic Hospital
• Yale Orthopaedics
• Bones MD
• The History of Orthopaedics
• Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
• The International Society of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology
• American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
• Pediatric Orthopaedics
• Bone Health at Got Bones?
• AO Surgery Reference
• The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
• Orthopedics News
• Orthopedic Surgery Articles written by Paul Baxt, MD