Coat of Arms

Oryol or Orel (Russian: Орёл) is a city in Russia, administrative center of Oryol Oblast. It is located on the Oka River, approximately 360 km south-south-west of Moscow, at 52°58′N 36°04′E. A modern coat of arms is derived from the medi val practice of painting designs onto the shield and outer clothing of knights to enable them to be identified in battle, and later in tournaments. ... Image File history File links Orel_city. ... Oryol Oblast (Орловская область) is a regional subdivision of Russia. ... Oka (Russian: Ока́) is a great river in Russia, the biggest right confluent of the Volga. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ...

In Russian, the word means eagle (pronounced [ʌ'rʲol]). Population: 333,310 (2002 Census). Genera Eagles are large birds of prey, who inhabit mainly the Old World, with only two species (Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle) in North America, a few in South America and three (White-bellied Sea Eagle, Little Eagle and Wedge-tailed Eagle) in Australia. ... IPA may refer to: The International Phonetic Alphabet or India Pale Ale ... For album titles with the same name, see 2002 (album). ... Russian Census of 2002 (Russian: ) was the first census of Russian Federation carried out on October 9, 2002. ...

History

While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence proves that a fortress settlement existed between the Oka and Orlik Rivers as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the Grand Principality of Chernigov. The name of the fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century the fortress became a part of the Zvenigorod district of the Karachayevo Principality. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The city was soon abandoned by its population, after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the Golden Horde. The territory then became a part of Muscovy in the 16th century. (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Chernihiv (Ukrainian: ), often called by the Russian name Chernigov (Чернигов) is an ancient city in northern Ukraine, the capital of Chernihiv Oblast (province). ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... One of Rublevs icons from Zvenigorod. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... The presumable banner of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with the coat of arms, called Пагоня in Belarusian, Vytis in Lithuanian and Pogoń in Polish Another version of the Lithuanian banner The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Belarusian: Вялі́кае Кня́ства Літо́ўскае (ВКЛ), Ukrainian: Велике Князівство Литовське (ВКЛ), Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie) was an... The Golden Horde was a Mongol state established in parts of present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan after the break up of the Mongol Empire in the 1240s. ... Muscovy (Moscow principality (княжество Московское) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое Княжество Московское) to Russian Tsardom (Царство Русское)) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ...

Ivan the Terrible decreed that a new fortress be built on the spot in 1566, for the purpose of defending the Souther borders of Muscovy. The fortress was built very speedily, work starting in the summer of 1566 and ending in the spring of 1567. The location chosen was less than ideal strategically, as the fortress was located on a seasonally flooded low ground easily targeted from the neighboring high ground. Both the speed and location are of course due to the new fortress built upon the ruins of the old one. Tsar Ivan the Terrible, by Viktor Vasnetsov. ... Events January 7 - Pius V becomes Pope Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Religious rioting in the Netherlands signifies the beginning of the Eighty Years War in the Netherlands. ... Events The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. ...

False Dmitry I and his army passed through town in 1605; Ivan Bolotnikov in 1606; False Dmitry II camped in Oryol for the winter of 1607–1608. Polish intervention sacked the town in 1611 and 1615; the population abandoned the town after the second sacking and moved to Mzensk. However, despite this, Oryol district continued to exist on paper. False Dmitry I (ruled 1605-1606) was one of three pretenders to the Russian throne who claimed to be the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich, who had miraculously escaped the assassination attempt. ... // Events April 13 - Tsar Boris Godunow dies - Feodor II accedes to the throne May 16 - Paul V becomes Pope June 1 - Russian troops in Moscow imprison Feodor II and his mother. ... Bolotnikovs Battle with the Tzarist army at Nizhny Kotly Ivan Isayevich Bolotnikov (Иван Исаевич Болотников) (?—1608) was the leader of the uprising of 1606-1607 (Bolonikov rebellion, Восстание Ивана Болотникова), which was part of the Time of Troubles in Russia. ... Events January 27 - The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators begins ending in their execution on January 31 May 17 - Supporters of Vasili Shusky invade the Kremlin and kill Premier Dmitri December 26 - Shakespeares King Lear performed in court Storm buries a village of St Ismails near... False Dmitry II (Russian: , other transliterations: Dmitriy, Dmitri, Dmitrii), also called the thief of Tushino, was the second of three pretenders to the Russian throne who claimed to be tsarevich Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible. ... Events January 20 - Tidal wave swept along the Bristol Channel, killing 2000 people. ... Events March 18 - Sissinios formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia May 14 - Protestant Union founded in Auhausen. ... Events June 23 - Henry Hudsons crew maroons him, his son and 7 others in a boat November 1 - At Whitehall Palace in London, William Shakespeares romantic comedy The Tempest is presented for the first time. ... Events June 2 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France. ...

Oryol was rebuilt in 1636. The question of moving the fortress to the more advantageous high ground was in the air up until the 1670s, but the move was never made. The fortress was deemed unnecessary and taken apart in the early 18th century. Events February 24 - King Christian of Denmark gives an order that all beggars that are able to work must be sent to Brinholmen Island to build ships or as galley rowers March 26 - Utrecht University founded in The Netherlands. ... Events and Trends Newton and Leibniz independently discover calculus. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ...

In the mid-18th century Oryol became one of the major centers of grain production, with the Oka River being the major trade route until 1860s when it was replaced by a railroad. // Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States is built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ...

In 1708, Oryol was included as a part of Kiev Governorate; in 1719, Oryol Province was created within Kiev Governorate. The Province was transferred to the newly created Belgorod Governorate in 1727. On March 11 (February 28 old style), 1778 Oryol namestnichestvo (vice-royalty) was created from parts of Voronezh and Belgorod Governorates. In 1779, the city was almost entirely rebuilt based on a new plan; and the Oryol River was renamed to Orlik (lit: "little eagle"). // Events March 23 - James Francis Edward Stuart lands at the Firth of Forth July 1 - Tewoflos becomes Emperor of Ethiopia September 28 - Peter the Great defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Lesnaya Kandahar conquered by Mir Wais In Masuria one third of the population die during the plague J... // Events January 23 - The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire April 25 - Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe June 10 - Battle of Glen Shiel Prussia conducts Europes first systematic census Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused... Events 1727 to 1800 - Lt. ... March 11 is the 70th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (71st in Leap year). ... The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and took force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). ... 1778 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Namestnik (Russian: ) was an office position in the history of Russia. ... 1779 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ...

Oryol street around 1900

After the October Revolution of 1917, the city was in communist hands, except for a brief period between October 13 and October 20 of 1919 when it was controlled by Denikin’s White Army. Image File history File links Oryol. ... Image File history File links Oryol. ... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political events in Russia, which, after the elimination of the Russian autocracy system, and the Provisional Government (Duma), resulted in the establishment of the Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... October 13 is the 286th day of the year (287th in leap years). ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 72 days remaining. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Anton Denikin on the day of his resignation in 1920 Anton Ivanovich Denikin (Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин) (December 16, 1872 - August 8, 1947) was one of the foremost leaders of the counter-revolutionary White Russian forces in the civil war. ... The White movement, whose military arm is known as the White Army (Белая Армия) or White Guard (Белая Гвардия, белогвардейцы) and whose members are known as Whites (Белые, or the derogatory Беляки) or White Russians (a term which has other meanings) comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the...

Oryol was once again moved between different oblasts in the 1920s and 1930s, finally becoming the administrative center of its own Oryol Oblast on September 27, 1937. Christian Rakovsky, Maria Spiridonova and 160 other prominent political prisoners were shot on September 11, 1941 on Stalin's orders in the Medvedev forest outside Oryol. An oblast (Russian, Ukrainian: о́бласть) is a name for the subnational entity of Bulgaria, Russian Federation, Ukraine, and the former Soviet Union. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Social issues of the 1920s. ... This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... September 27 is the 270th day of the year (271st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 95 days remaining. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Dr. Christian Georgievich Rakovsky (Кристиян Георгиевич Раковски; Кръстьо Раковски - Krastyo Rakovski in Bulgarian or, in Romanian spelling, Cristian Racovschi; August 13 (August 1, Old Style), 1873 - September 11, 1941) was a socialist revolutionary, a Bolshevik politician and a Soviet diplomat. ... Maria Spiridonova (October 16, 1884, Tambov – September 11, 1941, Medvedevsky Forest near Oryol) was a figure in Russian revolutionary circles at the beginning of the 20th century. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ...

During World War II, Oryol was occupied by Nazi Germany on October 3, 1941, and liberated on May 8, 1943, in the course of the famous Battle of Kursk. The city was almost completely destroyed. Combatants Allies: Poland, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, France/Free France, United States, China, Canada, India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Greece, and others Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Burma, Slovakia Casualties Military dead: 17 million Civilian dead: 33 million Total dead: 50 million Military dead: 8... National Socialism redirects here. ... October 3 is the 276th day of the year (277th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1941 calendar). ... May 8 is the 128th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (129th in leap years). ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... Combatants Germany Soviet Union Commanders Erich von Manstein, Günther von Kluge, Walther Model Georgy Zhukov, Konstantin Rokossovsky, Nikolai Vatutin Strength 800,000 infantry, 2,700 tanks, 2,000 aircraft 1,300,000 infantry, 3,600 tanks, 2,400 aircraft Casualties 500,000 dead, wounded, or captured 500 tanks 200...

Mayors

• 1991—1997: Aleksandr Grigoryevich Kislyakov (Александр Григорьевич Кисляков)
• 1997—2002: Yefim Nikolayevich Velkovsky (Ефим Николаевич Вельковский)
• 2002—2006: Vasily Ignatyevich Uvarov (Василий Игнатьевич Уваров)
• 2006—now: Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Kasyanov (Александр Александрович Касьянов)

Famous people

• Ivan Turgenev, novelist and playwright
• Afanasy Fet, poet
• Nikolai Leskov, novelist
• Leonid Andreyev, playwright
• Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, statesman
• Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky, first head of CheKa
• Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, Bolshevik leader
• Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov, aviation designer
• Artem Mikoyan, founder of the famous MiG aircraft manufacturer.
• Gennady Zyuganov, current head of Communist Party of the Russian Federation
• Denis Menchov, professional cyclist and winner of the 2005 Vuelta a España

Ivan Turgenev, photo by Félix Nadar (1820-1910) For other uses, see Turgenev (disambiguation). ... Afanasy Afanasievich Fet (Dec. ... Nikolai Leskov by Valentin Serov, 1894 Nikolai Semyonovich Leskov ((Russian: , 16 February 1831 - 5 March 1895) was a Russian journalist, novelist and short story writer. ... Leonid Nikolaievich Andreyev (1871-1919) was a Russian Short story writer, who was active between the revolution of 1905 and the Communist revolution which finally overthrew the tsarist government. ... Petr Stolypin Petr Arkadyevich Stolypin (Russian: Пётр Арка́дьевич Столы́пин) (April 14 (April 2 Old Style) 1862 - September 18 (September 5 Old Style) 1911) served as Nicholas IIs Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) from 1906 to 1911. ... Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky (Polish: Feliks DzierżyÅ„ski, Russian: Феликс Эдмундович Дзержинский, Belarusian language Фелікс Эдмундавіч Дзяржынскі; September 11 [O.S. August 30] 1877 –July 20, 1926) was a Communist revolutionary, famous as the founder of the Bolshevik secret police, the Cheka, later known by many names during the history of the Soviet... List of Soviet secret police agencies, the Soviet secret police agencies and their different names are as follows chronologically. ... Yevgeni Alekseyevich Preobrazhensky (1886-1937) was an Old Bolshevik, an economist and a member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik faction and, its successor, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. ... Leaders of the Bolshevik Party and the Communist International, a painting by Malcolm McAllister on the Pathfinder Mural in New York City and on the cover of the book Lenin’s Final Fight published by Pathfinder. ... Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov (Russian: ) (July 8, 1892 - July 30, 1944) was a soviet aircraft designer, known as King of Fighters. He designed the I-15 series of fighters, and the I-16 Ishak Little Donkey figher. ... Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan (Ô±Ö€Õ¿ÕµÕ¸Õ´ Õ€Õ¸Õ¾Õ°Õ¡Õ¶Õ¶Õ¥Õ½Õ« Õ„Õ«Õ¯Õ¸ÕµÕ¡Õ¶ or Ô±Õ¶Õ¸Ö‚Õ·Õ¡Õ¾Õ¡Õ¶ Õ€Õ¸Õ¾Õ°Õ¡Õ¶Õ¶Õ¥Õ½Õ« Õ„Õ«Õ¯Õ¸ÕµÕ¡Õ¶ in Armenian; Артё́м Ива́нович Микоя́н in Russian) (August 5, 1905 December 9, 1970) was an Armenian / Soviet aircraft designer, in partnership with Mikhail Iosifovich Gurevich he designed many of the famous MiG military aircraft. ... Zyuganov on a November 7 rally Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov or Guennady Ziuganov (Russian: ) (born 26 June 1944) is a Russian politician, and head of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (since 1993), a member of Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (since 1996). ... Communist Party supporters attend a May Day rally in Moscow The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (Russian: Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации = КПРФ; translit. ... Denis Menchov (born 25 January 1978 in Orel) is a professional Russian road bicycle racer. ... The Vuelta a España bicycle race is one of the three Grand Tours of Europe and, after the Tour de France and the Giro dItalia, the third most important road cycling stage race in the world. ...

Sources

• (Russian) All of Oryol Yellow Pages