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Astronotus ocellatus is a species of fish from the cichlid family known under a variety of common names including oscar, tiger oscar, velvet cichlid or marble cichlid.[1] In South America, where the species occurs, A. ocellatus are often found for sale as a food fish in the local markets.[2][3] However, its slow growth limits its potential for aquaculture.[4] The species is also a popular aquarium fish.[5][6] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (973x904, 62 KB) Summary Dis Pic is made by Wiki-User J C D. Free to use fore all. ...
For other uses, see Scientific classification (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ...
Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ...
Orders See text The Actinopterygii are the ray-finned fish. ...
Families many, see text The Perciformes, also called the Percomorphi or Acanthopteri, include about 40% of all fish and are the largest order of vertebrates. ...
Genera Apistogramma - Dwarf Cichlids Astronotus (Oscars) Boulengerochromis Cichlasoma - American Ciclids Crenicichla Pterophyllum - Freshwater Angelfish Symphysodon - Discus Teleogramma Tilapia Cichlids are a family of perciform fishes. ...
Astronotus Swainson, 1839 Astronotus is genus of fish from the family Cichlidae. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Louis Agassiz After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Stanford President David Starr Jordan wrote, Somebody—Dr. Angell, perhaps—remarked that Agassiz was great in the abstract but not in the concrete. ...
For other uses, see Fish (disambiguation). ...
Subfamilies Astronotinae Cichlasomatinae Cichlinae Etroplinae Geophaginae Heterochromidinae Paratilapiinae Pseudocrenilabrinae Ptychochrominae Retroculinae For genera, see below. ...
The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ...
South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...
Workers harvest catfish from the Delta Pride Catfish farms in Mississippi Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms. ...
“Aquaria†redirects here. ...
Appearance, size and colouration A. ocellatus have been reported to grow to a length of 45 cm (approximately 18 in) and a mass of 1.6 kg (3.5 lb).[1] The wild caught forms of the species are typically darkly coloured with orange ringed-spots or ocelli on the caudal peduncle and on the dorsal fin.[5] It has been suggested that these ocelli function to limit fin-nipping by piranha (Serrasalmus spp.) which co-occur with A. ocellatus in its natural environment.[7] Further studies have suggested the ocelli may also be important for intraspecific communication.[8] The species is also able to rapidly alter its colouration, a trait which facilitates ritualised territorial and combat behaviours amongst conspecifics.[9] Juvenile A. ocellatus have a different colouration to adults and are striped with white and orange wavy bands and have spotted heads.[8] A centimetre (American spelling centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length that is equal to one hundredth of a metre, the current SI base unit of length. ...
An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ...
Kg redirects here. ...
The pound or pound-mass (abbreviations: lb, , lbm, or sometimes in the United States: #) is a unit of mass (sometimes called weight in everyday parlance) in a number of different systems, including the imperial and US and older English systems. ...
Ocelli is one of the types of photoreceptor organs in animals. ...
Fish anatomy is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than does air. ...
Dorsal fin of an orca A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of fishes, whales, dolphins, and porpoises, as well as the (extinct) ichthyosaurs. ...
For other uses, see Piranha (disambiguation). ...
The genus Serrasalmus is used to group several species of piranha, including the red-bellied piranha and the black piranha. ...
Distribution and habitat A. ocellatus is native to Peru, Colombia, Brazil and French Guiana and occurs in the Amazon river basin, along the Amazonas, Içá, Negro, Solimões and Ucayali river systems, and also in the Approuague and Oyapock drainages.[1][2] In its natural environment the species typically occurs in slow moving white-water habitats, and has been observed sheltering under submerged branches.[5] Feral populations also occur in China,[10] northern Australia,[11] and Florida, USA[12] as a by-product of the ornamental fish trade. The species is limited in its distribution by its intolerance of cooler water temperatures, the lower lethal limit for the species is 12.9 °C (55.2 °F).[13] The Içá or Putumayo River is one of the tributaries of the Amazon river, west of and parallel to the Yapura. ...
The Negro (Spanish: black) River, the great northern tributary of the Amazon River and the largest blackwater river in the world, has its sources along the watershed between the Orinoco and the Amazon basins, and also connects with the Orinoco by way of the Casiquiare canal. ...
Solimões is the name often given to early stretches of the Amazon River from the border of Brazil and Peru to its confluence with the Negro River. ...
Alternative use: Ucayali region The Ucayali, which rises about 70 miles north of Lake Titicaca, is the most interesting branch of the Amazon River next to the Madeira. ...
The Approuague river (or Apuruaque in Tupi) is a major river in French Guiana. ...
The Oyapock River (Rio Oiapoque) is a river in French Guiana forming the border between French Guiana and Brazil. ...
Blackwater rivers are rivers with waters colored like black tea to coffee. ...
This article is about the U.S. State of Florida. ...
Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). ...
For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ...
Sexual dimorphism and reproduction Although the species is widely regarded as sexually monomorphic,[5] it has also been suggested that males grow more quickly, and in some naturally occurring strains, males are noted to possess dark blotches on the base of the dorsal fin.[8][6] The species reaches sexual maturity at approximately 1 year of age and continues to reproduce for 9-10 years. Frequency and timing of spawning may be related to the occurrence of rain.[14] A. ocellatus are biparental substrate spawners though detailed information regarding their reproduction in the wild are scarce. It has been observed that the closely related Astronotus crassipinnis may, in times of danger, protect its fry in its mouth in a manner reminiscent of mouthbrooding geophagine cichlids. This behaviour, however, has not yet been observed in A. ocellatus.[6] In captivity pairs are known to select and clean generally flattened horizontal or vertical surfaces on which to lay their 1000 to 3000 eggs. Like most cichlids, A. ocellatus practice brood care, although the duration of brood care in the wild remains unknown.[6] Female (left) and male Common Pheasant, illustrating the dramatic difference in both color and size, between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ...
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Feeding and prey Examination of the stomach contents of A. ocellatus by Winemiller (1990) demonstrated that the natural diet of this fish consists primarily of aquatic and terrestrial insects (which comprise up to 60% of the diet), although small fish, and to a lesser extent crustaceans, are also consumed. Most fish eaten by A. ocellatus in the wild were relatively sedentary catfish, and included Bunocephalus, Rineloricaria and Ochmacanthus species.[7] The species uses a suction mechanism, generated by jaw extension, to capture prey,[15] and has been reported to exhibit "laying-on-side" death mimicry in a similar fashion to Parachromis friedrichsthalii and Nimbochromis livingstonii.[16][17] The species also has an absolute requirement for vitamin C and develops health problems in its absence.[18] Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera...
Classes Remipedia Cephalocarida Branchiopoda Ostracoda Maxillopoda Malacostraca The crustaceans (Crustacea) are a large group of arthropods (55,000 species), usually treated as a subphylum. ...
This article is about the siluriform catfishes; for the Atlantic catfish, see Seawolf (fish); for other uses, see Catfish (disambiguation). ...
Type species Platystacus verrucosus Bloch, 1794 Species See text. ...
Species Synonyms Hemiloricaria Bleeker 1862 Fonchiiichthys Isbrücker and Michels 2001 Leliella Isbrücker 2001 Rineloricaria (from the Greek, rhinos meaning nose, and the Latin, lorica meaning cuirass of leather) is a genus of freshwater tropical catfish (order Siluriformes) belonging to the Loricariidae family. ...
Type species Ochmacanthus flabelliferus Eigenmann, 1912 Binomial name Ochmacanthus alternus Myers, 1927 Ochmacanthus batrachostoma (Miranda Ribeiro, 1912) Ochmacanthus flabelliferus Eigenmann, 1912 Ochmacanthus orinoco Myers, 1927 Ochmacanthus reinhardtii (Steindachner, 1882) Synonyms Gyrinurus Miranda Ribeiro, 1912 Ochmacanthus is a genus of catfishes (order Siluriformes) of the family Trichomycteridae. ...
Binomial name Nimbochromis livingstonii Günther, 1894 Nimbochromis livingstonii, or Livingstons cichlid, is a freshwater mouthbrooding cichlid fish of the genus Nimbochromis, native to Lake Malawi, an African Rift Lake. ...
This article is about the nutrient. ...
History, taxonomy and synoma The species was originally described by Louis Agassiz in 1831 as Lobotes ocellatus, as he mistakenly believed the species was marine, latter work assigned the species to the genus Astronotus.[8] The species also has a number of junior synonyms: Acara compressus, Acara hyposticta, Astronotus ocellatus zebra and Astronotus orbiculatus.[19] Louis Agassiz After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Stanford President David Starr Jordan wrote, Somebody—Dr. Angell, perhaps—remarked that Agassiz was great in the abstract but not in the concrete. ...
Species See text. ...
Selective breeding A number of ornamental varieties of A. ocellatus have been developed for the aquarium industry. These include forms with greater intensity and quantities of red marbling across the body, albino, leucistic and xanthistic forms. A. ocellatus with marbled patches of red pigmentation are sold as red tiger oscars, while those strains with mainly red colouration of the flanks are frequently sold under the trade name of red oscars.[20] The patterning of red pigment differs between inidividuals, in the United Kingdom one A. ocellatus reportedly had markings that resembled the Arabic word for "Allah".[21] In recent years long-finned varieties have also been developed. The species is also occasionally artificially coloured by a process known as painting.[22] Image File history File linksMetadata Long_finned_oscar. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Long_finned_oscar. ...
Leucism is characterized by reduced pigmentation, resulting in an individual with white or brighter patches of fur, plumage or skin than in the typical representative of the species. ...
“Aquaria†redirects here. ...
Albinism is a genetic condition resulting in a lack of pigmentation in the eyes, skin and hair. ...
Leucism is characterized by reduced pigmentation, resulting in an individual with white or brighter patches of fur, plumage or skin than in the typical representative of the species. ...
Xanthochromism (also called xanthochroism or xanthism) is a term that may be applied to birds, fish and other animals whose colouration is unusually yellow through an excess of yellow pigment, or possibly a loss of darker pigments that allows yellow pigment to be unusually dominant. ...
Painted Parambassis ranga specimen. ...
In the aquarium A. ocellatus are popular as pets, and are regarded as intelligent by aquarists. This is in part as they learn to associate their owners and food[6] and are purported to be able to distinguish their owner from strangers.[20] This article is about animals kept for companionship. ...
Despite their large size, and predatory nature A. ocellatus are relatively placid aquarium residents best housed with other fishes too large to be considered food items.[5][6][20]
A. ocellatus are known to uproot plants, and move other objects in aquariums[23] and are best maintained in volumes of 200-600 litre (75 or more gallons).[20][23] A. ocellatus is relatively tolerant of a range of typical aquarium water chemistries,[5] though its large size and messy feeding habits necessitates that efficient filtration be installed on the aquarium.[20] A. ocellatus is undemanding to feed in captivity and will accept a range of foods that include pieces of fish and prepared cichlid foods.[5][6][20] Oscars may also tend to jump out of an aquarium if the lid isn't supported sufficiently. For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ...
The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of volume. ...
The gallon is a unit of volume used for measuring liquids (as well as dry matter). ...
See also Subfamilies Astronotinae Cichlasomatinae Cichlinae Etroplinae Geophaginae Heterochromidinae Paratilapiinae Pseudocrenilabrinae Ptychochrominae Retroculinae For genera, see below. ...
Amazon River basin The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. ...
Ichthyology uses several terms that are unique to the science. ...
A vast number of species of fish have been successfully kept in the home aquarium. ...
References - ^ a b c Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. Astronotus ocellatus, Oscar. FishBase. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
- ^ a b Kullander SO.. Cichlids: Astronotus ocellatus. Swedish Museum of Natural History. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
- ^ CC. Kohler, WN. Camargo, ST. Kohler F. Alcantara, M.Rebaza, S. Tello, M. Del Aguila, G.Alvarez, M.Chonta, M. Maldonado, M. Magariños, A. Antezana, MA. Villacorta C., R, Roubach, S.Duque, E.Agudelo, C. Augusto Pinto, S. Ricaurte, J Machoa.. Aquaculture Crsp 22nd Annual Technical Report. Oregon State University, USA. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
- ^ Keith, P. O-Y. Le Bail & P. Planquette, (2000) Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de Guyane (tome 2, fascicule I). Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France. p.286
- ^ a b c d e f g Staeck, Wolfgang; Linke, Horst (1995). American Cichlids II: Large Cichlids: A Handbook for Their Identification, Care, and Breeding. Germany: Tetra Press. ISBN 156465169X.
- ^ a b c d e f g Loiselle, Paul V. (1995). The Cichlid Aquarium. Germany: Tetra Press. ISBN 1-56465-146-0.
- ^ a b Winemiller KO (1990) Caudal eye spots as deterrents against fin predation in the neotropical cichlid Astronotus ocellatus. Copeia 3: 665-673
- ^ a b c d Robert H. Robins. Oscar. Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
- ^ SC. Beeching (1995) Colour pattern and inhibition of aggression in the cichlid fish Astronotus ocellatus. Journal of Fish Biology 47: 50.
- ^ X. Ma, X. Bangxi, W. Yindong and W. Mingxue (2003) Intentionally Introduced and Transferred Fishes in China’s Inland Waters. Asian Fisheries Science 16: 279-290.
- ^ Department of primary industry and fisheries.. Noxious fish - species information. Queensland Government, Australia. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
- ^ United States Geological Survey.. NAS - Species FactSheet Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz 1831). United States Government. Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
- ^ Shafland, P. L. and J. M. Pestrak. 1982. Lower lethal temperatures for fourteen non-native fishes in Florida. Environmental Biology of Fishes 7:139-156.
- ^ Pinto Paiva, M & Nepomuceno, FH (1989) On the reproduction in captivity of the oscar, Astronotus ocellatus (Cuvier), according to the mating methods (Pisces - Cichlidae). Amazoniana 10: 361-377.
- ^ TB. Waltzek, PC. Wainwright (2003) Functional morphology of extreme jaw protrusion in Neotropical cichlids. Journal of Morphology 257: 96-106.
- ^ Tobler, M. (2005) Feigning death in the Central American cichlid Parachromis friedrichsthalii. Journal of Fish Biology 66: 877-881.
- ^ Gibran, FZ. (2004) Dying or illness feigning: An unreported feeding tactic of the Comb grouper Mycteroperca acutirostris (Serranidae) from the Southwest Atlantic. Copeia 403–405.
- ^ DM. Fracalossi, ME. Allen, DK. Nicholsdagger & OT. Oftedal (1998) Oscars, Astronotus ocellatus, Have a Dietary Requirement for Vitamin C. The Journal of Nutrition 128:1745-1751.
- ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. Synonyms of Astronotus ocellatus. FishBase. Retrieved on 2007-03-21.
- ^ a b c d e f Sandford, Gina; Crow, Richard (1991). The Manual of Tank Busters. USA: Tetra Press. ISBN 3-89356-041-6.
- ^ BBC News. Tropical fish 'has Allah marking'. BBC, UK. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
- ^ Mike Giangrasso. Death by Dyeing - dyed fish list. Death by Dyeing.org. Retrieved on 2007-03-18.
- ^ a b Leibel, Wayne S (1993). A fishkeepers guide to South American Cichlids. Belgium: Tetra Press. ISBN 1-56465-103-7.
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