Oscar Niemeyer

Oscar Niemeyer Soares Filho (born December 15, 1907) is a Brazilian architect who is considered one of the most important names in international modern architecture. He was a pioneer in the exploration of the constructive possibilities of reinforced concrete. Image File history File links Essa imagem é do Arquivo Publico do Distrito Federal. ... Image File history File links Essa imagem é do Arquivo Publico do Distrito Federal. ... December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Architect at his drawing board, 1893 An Ciara Danille Bowers is a person who is involved in the planning, designing and oversight of a buildings construction. ... Modern architecture is a broad term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. ... Reinforced concrete at Sainte Jeanne dArc Church (Nice, France): architect Jacques Dror, 1926–1933 Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete in some countries, is concrete in which reinforcement bars (rebars) or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen the material that would otherwise be brittle. ...

Although he was a defender of utilitarianism, his creations did not have the blocky coldness frequently criticized by post-modern critics. His buildings have forms so dynamic and curves so sensual that many admirers say that he is more monumental as a sculptor than as an architect. Some critics consider this trait to be a defect. Utilitarianism in architecture can mean several things. ... Postmodernism (sometimes abbreviated pomo) is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding, modernism. ... why hello hello Sculptor redirects here. ... Architect at his drawing board, 1893 An Ciara Danille Bowers is a person who is involved in the planning, designing and oversight of a buildings construction. ...

Oscar Niemeyer and his contribution to the construction of the city of Brasília is portrayed and somewhat parodied in the 1964 French movie L'homme de Rio (That Man From Rio), starring Jean-Paul Belmondo. Location of Brasília Coordinates: Country Brazil State Distrito Federal Governor Maria de Lourdes Abadia Area    - City 5,801,937 km² Elevation 1000 m Population    - City (2005) 2,333,108  - Density 353,53/km² Time zone UTC (UTC-3) Website: www. ... Parody of Back to the Future In contemporary usage, a parody is a work that imitates another work in order to ridicule, ironically comment on, or poke some affectionate fun at the work itself, the subject of the work, the author or fictional voice of the parody, or another subject. ... 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... Lhomme de Rio (That Man From Rio) is a very entertaining and popular 1964 adventure movie, directed by Philippe de Broca and starring Jean-Paul Belmondo and Françoise Dorléac (sister of Catherine Deneuve). ... Jean-Paul Belmondo (born April 9 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, east of Paris in 1933), is a French actor. ...

Brasília

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 517 KB) Brasilia: The National Congress , a creation of the architect Oscar Niemayer, in a empty morning Sunday. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 517 KB) Brasilia: The National Congress , a creation of the architect Oscar Niemayer, in a empty morning Sunday. ...

Early life

Oscar Niemeyer was born in the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1907, on a street that later would receive the name of his grandfather Ribeiro de Almeida. He spent his youth as a typical young Carioca of the time: bohemian and relatively unconcerned with his future. He concluded his secondary education at age 21. The same year, he married Annita Baldo, daughter of Italian immigrants from Padua. Marriage gave him a sense of responsibility: he decided to work and enter university. Location of Rio de Janeiro Coordinates: Country Brazil Region Southeast State Rio de Janeiro Mayor Cesar Maia (PFL) Area    - City 1,260 km² Population    - City (2005) 5,613,000 [1]  - Density 4,781/km²  - Metro 11,620,000 [2] Time zone UTC-3 (UTC-3) Website: www. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Carioca is an adjective in the Portuguese language that refers to people or things from (i. ... The term Bohemian describes artists, writers, and disenchanted people of all sorts who wished to live non-traditional lifestyles. ... Tronco Maestro Riviera: a pedestrian walk along a section of the inland waterway or naviglio interno of Padua. ...

He started to work in his father's typography house and entered the Escola de Belas Artes, from which he graduated as engineer architect in 1934. At the time he had financial difficulties but decided to work without fee anyway, in the architecture studio of Lúcio Costa and Carlos Leão. He felt unsatisfied with the architecture that he saw in the streets and believed he could find a career there. This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

In 1945, already an architect of some repute, he joined the Brazilian Communist Party. Niemeyer was a boy at the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and by the Second World War he became a young idealist. He was enthusiastically communist, a position which would cost him much later in his life. During the military dictatorship of Brazil his office was raided and he was forced into exile in Europe. The Minister of Aeronautics of the time reportedly said that "the place for a communist architect is Moscow." He visited the USSR, met with diverse socialist leaders and became a personal friend of some of them. Fidel Castro once said: "Niemeyer and I are the last Communists of this planet." 1945 (MCMVL) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Architect at his drawing board, 1893 An Ciara Danille Bowers is a person who is involved in the planning, designing and oversight of a buildings construction. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Brazilian Communist Party (1992). ... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political events in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the system of autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal Provisional Government (Duma), resulting in the establishment of the Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... Military rule The military held power from 1964 until March 1985 not by design but because of political struggles within the new regime. ... Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area  - City 1,081 km² Population  - City (2005)    - Density 10,415,400   8537. ... Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born on August 13, 1926) is the current President of Cuba but on indefinite medical hiatus. ...

First works

Niemeyer Building

In 1936, Lúcio Costa was appointed by Education Minister Gustavo Capanema architect of the new headquarters for the Ministry of Education and Public Health in Rio de Janeiro. In 1939, Niemeyer assumed the leadership of the team of architects (Lúcio Costa, Carlos Leão, Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Jorge Moreira, Ernani Vasconcellos and Oscar Niemeyer, with Le Corbusier acting as a consultant in 1936) responsible for the Ministry that had assumed the task of shaping the ‘novo homem, Brasileiro e moderno’ (new man, Brazilian and modern). Copan Building by Oscar Niemeyer Source: [1], picture by mama: A higher resolution image is available for download at the site. ... Copan Building by Oscar Niemeyer Source: [1], picture by mama: A higher resolution image is available for download at the site. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Location of Rio de Janeiro Coordinates: Country Brazil Region Southeast State Rio de Janeiro Mayor Cesar Maia (PFL) Area    - City 1,260 km² Population    - City (2005) 5,613,000 [1]  - Density 4,781/km²  - Metro 11,620,000 [2] Time zone UTC-3 (UTC-3) Website: www. ... Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, widely known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887– August 27, 1965), was a French Swiss born architect, famous for his contributions to what is now called modernism, or the International Style. ...

The project, named Capanema Palace, in 1935, was extremely bold for the time. It was the first government modernist building in the Americas, and of a much larger scale than anything Le Corbusier had built until then. Completed in 1943, the building which housed the regulator and manager of Brazilian culture and cultural heritage developed all the elements of what was to become recognised as Brazilian modernist movement: it employed local materials and techniques, like the azulejos linked to the Portuguese tradition; the revolutionised Corbusian brises-soleil, made adjustable and related to the Moorish shading devices of colonial architecture; bold colours; the tropical gardens of Roberto Burle Marx; the Imperial Palm (roystonea oleraceæ), known as the Brazilian order; further allusions to the icons of the Brazilian landscape; and the integrated, specially commissioned works of Brazilian artists. Modernism is a trend of thought which affirms the power of human beings to make, improve and reshape their built and designed environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... Concrete brise soleil Active metal brise soleil at Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris Brise soleil integrated with the facade of Unité dHabitation, Marseille Brise soleil, sometimes brise-soleil (breez-soh-ley, from French, sun break) in architecture refers to a variety of permanent sun-shading techniques, ranging from the... Roberto Burle Marx (August 4th, 1909, São Paulo - June 4th, 1994, Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazillian landscape designer (besides being a painter, ecologist and naturalist) whose designs of parks and gardens made him world famous. ...

In 1939 Niemeyer traveled with Lúcio Costa to design the Brazilian pavilion in the New York World's Fair. At a time when Europe and the United States were concentrating their industrial powers on World War II, Brazil was investing in architecture. The country placed itself in the vanguard of international modernist architecture, where it remained until decades later, in large part thanks to the talent of Niemeyer. 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... The 1939 New York Worlds Fair, located on the current site of Flushing Meadows-Corona Park (also the location of the 1964 New York Worlds Fair), was one of the largest worlds fairs of all time. ... Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead...

The Pampulha project

In 1940 Niemeyer met Juscelino Kubitschek, who was at the time the mayor of Belo Horizonte, capital of the state of Minas Gerais. He and Minas Gerais Governor Benedito Valadares wanted to develop a new suburb to the north of the city called Pampulha, and commissioned Niemeyer to design a series of buildings to be known as the "Pampulha complex". Year 1940 (MCMXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1940 calendar). ... Juscelino Kubitschek and his wife Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (JK) (September 12, 1902-August 22, 1976) was a prominent Brazilian politician who was President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961. ... Nickname: BH (Portuguese: Beagá) Location in Brazil Coordinates: Country Brazil Region Southeast State Minas Gerais Founded December 12, 1897 Mayor Fernando da Mata Pimentel (PT) Area    - City 330. ... Minas Gerais is one of the states of Brazil, the second most populous in the federation. ... A man-made lagoon located in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. ...

The buildings were completed in 1943, and provoked some controversy. They received international acclaim following the 1942 exhibition of Brazilian architecture (Colonial and Modern) at the New York Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). The conservative Church authorities of Minas Gerais refused to consecrate the Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, in part due to its unorthodox form, in part due to the mural painted by Candido Portinari and the fact that it contained no confessional. The mural depicts Christ as the saviour of the ill, the poor and, most importantly, the sinner. 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ... Salle des illustres, ceiling painting, by Jean André Rixens. ... Candido Portinari. ...

In Pampulha, Niemeyer started to mark his style: he used the structural properties of the armed concrete to give sinuous forms to the building. When Niemeyer draws a building he makes it with the minimum of possible traces, as organic and trembling as a gesture of the hand. However, he denies that his buildings have an aesthetic more important than function: he often wrote elaborate justifications of the details of his projects, wherein he described the function of each curve of the building. He said that if he could not justify an idea in one paragraph, he gave it up. Also later he would say that a form that conveys beauty is useful in itself.

The 1940s and 1950s

In 1947, his world-wide recognition was confirmed when Niemeyer traveled to the United States to design the headquarters of the United Nations in New York. In the previous year he had received an invitation to teach at Yale University; however, his visa was denied because of his socialist beliefs. In 1950 the first book about his work was published in the USA by Stamo Papadaki. The 1940s decade ran from 1940 to 1949. ... The 1950s was the decade spanning from the 1st of January, 1950 to the 31st December, 1959. ... Year 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... United Nations headquarters in New York City, viewed from the East River. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ... Official language(s) None Capital Albany Largest city New York City Area  Ranked 27th  - Total 54,520 sq mi (141,205 km²)  - Width 285 miles (455 km)  - Length 330 miles (530 km)  - % water 13. ... Yale redirects here. ...

In Brazil, he designed São Paulo's Ibirapuera Park (for the celebrations of the city's 400th anniversary) and in 1951 the COPAN Apartment Building, and the JK Building in Belo Horizonte. In 1952 he built his own house in Rio de Janeiro, the House at Canoas (casa das canoas), and in 1954 the Niemeyer luxury apartment building, in Belo Horizonte. Landmark buildings Edifício Italia (at left) and Copan (curved façade at center), in São Paulo Downtown. ... Parque do Ibirapuera (Ibirapuera Park) is a major urban park in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... The JK Building in downtown Belo Horizonte, Brazil, with its 40 stories, is the countrys second tallest building after Itália Building in São Paulo (45 stories). ... Location of Rio de Janeiro Coordinates: Country Brazil Region Southeast State Rio de Janeiro Mayor Cesar Maia (PFL) Area    - City 1,260 km² Population    - City (2005) 5,613,000 [1]  - Density 4,781/km²  - Metro 11,620,000 [2] Time zone UTC-3 (UTC-3) Website: www. ...

In 1954 he was called to design the Museum of Modern Art of Caracas (MAM Caracas). It was the first work where Niemeyer worked in order to create a symbol: architecture as a symbol. This kind of strategy was used later in Brasilia's projects. The building never was constructed but the drawings and the pictures of the model let us see Niemeyer's future style.

Then Juscelino Kubitschek, elected president of Brazil in 1956, once again came in contact with Niemeyer. This time his plans were far more ambitious: he put Niemeyer in the head of Novacap, a project to move the national capital to a depopulated region in the center of the country. Brazilian Presidential Standard The first president of Brazil was Deodoro da Fonseca, who proclaimed the republic in a military coup detât against the Emperor Dom Pedro II. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. ... 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Brasília

Cathedral of Brasília, hyperboloid structure

Niemeyer organized a competition for the urbanistic lay-out of Brasília, the new capital, and the winner was the project of his old master and great friend, Lúcio Costa. Niemeyer would design the buildings and Lucio the plan of the city. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (768x1024, 187 KB) From German Wikipedia. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (768x1024, 187 KB) From German Wikipedia. ... Cathedral of Brasilia, by Oscar Niemeyer The Cathedral of Brasilia is an expression of the architect Oscar Niemeyer. ... The worlds first hyperboloid water tower by Vladimir Shukhov, All-Russian Exposition, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 1896 Hyperboloid structures in architecture were first applied by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov (1853-1939). ... Location of Brasília Coordinates: Country Brazil State Distrito Federal Governor Maria de Lourdes Abadia Area    - City 5,801,937 km² Elevation 1000 m Population    - City (2005) 2,333,108  - Density 353,53/km² Time zone UTC (UTC-3) Website: www. ...

In the space of a few months, Niemeyer designed a large number of residential, commercial and government buildings. Among them were the residence of the President (Palácio da Alvorada), the House of the deputy, the National Congress, the Cathedral of Brasília (a hyperboloid structure), diverse ministries, not to mention residential buildings. Viewed from above, the city can be seen to have elements that repeat themselves in every building, giving it a formal unity. The cathedral of Brasília is especially beautiful, with diverse modern symbolism. Its entrance is a dimly-lit corridor that contrasts with the bright, naturally illuminated hall. Cathedral of Brasilia, by Oscar Niemeyer The Cathedral of Brasilia is an expression of the architect Oscar Niemeyer. ... The worlds first hyperboloid water tower by Vladimir Shukhov, All-Russian Exposition, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 1896 Hyperboloid structures in architecture were first applied by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov (1853-1939). ...

Behind the construction of Brasília lay a monumental campaign to construct an entire city in the barren center of the country, thousands of kilometers from any major city. The brainchild of Kubitschek, his aims included stimulating the national industry, integrating the country's distant areas, populating inhospitable regions, and bringing progress to a region where only cattle ranching had a foothold (many historians compare the construction of Brasília with the American colonization of its west). Niemeyer and Lúcio Costa used it to test new concepts of city planning: streets without transit (Niemeyer would say that it is a disrespect to the human being that it takes more than 20 minutes in the transport of a region to another one), buildings floating off the ground supported by columns and allowing the space underneath to be free and integrated with nature.

The project also had a socialist ideology: in Brasília all the apartments would be owned by the government and rented to its employees. Brasília did not have "nobler" regions, meaning that top ministers and common laborers would share the same building. Of course many of these concepts were ignored or changed by other presidents with different visions in later years. Brasília was designed, constructed, and inaugurated within four years. After it, Niemeyer was nominated head chief of the college of architecture of the University of Brasília. In 1963, he became an honorary member of the American Institute of Architects in the United States; the same year, he received a Soviet prize, the Lenin peace prize. The University of Brasília (in Portuguese: Universidade de Brasília, known simply as UnB), is one of the largest and one of the most respected public Federally-sponsored universities in Brazil, located in the countrys capital Brasília. ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... The American Institute of Architects (AIA) is the professional organization for architects in the United States. ... The International Stalin Prize or the International Stalin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples (renamed Russian: , the International Lenin Prize for Strengthening Peace Among Peoples as a result of destalinization) was the Soviet Unions equivalent to the Nobel Peace Prize. ...

In 1964, after being invited by Abba Hushi, the mayor of Haifa, Israel, to plan the campus of the University of Haifa, he came back to a completely different Brazil. In March president João Goulart, who succeeded president Jânio Quadros in 1961, was deposed in a military coup. General Castelo Branco assumed command of the country, which would remain a dictatorship until 1985. 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1964 calendar). ... Abba Hushi was born in 1898 in Turkah (today in the Ukraine) as Abba Shneler to a Jewish family. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The University of Haifa (אוניברסיטת חיפה) is a university in Haifa, Israel. ... João Belchior Marques Goulart (March 1, 1918—December 6, 1976) was the last left-wing president of Brazil (1961–March 31, 1964) until the October 6, 2002 election of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. ... Jânio da Silva Quadros (January 25, 1917—February 16, 1992) was a Brazilian politician who was briefly President of Brazil in 1961. ... The military maintained power in Brazil from 1964 until March 1985 because of political struggles within the regime and Brazilian elite. ... Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco (September 20, 1900 - July 18, 1967). ...

Exile and projects overseas

The French Communist Party headquarters in Place du Colonel Fabien in Paris.

Casino in Funchal, Madeira

The leftist position of Niemeyer would cost him much during the CIA-backed Cold War military dictatorship. His office was pillaged, the headquarters of the magazine he coordinated was destroyed, his projects mysteriously began to be refused and clients disappeared. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2288x1712, 802 KB) Summary French Communist Party headquarters. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2288x1712, 802 KB) Summary French Communist Party headquarters. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Place du Colonel Fabien (in English: Colonel Fabien Square) is a square in Paris, France. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 729 KB) Summary Description: Casino in Funchal, Madeira; Architect Oscar Niemeyer Source: from author Author: Hannes Grobe Date: 2006-04-07 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Oscar Niemeyer Funchal Metadata This file contains additional information... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2560x1920, 729 KB) Summary Description: Casino in Funchal, Madeira; Architect Oscar Niemeyer Source: from author Author: Hannes Grobe Date: 2006-04-07 Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Oscar Niemeyer Funchal Metadata This file contains additional information... Funchal (pron. ... Motto: Das ilhas, as mais belas e livres (Of the islands, the most beautiful and free) Anthem: A Portuguesa (national) Hino da Região Autónoma da Madeira (local) Capital (largest city) Funchal Portuguese Government Autonomous region  - President Alberto João Jardim Independence    - Settled 1420   - Autonomy 1976  Area  - Total 797... The CIA Seal The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is an American intelligence agency, responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and individuals, and reporting such information to the various branches of the U.S. Government. ... The Cold War was the period of protracted conflict and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their allies from the late 1940s until the late 1980s. ...

In 1965, two hundred professors asked for his resignation from the University of Brasília, in protest against the government treatment of universities. In the same year he traveled to France for an exhibition in the Louvre museum. 1965 (MCMLXV) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1965 calendar). ... The Louvre Museum (French: Musée du Louvre) in Paris, France, is the largest, oldest, most important and famous art gallery and museum in the world. ...

In the following year, his work hindered in Brazil, Niemeyer moved to Paris. There he started a new phase of his life and workmanship. He opened an office on the Champs-Élysées, and had customers in diverse countries, especially in Algeria where, among others he designed the University of Constantine. In Paris he created the headquarters of the French Communist Party (photos), Place du Colonel Fabien, and in Italy that of the Mondadori publishing company. In Funchal on Madeira and old hotel from the 19th century was removed to build a Casino by Niemeyer. City flag City coat of arms Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur (Latin: Tossed by the waves, she does not sink) Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région ÃŽle-de-France Département Paris (75) Subdivisions 20 arrondissements Mayor Bertrand Delanoë  (PS) (since 2001) City Statistics Land... The Champs-Élysées (pronounced  , literally the Elysian Fields) is a broad avenue in Paris. ... The Place du Colonel Fabien (in English: Colonel Fabien Square) is a square in Paris, France. ... Arnoldo Mondadori (Poggio Rusco Mantua, November 2, 1889 - Milan, June 8, 1971) was a noted Italian publisher. ... Funchal (pron. ...

Another prominent design of his was the Penang State Mosque in George Town the state capital of Penang, Malaysia in 1970s. The Penang State Mosque or Masjid Negeri Pulau Pinang is located in George Town, Penang, Malaysia. ... George Town is the capital city of the state of Penang in Malaysia. ... Map of Malaysia showing the location of Penang in the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia A view of George Town, with Butterworth in the background on the other side of the North Channel Penang (in Malay Pulau Pinang, Jawi:بينانج) is the second largest city...

1980s to the present

Oscar Niemeyer, le Volcan, Le Havre, France

The dictatorship lasted 21 years, until 1985. Under João Figueiredo's rule it softened and gradually turned into a democracy. At this time Niemeyer decided to return to his country. He himself defines this time as the beginning of the last phase of his life. During that decade he made the Memorial Juscelino Kubitschek (1980), the Pantheon (1985) and the Latin America Memorial (1987), the last a beautiful sculpture representing the wounded hand of Jesus, whose wound bleeds in the shape of Central and South America. Image File history File linksMetadata LeHavre_LeVolcan_August_2005. ... Image File history File linksMetadata LeHavre_LeVolcan_August_2005. ... Abbey of Graville, Le Havre. ... João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo (January 15, 1918–December 24, 1999) was a Brazilian military leader and politician. ... 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. ... 1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1987 (MCMLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Jesus (8–2 BC/BCE to 29–36 AD/CE),[1] also known as Jesus of Nazareth, is the central figure of Christianity. ... Map of Central America Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...

In 1988 Oscar Niemeyer was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize, together with the American architect Gordon Bunshaft. 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Pritzker Architecture Prize is awarded annually to honor a living architect by the Hyatt Foundation, run by the Pritzker family. ... Gordon Bunshaft (May 9, 1909–August 6, 1990) was a 20th century architect educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ...

He designed at least two more buildings in Brasilia, small ones that are arguably among his greatest, the Memorial dos Povos Indigenas ("Memorial for the Indigenous People") and the Catedral Militar, Igreja de N.S. da Paz.

In 1996, at 89 years old, he created what many consider his greatest work: the Niterói Contemporary Art Museum (in the city of Niterói, a city next to Rio de Janeiro). The building flies from a rock, giving a beautiful view of the Guanabara Bay and the city of Rio de Janeiro. Critics of the museum say the building is so exotic that it upstages the works of art inside it. 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International Year for the Eradication of Poverty. ... The Niterói Contemporary Art Museum (Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Niterói - MAC) is situated in the city of Niterói, Brazil, and is one of the city’s main landmarks. ... Satellite image of Guanabara Bay In Portuguese, Baía da Guanabara is an oceanic bay located in southeastern Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro. ...

The Niterói Contemporary Art Museum

In 2003, Niemeyer was called to design the Serpentine Gallery Summer Pavilion in Hyde Park London, a gallery that each year invites a famous architect who has never previously built in the UK, to design this temporary structure. Image File history File linksMetadata NiteroiMuseo2. ... Image File history File linksMetadata NiteroiMuseo2. ... 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Serpentine Gallery is an art gallery in Kensington Gardens, central London, which focuses on modern and contempory art. ... London (pronounced ) is the capital city of the United Kingdom and the largest city of England (strangely, England has no constitutional existence within the United Kingdom, and therefore cannot be said to have a capital). ...

On December 10, 2004, a tombstone of Communist Carlos Marighella, in Salvador, Bahia was inaugurated to celebrate the 35th anniversary of his death. The tombstone was designed by Niemeyer. December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, 21 days before the next year. ... 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Tombstone most commonly means a headstone marking the grave of a deceased person. ... Carlos Marighella (5 December 1911 - 4 November 1969) was a Brazilian guerrilla revolutionary and Marxist writer. ... Salvador and Baía de Todos os Santos from space, April 1997 Salvador (in full, São Salvador da Baía de Todos os Santos, or in literal translation: Holy Savior of All Saints Bay) is a city on the northeast coast of Brazil and the capital of the northeastern... Flag of Bahia See other Brazilian States Capital Salvador Largest City Salvador Area 564 273 km² Population   - Total   - Density 13 070 250 23. ...

In 2005, one of his project entitled "ESTAÇÃO CIÊNCIA, CULTURA e ARTES " was approved to be built at Joao Pessoa, the easternmost point of the Americas, at 34º 47' 38" west longitude and 7º 9' 28" south latitude [1] (in Portuguese). João Pessoa is the capital of Paraíba, a state in the northeast region of Brazil. ... World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...

Today, Niemeyer is over 98 and still involved in diverse projects, mainly sculptures and readjustments of old works of his that, protected by national (and some cases international) historic heritage regulations, can only be modified by him. He is currently designing a statue showing a tiger with its mouth open and a man fighting it raising the Cuban flag against the US blockade of Cuba.

In 2006, Niemeyer(98) wed longtime aide Vera Lucia Cabreira(60) at his apartment in Rio de Janeiro's Ipanema district a month after fracturing his hip in a fall.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Oscar Niemeyer

• Honored with a Stalin Peace Prize in 1963
• Oscar Niemeyer Museum (in Portuguese)
• May 2006 Interview with Niermeyer, age 98, in Metropolis Magazine
• Oscar Niemeyer, A Legend of Modernism, a book
• Niemeyer in Brasília history
• Contemporary Art Museum Niteroi.
• Oscar Niemeyer's Strick House in Santa Monica
• JK Building, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
• Pritzker Prize 1988
• Oscar Niemeyer: Never Mind (Niemeyer meets with a journalist, sort of)