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Oscillation is the periodic variation, typically in time, of some measure as seen, for example, in a swinging pendulum. The term vibration is sometimes used more narrowly to mean a mechanical oscillation but sometimes is used to be synonymous with oscillation. Oscillations occur not only in physical systems but also in biological systems and in human society. Periodicity is the quality of occurring at regular intervals (e. ...
Two distinct views exist on the meaning of time. ...
Simple gravity pendulum assumes no air resistance and no friction of/at the nail/screw. ...
See Oscillator (disambiguation) for particular types of oscillation and oscillators. ...
Ernst Haeckel coined the term oekologie in 1866. ...
Human relationships within an ethnically diverse society. ...
Simple systems The simplest mechanical oscillating system is a mass, subject to the force of gravity, attached to a linear spring. The system is in an equilibrium state when the weight of the mass is balanced by the tension of the spring. If the system is displaced from the equilibrium, there is a net restoring force on the mass, tending to bring it back to equilibrium. However, in moving the mass back to the equilibrium position, it has acquired momentum which keeps it moving beyond that position, establishing a new restoring force, now in the opposite sense and this time due to gravity. The time taken for an oscillation to occur is often reffered to as being the oscillatory period. Unsolved problems in physics: What causes anything to have mass? Mass is a property of a physical object that quantifies the amount of matter and energy it is equivalent to. ...
In physics, force is that which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of a body. ...
Gravity is a force of attraction that acts between bodies that have mass. ...
The word linear comes from the Latin word linearis, which means created by lines. ...
It has been suggested that Coil spring be merged into this article or section. ...
A standard definition of mechanical equilibrium is: A system is in mechanical equilibrium when the sum of the forces, and torques, on each particle of the system is zero. ...
Weight is a term of measurement referring to either an objects mass or to the gravitational force acting on the object. ...
Tension is a reaction force applied by a stretched string (rope or a similar object) on the objects which stretch it. ...
In classical mechanics, momentum (pl. ...
The specific dynamics of this spring-mass system are described mathematically by the simple harmonic oscillator and the regular periodic motion is known as simple harmonic motion. In the spring-mass system, oscillations occur because, when at the static equilibrium displacement, the mass has kinetic energy which is converted into energy stored in the spring at the extremes of its path. In physics, dynamics is the branch of classical mechanics that is concerned with the effects of forces on the motion of objects. ...
A harmonic oscillator is a system which, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force proportional to the displacement : where is a positive constant. ...
Periodicity is the quality of occurring at regular intervals (e. ...
Simple harmonic motion is the motion of a simple harmonic oscillator, a motion that is neither driven nor damped. ...
Statics is the branch of physics concerned with physical systems in static equilibrium, that is, in a state where the relative positions of subsystems do not vary over time, or where components and structures are at rest under the action of external forces of equilibrium. ...
Kinetic energy is the energy that a body possesses as a result of its motion. ...
The spring-mass system illustrates some important and universal principles of oscillation:
- Existence of an equilibrium;
- Presence of some restoring force (or restoring principle in non-mechanical systems);
- Some form of "momentum" or kinetic energy that maintains motion; and
- Exchange in "energy" between that kinetic and potential energy due to the restoring force.
The harmonic oscillator offers a model of many more complicated types of oscillation and can be extended by the use of Fourier analysis. A standard definition of mechanical equilibrium is: A system is in mechanical equilibrium when the sum of the forces, and torques, on each particle of the system is zero. ...
In classical mechanics, momentum (pl. ...
Kinetic energy is the energy that a body possesses as a result of its motion. ...
A harmonic oscillator is a system which, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force proportional to the displacement : where is a positive constant. ...
Harmonic analysis is the branch of mathematics which studies the representation of functions or signals as the superposition of basic waves. ...
Damped, driven and self-induced oscillations In real-world systems, the second law of thermodynamics dictates that there is some continual and inevitable conversion of energy into the thermal energy of the environment. Thus, damped oscillations tend to decay with time unless there is some net source of energy in the system. The simplest description of this decay process can be illustrated by the harmonic oscillator. The second law of thermodynamics states that which is equivalent to this scientific statement: The Second Law is a statistical law and thus applicable only to macroscopic systems. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Self inducing oscillations Some systems can be excited by energy transfer from the environment. This typically occurs where systems are embedded in some fluid flow. For example, the phenomenon of flutter in aerodynamics occurs when an arbitrarily small displacement of an aircraft wing (from its equilibrium) results in an increase in the angle of attack of the wing on the air flow and a consequential increase in lift coefficient leading to a greater displacement before, at sufficiently large displacements, the stiffness of the wing dominates to provide the restoring force that enables an oscillation. A subset of the phases of matter, fluids include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids. ...
Flutter: In electronics, rapid variation of signal parameters, such as amplitude, phase, and frequency. ...
Aerodynamics (shaping of objects that affect the flow of air, liquid or gas) is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of forces and gas flows. ...
Airbus A380 An aircraft is any machine capable of atmospheric flight. ...
A Laughing Gull on the beach in Atlantic City. ...
In this diagram, the black arrow represents the direction of the wind. ...
Layers of Atmosphere (NOAA) Air redirects here. ...
The coefficient of lift is a number associated with a particular shape of an aerofoil, and is incorporated in the lift equation to predict the lift force generated by a wing using this particular cross section. ...
Stiffness is the resistance of an elastic body to deflection by an applied force. ...
Coupled oscillations The harmonic oscillator, and the more complicated systems for which it stands as a simple model, has a single degree of freedom. More complicated systems have more degrees of freedom, for example two masses and two springs. In such cases, energy is converted between the respective inertias of each degree of freedom and the several restoring forces in the system. This leads to a coupling of the oscillations of the individual degrees of freedom. For example, two pendulum clocks mounted on a common wall will tend to synchronise. The apparent motions of the individual oscillations typically appears very complicated but a more economic, computationally simpler and conceptually deeper description is given by resolving the motion into normal modes. Degrees of freedom is a general term used in explaining dependence on parameters, and implying the possibility of counting the number of those parameters. ...
Various normal modes in a 1D-lattice. ...
Continuous systems - waves As the number of degrees of freedom becomes indefinitely large, a system approaches continuity, for example, a string or the surface of a body of water. Such systems have an infinite number of normal modes and their oscillations occur in the form of waves that have the characteristic that they can propagate. Look up continuum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Water is a tasteless, odorless substance that is essential to all known forms of life and is known as the universal solvent. ...
Infinity is a word carrying a number of different meanings in mathematics, philosophy, theology and everyday life. ...
A wave is a disturbance that propagates through space or spacetime, often transferring energy. ...
Neural systems Neural oscillations occur in individual cells and cell ensembles. Depending on the frequency, brain area and behavior associated with neuronal oscillations, a diversity of functions have been suggested. The concept of neural oscillations is close to the concept of brain waves. ...
Examples See also: list of wave topics This is a list of wave topics, by Wikipedia page. ...
Mechanical Simple gravity pendulum assumes no air resistance and no friction of/at the nail/screw. ...
In horology, a double pendulum is a system of two simple pendulums on a common mounting which move in anti-phase. ...
Foucaults Pendulum in the Panthéon, Paris A Foucault pendulum, or Foucaults pendulum, named after the French physicist Léon Foucault, was conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth; its action is a result of the Coriolis effect. ...
A string instrument (or stringed instrument) is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings. ...
A vibration in a string is a wave. ...
A brass, spherical Helmholtz resonator based on his original design, from around 1890-1900. ...
The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is a mile-long (1600 meter) suspension bridge with a main span of 2800 foot (850 m) (the third-largest in the world when it was first built) that carries Washington State Route 16 across the Tacoma Narrows of Puget Sound from Tacoma to Gig Harbor...
A tuning fork is a simple metal two-pronged fork with the tines formed from a U-shaped bar of elastic material (usually steel). ...
A little girl playing on a swing A swing is a hanging seat in a playground, for acrobats in a circus, or on a porch for relaxing. ...
Electrical The Armstrong Oscillator is named for Edwin Armstrong, its inventor. ...
An astable multivibrator is an electronic circuit that has two states, neither one of which is stable. ...
Solid-state Blocking Oscillator (using NPN transistor) A blocking oscillator is the minimal configuration of discrete electronic components which can produce a free-running signal, requiring only a capacitor, transformer, and one amplifying component. ...
The Clapp oscillator is one of several types of electronic oscillator constructed from a transistor (or vacuum tube) and a positive feedback network. ...
A Colpitts oscillator, named after its inventor Edwin H. Colpitts, is one of a number of designs for electronic oscillator circuits. ...
A crystal oscillator (sometimes abbreviated to XTAL on schematic diagrams) is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a physical crystal of piezoelectric material along with an amplifier and feedback to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. ...
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. ...
Schematic diagram The Hartley oscillator is an LC electronic oscillator that derives its feedback from a tapped coil in parallel with a capacitor (the tank circuit). ...
A relaxation oscillator is an oscillator in which a capacitor is charged gradually and then discharged rapidly. ...
An RLC circuit (also known as a resonant circuit or a tuned circuit) is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C), connected in series or in parallel. ...
Classic Wien bridge oscillator A Wien bridge oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator that generates sine waves. ...
Electro-mechanical A microphone, sometimes referred to as a mike or mic (both IPA pronunciation: ), is an acoustic to electric transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. ...
Closeup of a loudspeaker driver Wall-mounted loudspeaker. ...
Biological The Lotka-Volterra equations, also known as the predator-prey equations, are a pair of first order, non-linear, differential equations frequently used to describe the dynamics of biological systems in which two species interact, one a predator and one its prey. ...
Human Pilot-induced oscillations (PIO) occur when the pilot of an aircraft inadvertently commands an often increasing series of corrections in opposite directions, each an attempt to correct for the previous overcorrection with an overcorrection in the opposite direction. ...
Voice production is the generation of sound in the human speech organs. ...
Electroencephalography is the neurophysiologic measurement of the electrical activity of the brain by recording from electrodes placed on the scalp or, in special cases, subdurally or in the cerebral cortex. ...
Good Vibrations is a pop single produced by Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys. ...
Economic and social // [edit] Introduction [edit] Definition If we were to take snapshots of an economy at different points in time, no two photos would look alike. ...
Climate and geophysics The Chandler wobble is a small variation in Earths axis of rotation, discovered by American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891. ...
Chart of ocean surface temperature anomaly [°C] during the last strong El Niño in December 1997 El Niño and La Niña (also written in English as El Nino and La Nina) are major temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. ...
The QBO (quasi-biennial oscillation) is a quasi-periodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere with a mean period of 28 months. ...
The tide is the cyclic rising and falling of Earths ocean surface caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the Earth. ...
Earth (IPA: , often referred to as the Earth, Terra, or Planet Earth) is the third planet in the solar system in terms of distance from the Sun, and the fifth largest. ...
The worlds oceans as seen from the South Pacific Ocean Oceans (from Okeanos in Greek, the ancient Greeks noticing the strong current that flowed off Gibraltar and assuming it was a great river) cover almost three quarters (71%) of the surface of the Earth, and nearly half of the...
Chemical A Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction, is one of a class of reactions that result in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator. ...
See also In mathematics, the reciprocal, or multiplicative inverse, of a number x is the number which, when multiplied by x, yields 1. ...
A dynamical system is a concept in mathematics where a fixed rule describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space. ...
Feedback is (generally) information about actions. ...
The word stability has a number of technical meanings, all related to the common meaning of the word. ...
Self oscillation is a term usually used when describing a voltage controlled filter of an analog synthesizer. ...
In mathematics, a periodic function is a function that repeats its values after some definite period has been added to its independent variable. ...
A signal generator, also known variously as a test signal generator, tone generator (in audio only), waveform generator, or frequency generator is an electronic instrument that generates repeating electronic signals (in either the analog or digital domains). ...
In the study of dynamical systems, an attractor is a set, curve, or space to which a system irreversibly evolves, if left undisturbed. ...
A tuned mass damper is a device mounted in structures to prevent discomfort, damage or outright structural failure by vibration. ...
See also The Vibrators for the British punk band and Vibrator (album) for the 1995 album by Terence Trent DArby A vibrator is a mechanical device that is designed to generate vibrations. ...
// Rhythm (Greek Ïυθμός = tempo) is the variation of the duration of sounds or other events over time. ...
A circadian rhythm is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria. ...
This is a list of named time periods defined in various fields of study. ...
Simple gravity pendulum assumes no air resistance and no friction of/at the nail/screw. ...
External links . Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
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