Osip Mandelstam

Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam (also spelled Mandelshtam) (Russian: О́сип Эми́льевич Мандельшта́м) (January 15 [O.S. January 3] 1891 – December 27, 1938) was a Jewish Russian poet and essayist, one of the foremost members of the Acmeist school of poets. Osip Mandelstam File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Osip Mandelstam File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... In Britain and countries of the British Empire, Old Style or O.S. after a date means that the date is in the Julian calendar, in use in those countries until 1752; New Style or N.S. means that the date is in the Gregorian calendar, adopted on 14 September... 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (362nd in leap years). ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... A poet is some one who writes poetry. ... An essayist is an author who writes compositions which can be about any particular subject. ... Acmeism, in terms of poetry, was a school which emerged in the early 1900s in Russia. ...

Life and work

Mandelstam was born in Warsaw, to a wealthy Jewish family. His father, a tanner by trade, was able to receive a dispensation freeing the family from the pale of settlement, and soon after Osip's birth they moved to Saint Petersburg. In 1900 Mandelstam entered the prestigious Tenishevsky school, which also counts Vladimir Nabokov and other significant figures of Russian (and Soviet) culture among its alumni. His first poems were printed in the school's almanac in 1907. Warsaw (Polish: , (?), in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto StoÅ‚eczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта оседлости - cherta osedlosti) was a western border region of Imperial Russia in which permanent residence of Jews was allowed, extending from the pale or demarcation line, to near the border with eastern/central Europe. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and Petrograd (Петрогра́д, 1914–1924), is a city located in Northwestern Russia on the delta of the river Neva at the east end of the Gulf of Finland... 1900 (MCM) was an exceptional common year starting on Monday. ... Vladimir Nabokov This page is about the novelist. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ...

In April 1908 Mandelstam decided to enter the Sorbonne to study literature and philosophy, but he left the following year to attend the University of Heidelberg, and in 1911 - for the University of St. Petersburg. He never finished any formal post-secondary education. 1911 is also the year of Mandelstam's conversion to Christianity. 1908 (MCMVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The historic University of Paris (French: Université de Paris) first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was in 1970 reorganized as 13 autonomous universities (University of Paris I–XIII). ... The Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg (German Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; also known as simply University of Heidelberg) was established in the town of Heidelberg in the Rhineland in 1386. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Categories: Russia-related stubs | Universities and colleges in Russia | Saint Petersburg ... Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus as recounted in the New Testament. ...

Mandelstam's poetry, acutely populist in spirit after the first Russian revolution, became closely associated with symbolist imagery, and in 1911 he and several other young Russian poets formed "Poets' Guild" (Russian: Цех Поэтов, Tsekh Poetov), under the formal leadership of Nikolai Gumilyov and Sergei Gorodetsky. The nucleus of this group would then become known as Acmeists. Mandelstam had authored the manifesto for the new movement - The Morning Of Acmeism (1913, published in 1919). 1913 also saw the publication of the first collection of poems, The Stone (Russian: Камень, Kamyen), to be reissued in 1916 in a greatly expanded format, but under the same title. Populism is a political philosophy or rhetorical style that holds that the common persons interests are oppressed or hindered by the elite in society, and that the instruments of the state need to be grasped from this self-serving elite and used for the benefit and advancement of the... The Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide spasm of both anti-government and undirected violence. ... La mort du fossoyeur (The death of the gravedigger) by Carlos Schwabe is a visual compendium of Symbolist motifs. ... Nikolai Gumilev during his senior years in gymnasium Nikolay Stepanovich Gumilyov (Russian: , April 15 NS 1886 - August 1921) was an influential Russian poet who founded the acmeism movement. ... Sergei Gorodetsky (Russian: January 17 (January 5 (O.S.)), 1884— June 8, 1967) was a Russian poet, one of the founders (together with Nikolay Gumilyov) of Guild of Poets (Цех поэтов). Categories: Russian poets | 1884 births | 1967 deaths | Russian people stubs ... Acmeism, in terms of poetry, was a school which emerged in the early 1900s in Russia. ... 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1922 Mandelstam arrived in Moscow with his newlywed wife Nadezhda. At the same time his second book of poems, Tristia, was published in Berlin. For several years after that, he almost completely abandoned poetry, concentrating on essays, literary criticism, memoirs (The Din Of Time, Russian: Шум времени, Shum vremeni; Feodosia - both 1925) and small-format prose (The Egyptian Stamp, Russian: Египетская марка, Yegipetskaya marka - 1928). As a day job, he translated (19 books in 6 years), then worked as a correspondent for a newspaper. 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Moscow (Russian: Москва́, Moskva, IPA: ) is the capital of Russia and the countrys principal political, economic, financial, educational and transportation center, located on the river Moskva. ... Nadezhda Mandelstam Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam (Russian: , neé Hazin; 18 October 1899 — 29 December 1980) was a Russian writer and a wife of poet Osip Mandelstam. ... For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation). ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

NKVD photo after the first arrest

Mandelstam's non-conformist, anti-establishment tendencies always simmered not far from the surface, and in the autumn of 1933 they broke through in form of the famous "Stalin Epigram" ("Мы живем, под собою не чуя страны...": "We live, not feeling the land beneath us..."). The poem, sharply criticising the "Kremlin highlander", was described elsewhere as a "sixteen line death sentence", likely prompted by Mandelstam's seeing (in the summer of that year, while vacationing in Crimea) the effects of the Great Famine, a result of Stalin's collectivisation in the USSR and his drive to exterminate the "kulaks". Six months later Mandelstam was arrested. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (690x965, 188 KB) Summary Scanned from Russian edition of Mandelstams collected work. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (690x965, 188 KB) Summary Scanned from Russian edition of Mandelstams collected work. ... 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Motto: Процветание в единстве - Prosperity in unity Anthem: Нивы и горы твои волшебны, Родина - Your fields and mounts are wonderful, Motherland Capital Simferopol Largest cities Simferopol, Eupatoria, Kerch, Theodosia, Yalta Official language Ukrainian. ... Child victim of the Holodomor The Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомор) was a famine in the territory of Soviet Ukraine in the years 1932–1933. ... Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879[1] – March 5, 1953) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and leader of the Soviet Union. ... In the Soviet Union, collectivisation was a policy introduced in the late 1920s, of consolidation of individual land and labour into co-operatives called collective farms (Russian: колхоз, kolkhoz) and state farms (sovkhozes). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

However, after the customary pro forma inquest he not only was spared his life, but the sentence did not even include labor camps - a miraculous event, usually explained by historians as owing to Stalin's personal interest in his fate. Mandelstam was "only" exiled to Cherdyn in Northern Ural. After his attempt to commit suicide the regime was softened, and he was banished from the largest cities but otherwise allowed to choose his new place of residence. His wife joined him in Voronezh. Gulag ( , Russian: ) is an acronym for Главное Управление Исправительно—Трудовых Лагерей и колоний, Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii, The Chief Directorate [or Administration] of Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies of the NKVD. Anne Applebaum, in her book Gulag: A History, explains: Literally, the word GULAG is an acronym, meaning Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei, or Main Camp... Cherdyn (Russian: ) is a town in Perm Krai, Russia. ... Ural (Russian: ) is a geographical region in Russia, around Ural Mountains. ... Suicide (from Latin sui caedere, to kill oneself) is the act of willfully ending ones own life. ... Voronezh (Воро́неж) is a large city in the south of Central Russia, not far from Ukraine. ...

NKVD photo after the second arrest

This proved a temporary reprieve. In the coming years, Mandelstam would (as was expected of him) write several poems which seemed to glorify Stalin (including Ode To Stalin), but in 1937, at the outset of the Great Purge, the literary establishment began the systematic assault on him in print, first locally and soon after that from Moscow, accusing him of harboring anti-Soviet views. Early next year Mandelstam and his wife received a government voucher for a vacation not far from Moscow; upon arrival he was promptly arrested again. Photo of Osip Mandelstam made by the NKVD after his arrest File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Photo of Osip Mandelstam made by the NKVD after his arrest File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Great Purge (Russian: ) is the name given to campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s. ... Anti-Soviet refers to persons and activities actually or allegedly aimed against the Soviet Union or the Soviet power within the Soviet Union. ...

Four months later Mandelstam was sentenced to hard labor. He arrived at transit camp near Vladivostok and managed to pass on a note to his wife back home with a request for warm clothes; he never received them. The official cause of his death is an unspecified illness. City and harbor of Vladivostok with the Statue to the fighters for Soviet power in the Far East (bottom right) Vladivostok (Russian: ) is the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia, situated close to the Russo-Chinese border and North Korea. ...

Nadezhda Mandelstam presented her account of the events surrounding her husband's life in Hope against Hope (ISBN 1860466354) and later continued with Hope Abandoned (ISBN 0689105495). Nadezhda Mandelstam Nadezhda Yakovlevna Mandelstam (Russian: , neé Hazin; 18 October 1899 — 29 December 1980) was a Russian writer and a wife of poet Osip Mandelstam. ...