Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz (b. August 5 is the 217th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (218th in leap years), with 148 days remaining. August Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... August 5, Years: 1869 1870 1871 - 1872 - 1873 1874 1875 Decades: 1840s 1850s 1860s - 1870s - 1880s 1890s 1900s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1872 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Rail transport - Science - Sport Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders Contents // 1 Events 1.1... 1872, São Luíz de Paraitinga, São Paulo, For other uses, see Brazil (disambiguation). The Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil in Portuguese) is the largest and most populous country in South America_ it is actually larger than mainland USA. Spanning a vast area between the central South America and the Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Peru... Brazil; d. February 11 is the 42nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 323 days remaining, 324 in leap years. February Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19... February 11, Years: 1914 1915 1916 - 1917 - 1918 1919 1920 Decades: 1880s 1890s 1900s - 1910s - 1920s 1930s 1940s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1917 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1917, Petrópolis, Ipanema beach A NASA satellite image of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro (meaning River of January in Portuguese) is the name of both a state and a city in southeastern Brazil. The city is famous for the hotel-lined tourist beaches Copacabana and Ipanema, for the giant statue of... Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazilian The word physician should not be confused with physicist, which means a scientist in the area of physics. A physician is a person who practices medicine. In the United States the term physician is traditional and commonly used. In Britain and Australia, the term doctor is more common as physician... physician, Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including unicellular (single-celled) eukaryotes and prokaryotes, fungi, and viruses. Today, most of the work in microbiology is done using methods from biochemistry and genetics. It is also related to pathology, immunology, and epidemiology as many... bacteriologist, Epidemiology (Greek epi = upon, among; demos = people, district; logos = word, discourse), defined literally, is the study of epidemics in humans. It is a broad field of study that uses principles of investigation, medicine, and biostatistical methodology. There are many different types of epidemiology, just as there are many different specialities... epidemiologist and Public Health is an aspect of Health Services concerned with threats to the overall health of the population of a community based on population health analysis. It generally includes surveillance and control of infectious disease and promotion of healthy behaviours (health promotion),among members of the community. Both vaccination programs... public health officer and the founder of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute.

Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz was born on August 5, 1872 in São Luis de Paraitinga, a small city in São Paulo State, to the physician Bento Gonçalvez Cruz and Amália Bulhões Cruz. Still a child, he moved to Rio de Janeiro with his family. At the age of 15 he started to study at the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro and in 1892 he graduated as medical doctor with a thesis on water as vehicle for the propagation of A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). Microorganisms are often illustrated using single-celled, or unicellular, organisms; however, some unicellular protists are visible to the naked eye, and some multicellular species are microscopic. All unicellular organisms are... microbes. Inspired by the great work of Louis Pasteur French microbiologist and chemist Born December 27, 1822 Dole, Jura, France Died September 28, 1895 Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, France Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist who demonstrated the germ theory of disease and developed techniques of inoculation... Louis Pasteur, who had developed the The germ theory of disease states that many diseases are caused by microorganisms, and that microorganisms grow by reproduction, rather than being spontaneously generated. Microorganisms were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation and the growth of microorganisms in nutrient broths was not caused by spontaneous... germ theory of A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. Sometimes the term is used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, syndromes, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while... disease, four years later he went to For other uses, see Paris (disambiguation). The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. Paris is the capital city of France, as well as the capital of the Île-de-France région, whose territory encompasses Paris and its suburbs. The city of Paris proper is... Paris to specialize in Microbiology (in Greek micron = small and biologia = studying life) is the study of microorganisms, including unicellular (single-celled) eukaryotes and prokaryotes, fungi, and viruses. Today, most of the work in microbiology is done using methods from biochemistry and genetics. It is also related to pathology, immunology, and epidemiology as many... Bacteriology at the The Pasteur Institute (French: Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, microorganisms, diseases and vaccines. It is named after Louis Pasteur, its founder and first director and who, in 1885 had successfully developed the first antirabies serum. It was founded in June... Pasteur Institute, which gathered the great names of this branch of science of that time. He was financed by his father-in-law, a wealthy Portuguese merchant.

Back from Europe, Oswaldo Cruz found the seaport of Santos State São Paulo Area: 281 km2 Population: 437 000 (Estimate: 07/2003) Height: 2 m above sea level Postcode (CEP): 11100-000 Geographic location: 23° 58 S 46° 20 E Address of the local government: Preifeitura Municipal de Santos Secretaria da Cidadania Praça Mauá, s/nº- 4... Santos ravaged by a violent An epidemic is generally a widespread disease that affects many individuals in a population. An epidemic may be restricted to one locale or may even be global (pandemic). An outbreak of a disease is defined as being epidemic, however, not by how many members or what proportion of the population... epidemic of Plague redirects here. If you are looking for plagues in general, see disease, infectious disease, pandemic or epidemic. This article concerns the disease itself. For information on the specific outbreak that is estimated to have killed one-third of the European population in the mid-1300s, see Black Death. Bubonic... bubonic plague that threatened to reach Rio de Janeiro and engaged himself immediately in the combat of this disease. The mayor of Rio de Janeiro authorized the construction of a plant for manufacturing the serum against the disease which had been developed at the Pasteur Institute by Alexandre Emile John Yersin (b. September 22nd, 1863, Lavaux, Vaud canton, Switzerland; d. February 28th, 1943, Nha Trang, Vietnam) was a Swiss physician and bacteriologist. One owes to him the discovery of the bacillus of the bubonic plague or pest, which was renamed in his honour (Yersinia pestis). From 1883... Alexandre Yersin and coworkers, and asked the institution for a scientist who could bring to Brazil this know-how. The Pasteur Institute responded that such a person was already available in Brazil and he was Dr. Oswaldo Cruz.

Thus, on May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). There are 220 days remaining. May Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... May 25, For the film, see 1900 (film). 1900 is a common year starting on Monday. Years: 1897 1898 1899 - 1900 - 1901 1902 1903 Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s - 1900s - 1910s 1920s 1930s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1900 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation... 1900, the Federal Serotherapy Institute destined to the production of sera and A bottle and a syringe containing the influenza vaccine. A vaccine (named after vaccinia, the infectious agent of cowpox, which, when vaccinated, provides protection against smallpox) is used to enhance to response of the immune system. It may prepare a human or animals immune system to defend the body... vaccines against the bubonic plague was created with the Baron Pedro Afonso as Director General and the young bacteriologist Oswaldo Cruz as Technical Director. The new Institute was established in the old farm of Manguinhos (Portuguese for Above and below water view at the edge of the mangal Mangroves are woody trees or shrubs that grow in mangrove habitats or mangal (Hogarth, 1999). The mangrove is often considered a type of biome. Mangrove habitat is exclusively tropical and tidal, and therefore having soil or sediment that is... mangrove) at the western shores of Entrance to Guanabara Bay In Portuguese, Baía da Guanabara is an oceanic bay located in southeastern Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro. In its southwest shore is the city of Rio de Janeiro and in its southeast shore the city of Niterói. Four other counties surround... Guanabara Bay. In Years: 1899 1900 1901 - 1902 - 1903 1904 1905 Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s - 1900s - 1910s 1920s 1930s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1902 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1902, Cruz accepted the office of Director General of the new institute and soon amplified its scope of activities, now no longer restricted to the production of sera but also dedicated to basic and applied research and to the building of human resources. In the following year, Oswaldo Cruz was appointed Director General of Public Health, a position corresponding to that of a today's Minister of Health. Using the Federal Serotherapy Institute as technical-scientific base, he started a quick sucession of memorable Sanitation is a term for the hygienic disposal or recycling of waste materials, particularly human excrement. Sanitation is an important public health measure which is essential for the prevention of disease. Topics Toilets and the invention of the water closet sewers and sewage treatment cesspits the germ theory of disease... sanitation campaigns. His first adversary: a yellow fever endemics, which had earned Rio de Janeiro the bad reputation of Foreigners' Grave. Between 1897 and 1906, 4,000 European immigrants had died there from this disease.

Cruz was initially successfull in the sanitary campaign against the bubonic plague, to which end he used obligatory notification of cases, isolation of sick people, treatment with the sera produced at Manguinhos and extermination of the Rodents Capybara, the largest living rodent Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Families Many, see text The order Rodentia is the most numerous of all the branches on the mammal family tree. Currently there are, depending on the authority consulted, between 2000 and 3000 species of... rats populating the city.

In 1904, a smallpox epidemic was threatening the capital. In the course of the first five months of that year, nothing less than 1,800 persons had already been hospitalized. A law imposing smallpox vaccination of children in existence since 1837 had never had been put into practice. Thus, on June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. June Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... June 9, 1904 is a leap year starting on a Friday (link will take you to calendar). Years: 1901 1902 1903 - 1904 - 1905 1906 1907 Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s - 1900s - 1910s 1920s 1930s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1904 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology... 1904, following a proposal by Oswaldo Cruz, the government presented a bill to the Congress claiming for the reestablishment of the obligatory smallpox vaccination. The extremely rigid and severe provisions of this instrument terrified the people. Popular opposition against Oswaldo Cruz increased sharply and opposition newspapers started a violent campaign against this measure and the federal government in general. Members of the parliament and labor unions protested. An Anti-vaccination League was organized.

On November 13 is the 317th day of the year (318th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 48 days remaining. November Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa   1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20... November 13th, the Vaccine Revolt exploded in Rio. Violent confrontations with the police ensued, with Strike has many meanings: A strike is a deliberate absence from work. See strike action. A strike is an unarmed attack with hand, arm or elbow in order to cause harm to an opponent. See strike (attack). Strike is the generic name for a blunt, crushing attack made with or... strikes, barricades, and shootings in the streets, as the population rose in protest against the government. On November 14, the Military Academy adhered to the revolt but the cadets where dispersed after an intense shooting. The government declared a state of siege. On November 16, the uprising was controlled and the obligatory vaccination was suspended. But in 1908, a violent smallpox epidemic made the people rush en masse to the vaccination units and Cruz was vindicated, and his merit, recognized.

Among the international scientific community, his prestige was already uncontested. In 1907, on occasion of the 14th International Congress on Hygiene and Demography in For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation). State of Berlin State and Service Flags State and Service Flags of Berlin Coat of arms Map of Germany showing Berlin Basic Information Area: 891.69 km² Population: 3,388,477 (December 2003) Population density: 3800 residents/km² Elevation: 34 m above... Berlin, he was awarded with the gold medal in recognition of the sanitation of Rio de Janeiro, In 1909, Oswaldo Cruz retired from the position as Director General for Public Health, dedicating himself exclusively to the Manguinhos Institute, which has been named after him. From the Institute he organized important scientific expeditions, which allowed a better knowledge about the health and life conditions in the interior of the country and contributed to the colonization of different regions. He eradicated the urban yellow fever in the State of Pará. His sanitation campaign in the state of Amazonas is the name of four subnational entities in various South American nations. All are named after the Amazon River: Amazonas, a state of Brazil Amazonas, a department of Colombia Amazonas, a region of Peru Amazonas, a state of Venezuela This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which... Amazonas allowed concluding the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré This is the top-level page of WikiProject trains Rail tracks Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. These consist of two parallel rails, usually of steel, generally mounted upon cross-sectional beams (termed sleepers or ties) of timber, concrete or other... railroad, which was interrupted due to the great number of deaths of Red blood cell infected with P.vivax Malaria (Italian: bad air; formerly called ague or marsh fever in English) is an infectious disease which causes about 500 million infections and 2 million deaths annually, mainly in the tropics and sub-Saharan Africa. The protozoan cause of malaria was discovered by... malaria and yellow fever among the workers.

In 1913, he was elected a member of the Brazilian Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1915, due to health problems, he resigned from the direction of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute and moved to Petrópolis, a small city in the mountains near Rio. On August 18, 1916, he was elected mayor of that city and outlined an extensive Urbanization is the degree of or increase in urban character or nature. It may refer to a geographical area combining urban and rural parts, or to the transformation of an individual locality from less to more urban. The term can describe a condition at a specific time, namely the proportion... urbanization project he should not see implanted. In the morning of February 11, 1917, with only 44 years of age, he passed away in consequence of a renal crisis.

As a consequence of the short but fruitful life of Dr. Oswaldo Cruz, an extremely important scientific and health institution was born, which marked the beginning of experimental medicine in Brazil in many areas. It exherts strongly its influence to this day on Brazilian science, technology and public health.

References

• Buss, Paulo (June 2001). The Oswaldo Cruz Foundation: 100 years (http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/tdrnews/news65/oswaldo-cruz.htm). TDRNews 65. Retrieved 2005-03-02.
• Oswaldo Cruz (1872-1917) (http://www.fiocruz.br/ingles/historia/oswaldo.htm) at FIOCRUZ: Oswald Cruz Foundation (http://www.fiocruz.br/). Retrieved 2005-03-02.

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