Otto Yulievich Schmidt (Russian: О́тто Ю́льевич Шмидт; 30 September [O.S. 18 September] 1891 — September 7, 1956) was a Soviet scientist, mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist, statesman, academician, Hero of the USSR (6.27.1937), and member of the Communist Party. is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Old Style redirects here. ... Year 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 250th day of the year (251st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A car from 1956 Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... CCCP redirects here. ... A scientist, in the broadest sense, refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices and traditions that are linked to schools of thought or philosophy. ... Leonhard Euler, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and research is the field of mathematics. ... Galileo is often referred to as the Father of Modern Astronomy. ... Geophysics, the study of the earth by quantitative physical methods, especially by seismic reflection and refraction, gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, and radioactivity methods. ... Statesman is a respectful term used to refer to politicians, and other notable figures of state. ... The title Academician denotes a Full Member of an art, literary, or scientific academy. ... Hero of the Soviet Union (Геро́й Сове́тского Сою́за) was the highest honorary title and the superior degree of distinction of the former USSR. It included the Order of Lenin (the highest Soviet award) and, as the sign of excellence, the Gold Star medal with the certificate of the heroic deed... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( Russian: Коммунисти́ческая Па́ртия Сове́тского Сою́за = КПСС) was the name used by the successors of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party from 1952 to 1991, but the wording Communist Party was present in the partys name since 1918 when...

Biography

He was born in Mogilyov, Imperial Russia (now Belarus). In 1913, Schmidt married Vera Yanitskaia Vera Schmidt (psychoanalyst) and graduated from the University of Kiev, where he worked as a privat-docent starting from 1916. After the October Revolution of 1917, he was a board member at a few People's Commissariats (narkomats), such as Narkomprod from 1918-1920 (Narodnyi Komissariat Prodovolstviya, or People's Commissariat for Supplies), Narkomfin from 1921-1922 (Narodnyi Komissariat Finansov, or People's Commissariat for Finances). Schmidt was one of the chief proponents of developing the higher education system, publishing, and science in Soviet Russia. Mahilyow, or Mahileu (Belarusian: Магілёў; Russian: Могилёв (Mogilev), Polish Mohylew or Mogilew) is a city in the eastern Belarus, close to the border to Russia with about 300,000 inhabitants. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Year 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Shevchenko Kyiv University in Kyiv is the largest and most important university of Ukraine. ... Privatdozent (PD or Priv. ... Year 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... The October Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was the second phase of the Russian Revolution, the first having been instigated by the events around the February Revolution. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with: :Sovnarkom. ... From 1919 to 1946, functions of ministers in the government of Russia and, later, the Soviet Union were performed by Peoples Commissars (Russian title: Narodny Komissar, or Narkom). ...

He worked at Narkompros (Narodnyi Komissariat Prosvescheniya, or People's Commissariat for Education), the State Scientific Board at the Soviet of People's Commissars of the USSR, and the Communist Academy. Schmidt was also employed as the director of the State Publishing House (Gosizdat) from 1921-1924, and chief editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia from 1924-1941. From 1923-1956, he was a professor at the Moscow State University, and from 1930-1932, Schmidt was the head of the Arctic Institute. State motto (Russian): Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Soviet republics Area  - Total  - % water 1st before collapse 22,402,200 km² Approx. ... Publishing houses in the Soviet Union, with the exception of the brief initial period and the period of perestroika before the collapse of the Soviet Union, were state enterprizes under strict ideological control and censorship for the compliance with the communist ideology under the guidelines of the CPSU. // On August... Title page of the 3rd ed. ... Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russian: Московский государственный университет имени Ðœ.Ð’.Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ, MSU, MGU) is the largest and the oldest university in Russia, founded in 1755. ...

From 1932-1939, he was appointed head of Glavsevmorput' (Glavnoe upravlenie Severnogo Morskogo Puti) - an establishment that oversaw all commercial operations on the Northern Sea Route. From 1939-1942, Schmidt became a vice-president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, where he organized the Institute of Theoretical Geophysics (he was its director until 1949). Otto Schmidt is a founder of the Moscow Algebra School, which he directed for many years to come. The Northern Sea Route (Russian Северный морской путь) is a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast of Russia. ... A vice president is an officer in government or business who is next in rank below a president. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In mid 1940s, Schmidt suggested a new cosmogonical hypothesis on the formation of the Earth and other planets of the Solar system, which he continued to develop together with a group of Soviet scientists until his death. Cosmogony [Gr. ... Look up Hypothesis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about Earth as a planet. ... This article is about the astronomical term. ... This article is about the Solar System. ...

Portrait by Mikhail Nesterov.

Schmidt was a celebrated explorer of the Arctic. In 1929 and 1930, he led expeditions on the steam icebreaker Georgy Sedov, establishing the first scientific research station on the Franz Josef Land, exploring the northwestern parts of the Kara Sea and western coasts of Severnaya Zemlya, and discovering a few islands. Holy Vision to Youth Bartholomew (1890) Mikhail Vasilyevich Nesterov (May 19, 1862, Ufa - October 18, 1942, Moscow) was a leading representative of religious Symbolism in Russian art. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see Steam (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Icebreaker (disambiguation). ... Location of Franz Josef Land (Map is annotated in German). ... A map showing the location of the Kara Sea. ... Severnaya Zemlya, Russia Severnaya Zemlya (Russian: , Northern Land) is an archipelago located in the Russian high Arctic at around . ...

In 1932, Schmidt's expedition on the steam icebreaker Sibiryakov with Captain Vladimir Voronin made a non-stop voyage from Arkhangelsk to the Pacific Ocean without wintering for the first time in history. Year 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1932 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Arkhangelsk (Russian: ), formerly called Archangel in English, is a city in and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. ... Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld by Axel Jungstedt 1902 Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld with the Vega by Georg von Rosen Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld Baron (Nils) Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld [IPA: [nuːrdenʃɶld]], also known as A. E. Nordenskioeld (November 18, 1832, Helsinki...

From 1933-1934, Schmidt led the voyage of the steamship Cheliuskin, also with Captain Vladimir Voronin, along the Northern Sea Route. In 1937, he supervised an airborne expedition that established a drift-ice research station "North Pole - 1". In 1938, he was in charge of evacuating its personnel from the ice. Paddle steamers - Lucerne-Switzerland Left: original paddlewheel from a paddle steamer on the lake of Lucerne. ... Chelyuskin («Челюскин» in Russian) was a Soviet steamship ice-bound in Arctic waters during navigation along the Northern Maritime Route from Murmansk to Vladivostok. ... Year 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Drift ice consists of slabs of ice that float on the surface of the water in cold regions. ... Year 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Otto Schmidt was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the first convocation. He was awarded three Orders of Lenin, three other orders and many medals. An island in the Kara Sea, a cape on the coastline of the Chukchi Sea, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Institute of the Earth Physics at the Soviet Academy of Science and others bear Schmidt's name. The Supreme Soviet (Верховный Совет, Verhovniy Sovet, literally the Supreme Council) comprised the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in the interim of the sessions of the Congress of Soviets, and the only one with the power to pass constitutional amendments. ... Chamber of Deputies is the name given to a legislative body, which may either be the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or the name of a unicameral one. ... The Supreme Soviet (Russian: , Verhovniy Sovet, literally the Supreme Council) comprised the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in the interim of the sessions of the Congress of Soviets, and the only one with the power to pass constitutional amendments. ... A Convocation (Latin calling together, translating the Greek ecclesia) is a group of people formally assembled for a special purpose. ... The Order of Lenin (in Russian, the Orden Lenina (О́рден Ле́нина)), named after the leader of the Russian Revolution, was the highest national order of the Soviet Union. ... A map showing the location of the Kara Sea. ... Chukchi Sea (Russian: Чуко́тское мо́ре) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between Chukotka and Alaska. ... Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Russian: , transliteration: Chukotsky avtonomny okrug; Chukchi: Чукоткакэн автономныкэн округ), or Chukotka (), is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug) located in the Far Eastern Federal District. ...

Legacy

A minor planet 2108 Otto Schmidt discovered in 1948 by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Fedorovna Shajn is named after him.^[1] Minor planets, or asteroids or planetoids, are minor celestial bodies of the Solar system orbiting the Sun (mostly Small solar system bodies) that are smaller than major planets, but larger than meteoroids (commonly defined as being 10 meters across or less[1]), and that are not comets. ... CCCP redirects here. ... Pelageya Fedorovna Shajn née Sannikova (Пелагея Фёдоровна Шайн) (1894 – August 27, 1956) was a Russian astronomer. ...

See also

• Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route

References

• Aleksey E. Levin, Stephen G. Brush The Origin of the Solar System: Soviet Research 1925-1991. AIP Press, 1995. ISBN 1-56396-281-0
• Brontman, L.K. On top of the world: the Soviet expedition to the North pole, 1937-1938, New York, 1938.
• McCannon, John. Red Arctic: Polar Exploration and the Myth of the North in the Soviet Union, 1932-1939. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
• Otto Iul'evich Shmidt: Zhizn' i deiatel'nost'. Moscow: Nauka, 1959.
• (Russian) Otto Yulievich Shmidt. Website of Shmidt Institute for the Earth Physics. Retrieved on 2006-03-24.