History of Greece series
Aegean Civilization	before 1600 BC
Mycenaean Greece	ca. 1600–1200 BC
Greek Dark Ages	ca. 1200–800 BC
Ancient Greece	776–323 BC
Hellenistic Greece	323 BC–146 BC
Roman Greece	146 BC–330 AD
Byzantine Empire	330 AD–1453 AD
Ottoman Greece	1453–1832
Modern Greece	after 1832
Topics
Economic History	Political History
Military History	Social History
Greek Literature	Names of the Greeks

Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century until its declaration of independence in 1821. The Ottoman Turks first crossed into Europe in 1354. The Byzantine Empire, which had ruled most of the Greek-speaking world, including the Greek peninsula and the Aegean, for over 1100 years, had been fatally weakened since its sack by the Crusaders in 1204. However, by 1261, the Byzantine Empire was able to survive for another two-hundred and fifty years against the new invader before its eventual fall. This article covers the Greek civilization. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (846x166, 30 KB)The Acropolis of Athens lit up at night from Phillopapus Hill. ... Aegean civilization is the general term for the prehistoric civilizations in Greece and the Aegean. ... (Redirected from 1600 BC) Centuries: 18th century BC - 17th century BC - 16th century BC Decades: 1650s BC 1640s BC 1630s BC 1620s BC 1610s BC - 1600s BC - 1590s BC 1580s BC 1570s BC 1560s BC 1550s BC Events and trends Egypt: End of Fourteenth Dynasty The creation of one of... Mycenaean Greece, the last phase of Bronze Age Greece, is the Late Helladic Bronze Age civilization of ancient Greece. ... Centuries: 18th century BC - 17th century BC - 16th century BC Decades: 1650s BC 1640s BC 1630s BC 1620s BC 1610s BC - 1600s BC - 1590s BC 1580s BC 1570s BC 1560s BC 1550s BC Events and trends Egypt: End of Fourteenth Dynasty The creation of one of the oldest surviving astronomical... Centuries: 14th century BC - 13th century BC - 12th century BC Decades: 1250s BC 1240s BC 1230s BC 1220s BC 1210s BC - 1200s BC - 1190s BC 1180s BC 1170s BC 1160s BC 1150s BC Events and Trends 1204 BC - Theseus, legendary King of Athens is deposed after a reign of 30... The Greek Dark Ages (ca. ... Centuries: 14th century BC - 13th century BC - 12th century BC Decades: 1250s BC 1240s BC 1230s BC 1220s BC 1210s BC - 1200s BC - 1190s BC 1180s BC 1170s BC 1160s BC 1150s BC Events and Trends 1204 BC - Theseus, legendary King of Athens is deposed after a reign of 30... Centuries: 10th century BC - 9th century BC - 8th century BC Decades: 850s BC 840s BC 830s BC 820s BC 810s BC - 800s BC - 790s BC 780s BC 770s BC 760s BC 750s BC Events and Trends 804 BC - Hadad-nirari IV of Assyria conquers Damascus. ... Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek-speaking world in ancient times. ... Centuries: 9th century BC - 8th century BC - 7th century BC Decades: 820s BC 810s BC 800s BC 790s BC 780s BC - 770s BC - 760s BC 750s BC 740s BC 730s BC 720s BC Events and Trends 778 BC - Agamestor, King of Athens dies after a reign of 17 years and... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 370s BC 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC - 320s BC - 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 328 BC 327 BC 326 BC 325 BC 324 BC - 323 BC - 322 BC 321 BC 320... The Hellenistic period of Greek history was the period between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the annexation of the Greek peninsula and islands by Rome in 146 BC. Although the establishment of Roman rule did not break the continuity of Hellenistic society and culture, which... Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 370s BC 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC 330s BC - 320s BC - 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 328 BC 327 BC 326 BC 325 BC 324 BC - 323 BC - 322 BC 321 BC 320... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC - 140s BC - 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC Years: 151 BC 150 BC 149 BC 148 BC 147 BC - 146 BC - 145 BC 144 BC... The Greek peninsula became a Roman protectorate in 146 BC, and the Aegean islands were added to this territory in 133. ... Centuries: 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC - 1st century BC Decades: 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC 150s BC - 140s BC - 130s BC 120s BC 110s BC 100s BC 90s BC Years: 151 BC 150 BC 149 BC 148 BC 147 BC - 146 BC - 145 BC 144 BC... Events May 11 - Constantine I refounds Byzantium, renames it New Rome, and moves the capital of the Roman Empire there from Rome. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople. ... Events May 11 - Constantine I refounds Byzantium, renames it New Rome, and moves the capital of the Roman Empire there from Rome. ... Events May 29 - Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). ... Events May 29 - Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... // Treaty of London The history of modern Greece began with the recognition of Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832. ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The military history of Greece includes the history of battles fought in the territory of modern Greece, Cyprus and formerly Greek-speaking areas such as Anatolia, and, the military history of the Greek people regarless of geography. ... At the moment this page contains a list of links. ... Major Greek cities after the first wave of colonization in Magna Graecia in the 8th century BC. It is from contact with these settlers, possibly Graeans of Doric descent that the Greek name became established in the West. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (Ottoman Turkish for the Eternal State) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Constantinople (Ä°stanbul) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 6. ... 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Events End of reign of John VI Cantacuzenus, as Byzantine emperor. ... The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople. ... Greece and the Aegean Sea The Aegean sea in Greece as seen from the island of Greek: Αιγαίον Πέλαγος, Aigaion Pelagos; Turkish: Ege denizi) is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, located between the Greek peninsula and Anatolia (Asia Minor, now part of Turkey). ... This article is about historical Crusades . ... // Events February - Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor. ... Events July 25 - Constantinople re-captured by Nicaean forces under the command of Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Empire re-formed August 29 - Urban IV becomes Pope, the last man to do so without being a Cardinal first Bela IV of Hungary repels Tatar invasion Charles of Anjou given rule of...

Having defeated the Bulgarians in 1371 and the Serbs in 1389, the Ottomans advanced south into Greece proper, taking Athens in 1458. The Greeks held out in the Peloponnese until 1460, and the Venetians and Genoese clung to some of the islands, but by 1500 most of the plains and islands of Greece were in Ottoman hands. The mountains of Greece were left untouched and were a refuge for the majority of Greeks to flee foreign rule. Cyprus fell in 1571, and the Venetians retained Crete until 1670. Only the Ionian Islands, ruled by Venice, were never brought under Ottoman rule. Events End of the reign of Emperor Go-Kogon of Japan, fourth of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders Start of the reign of Emperor Go-Enyu of Japan, fifth and last of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders Charterhouse Carthusian Monastery founded in Aldersgate, London. ... Serbs (in the Serbian language Срби, Srbi) are a south Slavic people living chiefly in Serbia and Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Events February 24 - Margaret I seizes Albert, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden June 28 - Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. ... The Acropolis in central Athens, one of the most important landmarks in world history. ... Events January 24 - Hungary Foundation of Magdalen College, University of Oxford George of Podebrady becomes king of Bohemia Pope Pius II becomes pope Turks sack the Acropolis Births Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet Deaths June 27 - Alfonso V of Aragon August 6 - Pope Callixtus III Marques de Santillana, Spanish poet Categories... Greece and the Peloponnese The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus (Greek: Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesos; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a large peninsula in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. ... Events The first Portuguese navigators reach the coast of modern Sierra Leone. ... Venice is known for its waterways and gondolas Gondola. ... Alternate uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... // Events Europes population was ~60 million. ... Events January 11 - Austrian nobility is granted Freedom of religion. ... Greece and Crete Crete, sometimes spelled Krete (Greek Κρήτη / Kriti; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ... 1670 was a common year beginning on a Saturday in countries using the Julian calendar and a Wednesday in countries using the Gregorian calendar. ... The Ionian Islands (Greek: Ionia Nisia, Ιόνια Νησιά; Ancient Greek: Ionioi Nisoi, Ιόνιοι Νήσοι) are a group of islands in Greece. ...

Ottoman rule

When the Ottomans arrived in Greece, two Greek migrations occurred. The first migration entailed the Greek intelligentsia migrating to Western Europe and influencing the advent of the Renaissance. The second migration entailed Greeks leaving the plains of the Greek peninsula and resettling in the mountains. Being that Greece was (and still is) mostly mountainous, the Ottomans could not conquer the entire Greek peninsula since they did not create either a military or administrative presence in the mountains. By Region: Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance *French Renaissance *German Renaissance *English Renaissance The Renaissance, also known as Rinascimento (in Italian), was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. ...

The Ottomans divided Greece (mostly the plains of the peninsula) into six sanjaks, each ruled by a Sanjakbey accountable to the Sultan, who established his capital in Istanbul (Constantinople) in 1453. Before this division occurred, the Ottomans implemented the millet system, which segregated peoples within the Ottoman Empire based on religion. The millet system contributed to the ethnic cohesion of the Greek people living in the plains. The conquered land was parcelled out to the Sultan's followers, who held it as feudal fiefs (timars and ziamets) directly from him. The land could not be sold or inherited, but reverted to the Sultan when the fiefholder died. So long as this system applied, the Greek peasants were in some ways better off than they had been during the time of the Byzantine Empire. The feudal improvements along with freedom of religion constituted some of the better times the Greek culture had experienced. The Ottoman grace of religious freedom and the right to execute local authority over its lands gave the people of Greece to maintain their culture and their identity. A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings muslim monarch ruling under the terms of shariah The title carries moral weight and religious authority, as the rulers role was defined in the Quran. ... Shows the Location of the Province Ä°stanbul Istanbul (Turkish: Ä°stanbul; a contraction of Greek εις την πολιν into the city, the former Constantinople, Κωνσταντινούπολις) is the largest city in Turkey, and arguably the most important. ... Events May 29 - Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). ...

This map shows the area of the Ottoman Empire at the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1566.

The Ottomans did not require the Greeks to become Muslims, although many did so in order to avert the economic hardships of Ottoman rule. Provided they paid their taxes and gave no trouble, they were left to themselves. Non-Muslims did not serve in the Sultan's army, so the burden of conscription was lifted from the Greek peasants. The exception to this was the "tribute of children," whereby every Christian community was required to give one son in five to be raised as a Muslim and enrolled in the corps of Janissaries (yenicheri or "new force"), an elite unit of the Ottoman army. This impost aroused surprisingly little opposition, probably because service with the Janissaries offered Greek boys the only path to advancement in the Ottoman system. Yet aside from the supposed social benefits of a Greek child being raised as an elite footsoldier of the Ottomans, many Greeks found the "tribute of children" (known to the Greeks as the paidomazoma) as harmful to Greek families that lived in well-knit Greek endogamic societies in the plains (there were Greek endogamic societies in the mountains, but they were much less vulnerable to the institutions of the Ottoman system). Greek "compliance" to the "tribute of children" only existed as a result of Greeks' awareness of the consequences they would face from the Ottomans if resistance were to be shown. Greeks also paid a land tax and a tax on trade, but these were collected irregularly by the inefficient Ottoman administration. Overall, the Greeks living in the plains during Ottoman occupation were either Christians who dealt with the burdens of foreign rule or Crypto-Christians (Greek Muslims who were secret practitioners of the Greek Orthodox faith). Many Greeks became Crypto-Christians in order to avoid heavy taxes and at the same time express their identity by maintaining their secret ties to the Greek Orthodox Church. Crypto-Christians ran the risk of being killed if they were ever caught practicing a non-Muslim religion once they converted to Islam. Greeks who converted to Islam and were not Crypto-Christians were deemed Turks in the eyes of all Orthodox Greeks. Image File history File links Ottoman1566. ... Image File history File links Ottoman1566. ... Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566); in Turkish Süleyman and in the Arabic alphabet سليمان (nicknamed the Magnificent in Europe and the Lawgiver in the Islamic World, in Turkish Kanuni) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and successor to... The Janissaries (or janizaries; in Turkish: Yeniçeri, meaning New Troops) comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultans household troops and bodyguard. ...

The Sultan regarded the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church as the leader of the Greeks within his empire. The Patriarch was accountable to the Sultan for the Greeks' good behaviour, and in exchange he was given wide powers over the Greek community. The Patriarch controlled the courts and the schools, as well as the Church, throughout the Greek communities of the Empire. This made the priest the effective ruler of the Greek village. Some Greek towns, such as Athens and Rhodes, retained municipal self-government, while others were put under Ottoman governors. Some areas, such as the Mani Peninsula in the Peloponnese, remained virtually independent along with the Sphakiots of Crete, and the Souliots (or Souli) of Epirus. For their part, the Patriarchs regarded the tolerant rule of the Ottomans as preferable to rule by the Catholic Venetians, who threatened the Orthodox faith in a way the Ottomans did not. When the Ottomans fought the Venetians, the Greeks generally sided with the Ottomans. Yet, the Greek Orthodox Church, an ethno-religious institution, helped the Greeks from all geographical areas of the peninsula (i.e. mountains, plains, and islands) to preserve their ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and racial heritage. The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox Communion. ... Greek Orthodox Church can refer to: the Orthodox Church of Constantinople, headed by the Patriarch of Constantinople, who is also the first among equals of the Eastern Orthodox Communion. ... The Acropolis in central Athens, one of the most important landmarks in world history. ... Main entrance to the medieval city of Rhodes Rhodes, Greek Ροδος (Rhodos), is the largest of the Dodecanese islands, and easternmost of the major islands of Greece in the Aegean Sea. ... Map of Greece highlighting the Mani peninsula For other meanings of the word Mani, see Mani. ... Greece and the Peloponnese The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus (Greek: Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesos; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a large peninsula in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth. ... Greece and Crete Crete, sometimes spelled Krete (Greek Κρήτη / Kriti; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is the largest of the Greek islands and the fifth largest in the Mediterranean Sea. ... The Breathtaking Colossal Mountains of Souli The Souliots (Σουλιώτες (Souliotes) and Σούλι (Souli) and anciently as Selloi) are the inhabitants of the mountains of Mourgas in Epirus in northwestern Greece, the villagers of the Τετραχώρι (Τetrahori) or Four Villages, who made themselves famous in the 19th century by their resistance to the Ottoman... Epirus (Greek Ήπειρος, Ípeiros), is a province or periphery in northwestern Greece, bounded by West Macedonia and Thessaly to the east, by the Ambracian Gulf and the province of West Greece to the south, the Ionian Sea and the Ionian Islands to the west and Albania to the north. ...

The White Tower was built in Thessaloniki in the 15th Century. Salonika, as it was called, was a thriving multi-cultural city during Ottoman times.

The incorporation of Greece into the Ottoman Empire had other long-term consequences. Economic activity declined to a great extent, but the Greek population did not plummet as significantly as many scholars assume. There was an extant Greek population in the mountains of Greece and was reinforced by the second major Greek migration. Those Greeks that remained in the plains of Greece were a part of the censes conducted by Ottoman authorities. The results of these censes falsely provided a sweeping generalization of the entire Greek population in Greece as being very low and near extinction. No Ottoman authority attempted to take a census of Greeks living in the mountains for fear of being killed by rebel Greek highlanders. Other migrations included large numbers of Albanians, Vlachs (Romanized Greeks who were once guards of major roads in the Roman Empire such as the Via Egnatia) and Bulgarians settled in various parts of the country. Turks settled extensively in Thrace. Later, Jewish refugees from Spain were settled in Thessaloniki (known in this period as Salonica or Selanik), which became the main Jewish centre of the empire. The Greeks became inward-looking, with each region cut off from the others - only Muslims could ride a horse, which made travel difficult. Greek culture was not necessarily in decline, but rather its hopes of further development were severed by the feudalistic institutions of the Ottoman Empire as the rest of Europe was developing proto-modern institutions. Indeed, very few people were literate outside of the Greek Orthodox Church. However, the dissemination of knowledge from Greek church officials to the Greek populace allowed Greeks to maintain their history and heritage. The Greek language absorbed a considerable number of Turkish words only because Greeks learned many languages in general in order to survive without sacrificing (except Islamicized Greeks who were not Crypto-Christians) their unique identity. Greek music and other elements of Greek folk-culture were also influenced by Anatolian Greeks. Image File history File links Lefkopirgo. ... Image File history File links Lefkopirgo. ... Thessaloníki (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is the second-largest city of Greece and is the principal, the largest city and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia. ... Thrace (Greek Θρᾴκη ThrákÄ“, Bulgarian Тракия Trakija, Turkish Trakya) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe spread over southern Bulgaria, northeastern Greece, and European Turkey. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ... Thessaloníki (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is the second-largest city of Greece and is the principal, the largest city and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia. ...

Ottoman decline

After about 1600, the Ottoman Empire entered a long decline, both militarily against the Christian powers, and internally, leading to increased corruption, repression and inefficiency. This provoked discontent, leading to disorders and occasionally rebellions. Some areas drifted out of Ottoman control altogether. The Ottomans resorted to military rule in parts of Greece, which provoked further resistance, and also led to economic dislocation and accelerated population decline. Another sign of decline was that Ottoman landholdings, previously fiefs held directly from the Sultan, became hereditary estates (chifliks), which could be sold or bequeathed to heirs. The new class of Ottoman landlords reduced the hitherto free Greek peasants to serfdom, leading to further poverty and depopulation in the plains. However, the overall Greek population in the plains was reinforced by the descent of Greeks from the mountains, which occurred by the end of the 16th century up until the 17th century. // Events January January 1 - Scotland adopts January 1st as being New Years Day February February 17 - Giordano Bruno burned at the stake for heresy July July 2 - Battle of Nieuwpoort: Dutch forces under Maurice of Nassau defeat Spanish forces under Archduke Albert in a battle on the coastal dunes. ...

On the other hand, the position of educated and privileged Greeks within the Ottoman Empire improved in the 17th and 18th centuries. As the Empire became more settled, and began to feel its increasing backwardness in relation to the European powers, it increasingly recruited Greeks who had the kind of administrative, technical and financial skills which the Ottomans were too proud to learn themselves. From about 1700 Greeks began to fill some of the highest offices of the Ottoman state. The Phanariots, a class of wealthy Greeks who lived in the Phanar district of Constantinople, became increasingly powerful. Their travels to western Europe as merchants or diplomats brought them into contact with advanced ideas of liberalism and nationalism, and it was among the Phanariots that the modern Greek nationalist movement was born. Events January 1 - Russia accepts Julian calendar. ... Liberalism is an ideology, or current of political thought, that attempts to maximise individual liberty through a system of rights under law, in a system allowing economic competition and competition of ideas within a defined framework. ... It has been suggested that Ethnic nationalism be merged into this article or section. ...

Greek nationalism was stimulated by agents of Catherine the Great, the Orthodox ruler of the Russian Empire, who hoped to acquire the lands of the declining Ottoman state, including Constantinople itself, by inciting a Christian rebellion against the Ottomans. But during the Russian-Ottoman war which broke out in 1768, the Greeks did not rebel, disillusioning their Russian patrons. The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji (1774), however, gave Russia the right to make "representations" to the Sultan in defence of his Orthodox subjects, and the Russians began to interfere regularly in the internal affairs of the Empire. This, combined with the new ideas let loose by the French Revolution of 1789, began to reconnect the Greeks with the outside world and led to the development of an active nationalist movement. Catherine II (Екатерина II Алексеевна: Yekaterína II Alekséyevna, April 21, 1729 - November 6, 1796), born Sophie Augusta Fredericka, known as Catherine the Great, reigned as empress of Russia from June 28, 1762, to her death on November 6, 1796. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... 1768 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji (Küçük Kaynarca) was signed on July 21, 1774, between Russia (represented by Field-Marshal Rumyantsev) and the Ottoman Empire after the Ottoman Empire was defeated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774. ... 1774 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... During the French Revolution (1789–1799) democracy and republicanism overthrew the absolute monarchy in France, and the French portion of the Roman Catholic Church was forced to undergo radical restructuring. ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ...

Greece was only peripherally involved in the Napoleonic Wars, but one episode had important consequences. When the French under Napoleon seized Venice in 1797, they also acquired the Ionian Islands, which were elevated to the status of a French dependency called the Septinsular Republic, with local autonomy. This was the first time Greeks had governed themselves since the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Among those who held office in the islands was John Capodistria, destined to become independent Greece's first head of state. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, Greece had re-emerged from its centuries of isolation. British and French writers and artists began to visit the country, and wealthy Europeans began to collect Greek antiquities. These "philhellenes" were to play an important role in mobilising support for Greek independence. The Napoleonic Wars was a series of wars fought during Napoleon Bonapartes rule of France. ... Bonaparte as general Napoleon Bonaparte ( 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution and was the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from November 11, 1799 to May 18, 1804, then as Emperor of the French (Empereur des Français... 1797 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Ionian Islands (Greek: Ionia Nisia, Ιόνια Νησιά; Ancient Greek: Ionioi Nisoi, Ιόνιοι Νήσοι) are a group of islands in Greece. ... Events May 29 - Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). ... John Capodistria John Capodistria (in Greek Ioannis Kapodistrias or Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας, and in Italian Giovanni Capo dIstria, Count Capo dIstria) (February 11, 1776 - October 9, 1831) was a Greek-born diplomat of the Russian Empire and later first head of state of independent Greece. ... The Battle of New Orleans 1815 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

The War of Independence

Main article: Greek War of Independence

A secret Greek nationalist organisation called the Friendly Society (Filiki Eteria) was formed in Odessa in 1814. With the support of wealthy Greek exile communities in Britain and the United States, the aid of sympathisers in western Europe and covert assistance from Russia, they planned a rebellion. They secured as the leader of the planned revolt Capodistria, who after leaving the Ionian Islands had become Russian Foreign Minister. On March 25 (now Greek Independence Day) 1821, the Orthodox Metropolitan Germanos of Patras proclaimed the national uprising. Simultaneous risings were planned across Greece, including in Macedonia, Crete and Cyprus. With the initial advantage of surprise, and aided by Ottoman inefficiency, the Greeks succeeded in liberating the Peloponnese and some other areas. The Declaration of the War by Bishop Germanos at St. ... Odessa (Ukrainian: ; Russian: ) is a city in the southwestern Ukraine, major port on the Black Sea and the administrative center of countrys Odessa Oblast (province). ... 1814 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... 1821 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

The Ottomans soon recovered, and retaliated with great savagery, massacring the Greek population of Chios and other towns. This worked to their disadvantage by provoking further sympathy for the Greeks in western Europe, although the British and French governments suspected that the uprising was a Russian plot to seize Greece and possibly Constantinople from the Ottomans. The Greeks were unable to establish a coherent government in the areas they controlled, and soon fell to fighting among themselves. Inconclusive fighting between Greeks and Ottomans continued until 1825, when the Sultan sent a powerful fleet and army from Egypt to ravage the Aegean islands and the Peloponnese. Khios, or Chios or Hios (Χίος) as most Greek English speakers know the island, is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea. ... 1825 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

The Battle of Navarino, in October 1827, marked the effective end of Ottoman rule in Greece.

The atrocities that accompanied this expedition, together with sympathy aroused by the tragic death of the poet and leading philhellene Lord Byron at Missolonghi in 1824, eventually led the western powers to intervene. In October 1827 the British and French fleets, on the initiative of local commanders but with the tacit approval of their governments, attacked and destroyed the Ottoman fleet at Navarino. This was the decisive moment in the war of independence. In October 1828 the French landed troops in the Peloponnese to stop the Ottoman atrocities. Under their protection, the Greeks were able to regroup and form a new government. They then advanced to seize as much territory as possible, including Athens and Thebes, before the western powers imposed a ceasefire. The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Battle of Navarino The naval Battle of Navarino was fought on 20 October 1827, during the Greek War of Independence (1821-29). ... Lord Byron, English poet George Gordon (Noel) Byron, 6th Baron Byron (January 22, 1788 – April 19, 1824), English Romantic poet, was the most renowned English-language poet of his day. ... Messolonghi, also Messolongi, Mesolongi (Greek, Modern: Μεσολόγγι, Ancient/Katharevousa: -on), older forms Messolongio, Mesolongio, Messolongion, Messolonghion is a town of about 12,000 people (as of 1991 census) in central Greece. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1827 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Battle of Navarino The naval Battle of Navarino was fought on 20 October 1827, during the Greek War of Independence (1821-29). ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Acropolis in central Athens, one of the most important landmarks in world history. ... For the ancient capital of Upper Egypt, see Thebes, Egypt. ...

A conference in London in March 1829 proposed an independent Greek state with a northern frontier running from Arta to Volos, and including only Euboia and the Cyclades among the islands. The Greeks were bitterly disappointed at these restricted frontiers, but were in no position to resist the will of Britain, France and Russia, who were largely responsible for Greek independence. By the Convention of May 11, 1832 Greece was finally recognised as a sovereign state. Capodistria, who had been Greece's unrecognised head of state since 1828, was assassinated in October 1831. To prevent further experiments in republican government, the powers insisted the Greece be a monarchy, and the Bavarian Prince Otto was chosen to be its first King. 1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Arta may refer to: Djibouti Arta District Arta, Djibouti Greece Arta Prefecture Arta, Greece Italy Piano dArta Ancient People Arta Kamuia or Arta Kamuio This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... This page is about a city in Greece. ... Euboea, or Negropont (Greek: Εύβοια, modern transliteration: Evvoia, Evvia or Evia), is the largest island of the Greek archipelago. ... The CYCLADES Packet Switching Network is a French effort similar to the USAs Arpanet. ... May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (132nd in leap years). ... 1832 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... 1828 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... 1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Otto of Greece entering Náfplio, Peter von Hess, 1835. ...