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Ottoman Hungary or Muslim Hungary refers to the Turkish-Ottoman age of today's Hungary (1526 - 1699). See also the history of Europe, the history of present-day nations and states, Hungary before the Magyars, and Hungary. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Hungary. ...
Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ...
This article discusses the known pre-history and early history of the area corresponding to modern day Hungary, and the peoples associated with this area. ...
This article deals with the history of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 10th century to c. ...
This is an article about the history of Transylvania // Ancient History: Transylvania as the heartland of the Dacian state Dacian Kingdom, during the rule of Burebista, 82 BC Herodotus gives an account of the Agathyrsi, who lived in Transylvania during the 5th century BC. A kingdom of Dacia was in...
Consequences of the Battle of Mohács, and the conquest of Buda in 1541 by the Ottomans: the Kingdom is partitioned. ...
This article describes the history of Hungary between the 18th century and the early 20th century (1699 - 1919). ...
The Hungarian Soviet Republic was the political regime in Hungary from March 21, 1919 until the beginning of August of the same year, and it is the second Communist (or soviet) government in world history, after the one in Russia (1917). ...
This article deals with the history of Hungary from March 1919 to May 1945. ...
The Peoples Republic of Hungary was the name used by Hungary from 1949 to 1989 during its Communist period. ...
Combatants Soviet Union; ÃVH (Hungarian State Security Police) Ad hoc local Hungarian militias Commanders Ivan Konev Various independent militia leaders Strength 150,000 troops, 6,000 tanks Unknown number of militia and soldiers Casualties 722 killed, 1,251 wounded[1] 2,500 killed 13,000 wounded[2] The Hungarian Revolution...
The military history of Hungary includes battles fought in the Carpathian Basin, nations occupying Hungary, and the military history of the Hungarian people regardless of geography. ...
History of the Jews in Hungary concerns the Jews of Hungary and of Hungarian origins. ...
// Middle Ages Little is known about Hungarian music prior to the 11th century, when the first Kings of Hungary were Christianized and Gregorian chant was introduced. ...
Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...
January 14 - Treaty of Madrid. ...
Events January 26 - Treaty of Karlowitz signed March 30 - the tenth Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa. ...
 Consequences of the Battle of Mohács, and the conquest of Buda in 1541 by the Ottomans: the Kingdom is partitioned. The central and southern part was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. The northwestern part (" Royal Hungary") remainded under Habsburg rule, while in the east, the former integrating Voivodate of Transylvania, became a semi-independent vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. Image File history File links Partition_of_Hungary. ...
Image File history File links Partition_of_Hungary. ...
// Combatants Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Commanders Suleiman I Louis II of Hungary †Pál Tomori †György Zápolya Strength ~ 100,000 supported by 10,000 to 20,000 irregulars 160 to 300 cannons ~ 25,000 to 28,000 53 cannons (85 initial) John Zápolyas 8,000...
Consequences of the Battle of Mohács, and the conquest of Buda in 1541 by the Ottomans: the Kingdom is partitioned. ...
Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or Transilvania; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / Transilvanija or Ердељ / Erdelj) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ...
A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ...
History By the sixteenth century, the power of the Ottoman Empire had increased gradually, as did the territory occupied by them in the Balkans, while the Kingdom of Hungary was weakened by the peasants' uprisings. Under the reign of Louis II Jagiellon (1516-1526), internal dissentions divided the nobility. Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...
The Kingdom of Hungary (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság) is the name of a multiethnic kingdom that existed in Central Europe from 1000 to 1918. ...
Popular revolts in late medieval Europe were uprisings and rebellions by (typically) peasants in the countryside, or the bourgeois in towns, against nobles, abbots and kings during the upheavals of the 14th through early 16th centuries, part of a larger Crisis of the Late Middle Ages. Sometimes also known as...
Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia. ...
After capturing Belgrade in 1521, Süleyman the Magnificent (1520–1566) did not hesitate to launch an attack against the weakened Kingdom, whose smaller (~40 000 vs. ~100 000 strong), badly organized army was defeated on 29 August, 1526 at the Battle of Mohács. Thus he conquered the Kingdom of Hungary, then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take that city after the onset of winter forced his retreat. The territory of the Kingdom was disputed between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs until 1541. After the seizure of Buda by the Turks in 1541, the extreme West and North of what is today Hungary remained in the Habsburgs' hands ("Royal Hungary"), while the central and southern counties were occupied by the Sultan, with the territory becoming one of the 42 eyalets (provinces) of the Ottoman Empire, with the capital at Budin (Buda). Later, the eyalets of Eğri (اكر ) and Kanije were created. Belgrade (Serbian: Београд or Beograd ) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. ...
Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (Modern Turkish: Süleyman; Arabic: SulaymÄn) (November 6, 1494-September 5/6, 1566), was the tenth Osmanli sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and its longest-serving, reigning from 1520 to 1566. ...
// Combatants Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Commanders Suleiman I Louis II of Hungary †Pál Tomori †György Zápolya Strength ~ 100,000 supported by 10,000 to 20,000 irregulars 160 to 300 cannons ~ 25,000 to 28,000 53 cannons (85 initial) John Zápolyas 8,000...
Vienna (German: Wien ) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ...
Buda (German: Ofen, Croatian: Budim, Slovak: BudÃn, Serbian: Будим or Budim, Turkish: Budin) is the western part of the Hungarian capital Budapest on the right bank of the Danube. ...
Consequences of the Battle of Mohács, and the conquest of Buda in 1541 by the Ottomans: the Kingdom is partitioned. ...
Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683 The Ottoman Empire existed from 1299 to 1922 and, at the height of its power in the 16th century, it included nearly 20 million km² in Anatolia (Asia Minor), the Middle East, parts of North Africa, and much of south-eastern Europe, and the Caucasus. ...
(Eger is also German name for the city Cheb in the Czech Republic. ...
Nagykanizsa (German: Großkirchen) is a medium-sized city Zala County in southwestern Hungary. ...
During the Ottoman ruling, peace was fragile: the Habsburgs pursued plans to conquer the Turkish possessions, and to promote the Counterreformation with the help of agents. Using Ottoman Hungary as base, the Ottomans attempted to use this religious division of their christian opponents in 1620, and again in 1683 when they laid siege to Vienna for the second time. The Counter-Reformation or the Catholic Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ...
Vienna (German: Wien ) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ...
The defeat of Ottoman forces led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha at the Second Siege of Vienna in 1683, at the hands of the combined armies of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire under Jan III Sobieski, was the decisive event that marked the beginning of the Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire, and ultimatelly swung the balance of power in the region. Under the terms of the Treaty of Karlowitz, which ended the Great Turkish War in 1699, the Ottomans ceded nearly all of the Hungarian pashalik to Austria, becoming part of the Habsburg Monarchy, whose Emperors had as part of their official title, the term "King of Hungary", as early as the time they controlled only the so-called "Royal Hungary" (see Habsburg Hungary). A Vizier (وزير, sometimes also spelled Wazir) is an Arabic term for a high-ranking religious and political advisor, often to a king or sultan. ...
Headstone of Kara Mustafa, Edirne, Turkey Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha (1634/1635 – December 25, 1683) was an Ottoman military leader and vizier who was a central character in the empires last attempts at expansion into central and eastern Europe. ...
Combatants Holy League: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Austria, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria Ottoman Empire, Khanate of Crimea, Transylvania, Wallachia, Moldavia Commanders John III Sobieski, Charles V of Lorraine Kara Mustafa Pasha Strength 70,000, (10,000 during siege) 138,000, (200,000 during siege) Casualties 4,000 killed 15,000 killed...
The double-headed eagle A portrait of Charlemagne wearing the crown of the Holy Roman Empire (15th century painting by Albrecht Dürer) The Holy Roman Empire was a mainly Germanic conglomeration of lands in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ...
Jan III Sobieski (1629-1696) (also known in English literature as John Sobieski) was one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1674 until his death. ...
The Battle of Vienna of 1683 was the real point at which the Empire began its decline. ...
The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed in 1699 in Sremski Karlovci (a city in modern-day Serbia and Montenegro) (German: Karlowitz, Turkish:Karlofça), concluding the Austro-Ottoman War of 1683–1697 in which the Ottoman side was defeated. ...
The Great Turkish War was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers at the time (joined into a Holy League) during the second half of the 17th century. ...
Pashalic or Pashalik (Turkish: Paşalık) is the abstract word derived from pasha, denoting the quality, office or jurisdiction of a pasha or the territory administered by him. ...
The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918. ...
The title of Emperor of Austria was proclaimed in 1804 by the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, who feared for the future of the old Reich in the face of Napoleons aggressions, and wished to maintain his imperial title in the event that the Holy Roman Empire should...
Following the defeat of Ottoman forces led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha at the Second Siege of Vienna in 1683, at the hands of the combined armies of Poland and the Holy Roman Empire under Jan III Sobieski, was the decisive event that marked the begining of the Stagnation...
- See also: Ottoman wars in Europe
The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe marked the better part of the history of southeastern Europe, notably, giving infamy to the Balkans. ...
Administration
 Turkish soldiers in Ottoman Hungary The territory was divided into Sanjaks (provinces), with the highest ranking Ottoman official being the Pasha of Buda. Pashas and Sanjak-Beys were responsible for administration, jurisdiction and defense. The Ottomans' only interest was to secure their hold on the territory. The Sublime Porte (a term used to designate the Ottoman rulers) became the sole landowner and managed about 20 percent of the land for its own benefit, apportioning the rest among soldiers and civil servants. The new landlords were interested mainly in squeezing as much wealth from the land as quickly as possible. Of major importance to Istanbul was the collection of taxes. Taxation left little for the former landlords to collect; Most of the nobility and large numbers of burghers emigrated into the Habsburg "Royal Hungary" province. Wars, slave-taking, and the emigration of nobles who lost their land caused a depopulation of the countryside. However, the Turks practiced religious tolerance and allowed the various ethnies living within the empire, significant autonomy in internal affairs. Towns maintained some selfgovernment, and a prosperous middle class developed through artisanry and trade. Image File history File links Turksish_soldiers_in_Ottoman_Hungary. ...
Image File history File links Turksish_soldiers_in_Ottoman_Hungary. ...
Sanjak and Sandjak (other variants: sinjaq, sanjaq) are the most common English transliterations of the Turkish word Sancak, which literally means banner. In Arabic the sanjaks were also called liwas. ...
Pasha (or pascha, bashaw; Turkish: paÅŸa; originally from Persian padshah or padeshah meaning king or from Turkish bash head, chief [1]) was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals. ...
SANJAK-BEY or SANJAKBEG is the Turkish title of the Bey (high officer, but usually not a Pasha) in military and administrative command of a sanjak (usually a district, answerable to a Vali or other governor; in a few cases himself a governor, directly answering to Istanbul) of the Ottoman...
Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire often confusing the Sublime Porte and the High Porte. ...
The Ottoman Empire developed a highly advanced organisation of state over the centuries. ...
Culture Despite the continuous warfare with the Habsburgs, several cultural centres sprang up in this far corner of the Empire. Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, seen in the famous centers of Istanbul and Edirne, were also seen in Hungary, where mosques, bridges, fountains, baths and schools were built (unfortunatelly, after the Habsburg conquest, most of these works were destroyed. Few survived to this day). The introduction of the Turkish Baths with the building of the Rudas Baths, was the starting point of a long tradition in Hungary. No less than 75 hammams (steam baths) were built during the Turkish age. Water Fountain in Istanbul, 1878 Ottoman architecture is the architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries. ...
Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: / Konstandinúpoli, historically known in English as Constantinople; see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural and financial center. ...
Selimiye Mosque, built by Sinan in 1575 Edirne (Greek: ΑδÏιανοÏπολη, Bulgarian: Одрин) is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. ...
A Turkish bath is a method of cleansing the body and relaxation that was particularly popular during the Victorian era. ...
Rudas Bath or Rudas fürdő is a thermal and medicinal bath that was first built during the Turkish occupation of Hungary in 1550. ...
Muslim schools In the seventeenth century, 165 elementary (mekteb) and 77 secondary and academic theological schools (medrese) were operating in 39 of the major towns of the province. The elementary schools taught writing, basic arithmetics, and the reading of the Qur'an and of the most important prayers. The medreses carried out secondary and academic training within the fields of Muslim religious sciences, Church law and Natural sciences. Most medreses operated in Buda, where there were twelve. In Pécs there were five medreses, Eger and Eszék each had four. The most famous medrese in Ottoman Hungary was that of Buda, built by the Bosnian Sokollu Mustafa Pasha during his seventeen years of governing (1566-1578). Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand, ca. ...
The QurÄn [1] (Arabic: ‎, literally the recitation; also called The Noble QurÄn; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ...
The lunar farside as seen from Apollo 11 Natural science is the rational study of the universe via rules or laws of natural order. ...
Pécs (Latin: Quinque Ecclesiae, Croatian: PeÄuh, German: Fünfkirchen, Serbian: PeÄuj or Печуј, Slovak: Päťkostolie, Turkish: Peçuy, Italian: Cinquechiese) is the fourth largest city of Hungary, located in the south-west of the country. ...
(Eger is also German name for the city Cheb in the Czech Republic. ...
Mehmed-paša Sokolović or Mehmed Sokollu (Turkish: Sokollu Mehmet Paşa) (born 1506, Sokolovići1 - died 1579, Istanbul) was an important 16th century Ottoman statesman of Bosnian Serb origins. ...
In the djamis, people not only prayed, but were taught to read and write, to read the Qur'an, and prayers. The sermons were the most effective form of political education. There were numerous elementary and secondary schools besides the mosques, and the monasteries of the Dervish orders also served as centers of culture and education. The spread of culture was supported by the libraries. The school library of Sokollu Mustafa Pasha in Buda, contained, besides Muslim religious sciences, other literature, works on oratory, poetry, astronomy, music, architecture, and medical sciences.
- See also: Culture of the Ottoman Empire
Early on as the Ottoman Turks drove out the Byzantines from Anatolia and later pursued them into Europe, the pursuit was a part of the Jihad (or Holy War) against Christianity, and the first Ottoman rulers called themselves Gazi, or Holy Warriors. ...
Religion The Ottomans practiced religious tolerance, and hence Christianity was not prohibited. However, there were large numbers of converts to Islam, who, alongside the ~80,000 Muslim settlers, contributed to the constantly growing Muslim minority. The religious life of the Muslims was supervised by the mosques and djamis that were either newly built or transformed from older Christian churches. Payment for the servants of the mosques, as well as the maintenance of the churches, was the responsibility of the Ottoman state or charities. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 200 KB) Eger minaret, Hungary Author: Wojsyl File links The following pages link to this file: Eger Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1536x2048, 200 KB) Eger minaret, Hungary Author: Wojsyl File links The following pages link to this file: Eger Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. ...
Minarets (Arabic manara منارة, but more usually مئذنة) are distinctive architectural features of Islamic mosques. ...
Islam (Arabic: ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. ...
A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. ...
Besides orthodox Islam, a large number of dervish communities also flourished. The most important ones were the bektashis, the halvetis, and the mevlevis. The famous Gül Baba monastery of Buda, sheltering 60 dervishes, belonged to the bektasi order. Situatated close to the janissaries camp, it was built by Jahjapasazáde Mehmed Pasha, the third begler bey (governor) of Buda. The türbe (mausoleum) in Budapest of the famous dervish and poet Gül Baba is to this day the northernmost site of Islamic pilgrimage. A Turkish dervish, in the 1860s. ...
The Bektashi order (Turkish: BektaÅŸi) is a syncretic religious order related to Shia Alevi faith, and is generally considered to be a Shia Sufi sect (Tarika). ...
Alevis (Turkish: Aleviler) are adherents of a specific strand of Islam, with influences that include Anatolian traditions and ancient Turkic Shamanism . ...
Whirling Dervishes perform near the Mevlevi Museum in Konya, Turkey. ...
The Janissaries (or janizaries; in Turkish: Yeniçeri, meaning New Troops) comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultans household troops and bodyguard. ...
Δ Turbe of Damad Ali-Pasha, conqueror of Moreia, in Belgrades Kalemegdan fortress. ...
A statue of Gül Baba outside his mausoleum in Budapest. ...
Another famous monastery of its time was that of the halveti dervishes. Built around 1576 next to the türbe of Sultan Süleyman I the Magnificent (1520-1566) in Szigetvár, it soon became the religious and cultural centre of the area. A famous prior of the zavije (monastery) was the Bosnian Sejh Ali Dede. The monastery of Jakovali Hassan Pasha in Pécs was another famous location. Its most outstanding prior was Mevlevian dervish Pecsevi Árifi Ahmed Dede, a Turk and native of Pécs. Szigetvár is a town in Baranya County in southern Hungary. ...
see also: State and Religion In the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire was, in a broad sense, tolerant towards its non-Muslim subjects; it did not, for instance, forcibly convert all of them to Islam. ...
See also Islam in Hungary pre-dates Ottoman Empire. ...
The Magyarab are a people living along the Nile River in Egypt and Sudan. ...
This is a list of Ottoman Empire dominated territories across Europe, Asia and Africa (1299-1922). ...
Motto: دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem: Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299-1326) Bursa (1326-1365) Edirne (1365-1453) Constantinople (Istanbul) (1453-1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans - 1281–1326 Osman I - 1918–1922 Mehmed VI...
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An image of the extravagance attributed to Phanariotes in Wallachia: Nicholas Mavrogenes riding through Bucharest in a deer-drawn carriage (late 1780s) Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Greek: ΦαναÏιώτες, Romanian: FanarioÅ£i) were members of those prominent Greek families residing in Phanar[1] (ΦανάÏι, modern Fener),[2] the chief Greek quarter of...
The Eastern Question, in European history, encompasses the diplomatic and political problems posed by the decay of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). ...
The term Armenian question in European history, become common place among diplomatic circles and in the popular press after Congress of Berlin; that in like Eastern Question, refers to powers of Europes involvement to the Armenian subjects beginning with the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 in the Ottoman...
Gallery The pasha of Buda receives the envoy of the Ottoman Sultan. Image File history File links Pasha_of_Buda. ...
| Dancer with castanets. Turkish miniature by Balázs Szigetvári Csöbör, 1570. Image File history File links Ottoman_Hungary_dancer. ...
| Hungarian slave woman musician Image File history File links Ottoman_Hungary_slave_musician. ...
| Coffee shop Image File history File links Ottoman_hungary_coffeshop. ...
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References - This article contains material from the Library of Congress Country Studies, which are United States government publications in the public domain.
- Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica: Cross and Crescent: The Turkish Age in Hungary (1526-1699)
- Balázs Sudár: Baths in Ottoman Hungary in "Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae", Volume 57, Number 4, 7 December 2004, pp. 391-437(47)
The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA), freely available for use by researchers. ...
The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1789 by a constitutional convention, sets down the basic framework of American government in its seven articles. ...
The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...
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