State organisation of Ottoman Empire
House of Osman
Grand Vizer, Divan
Imperial Government
See also	Subdivisions

The Ottoman Empire existed from 1299 to 1922 and, at the height of its power in the 16th century, it included nearly 5.6 million km² in Anatolia (Asia Minor), the Middle East, parts of North Africa, and much of south-eastern Europe, and the Caucasus. Image File history File links 20pxOttomanicon. ... The Ottoman Empire developed a highly advanced organisation of state over the centuries. ... now. ... House of Osman is the name to the administrative structure of the Ottoman Dynasty, which is part of state organization of the Ottoman Empire, however directly linked to dynasty. ... Specific position in the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire. ... This article should be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire is the goverment structure added to the Ottoman governing structure during Second Constitutional Era. ... now. ... Events Osman I declares the independence of the Ottoman Principality The County of Holland is annexed by the County of Hainaut April 1, 1299 Kings Towne on the River Hull granted city status by Royal Charter of King Edward I of England. ... 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Square kilometre (US spelling: Square kilometer), symbol km², is an SI unit of surface area. ... Anatolia lies east of the Bosphorus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Anatolia (or Anatolian Peninsula) is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asiatic portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion, the Thrace. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...  Northern Africa (UN subregion)  geographic, including above North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent. ... World map showing Europe Political map (neighbouring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... The Entholinguistic patchwork of the modern Caucasus - CIA map The Caucasus, a region bordering Asia Minor, is located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus Mountains and surrounding lowlands. ...

From its beginnings as a Seljuk vassal state (Uç Beyliği) in central Anatolia, the Empire over the years became an amalgamation of pre-existing polities, the Anatolian beyliks, brought under the sway of the ruling House of Osman. The hereditary rulers of these territories were known as beys and many of the continued to rule under the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultans. The term bey came to be applied not only to these former rulers but also to new governors appointed where the local leadership had been eliminated. The Seljuk Turks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq;in Turkish Selçuklu, in Persian سلجوقيان SaljÅ«qiyān ; in Arabic سلجوق SaljÅ«q, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa;) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turkics and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th... Polity is a general term that refers to political organization of a group. ... Anatolian beyliks (also Turkmen beyliks, Tevâif-i mülûk (in Ottoman Turkish) are small Turkish emirates or muslim principalities governed by tribal beys, which were founded in several locations of Anatolia at the end of the 13th century. ... The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, ErtuÄŸrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. ... Bey is the Turkish word for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. ... Suzerainty refers to a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy but controls its foreign affairs. ... The Sultan in Disneys Aladdin A Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ...

With the expansion of the Empire, the need for more systematic administrative organization arose. Over time a dual system of military and civil administration developed a kind of separation of powers with most higher executive functions carried out by the military authorities and judicial and basic administration duties carried out by civil authorities. Outside this system were various types of vassal and tributary states. Most of the areas ruled by the Ottomans were explicitly mentioned in the official full style of the sultan, including various lofty titles adopted to emphasize imperial rank and show the empire as being "successor-in-law" to conquered states. The Ottoman Dynasty article gives the titles of the sultan. The separation of powers (or trias politica, a term coined by French political, enlightenment thinker Montesquieu) is a model for the governance of democratic states. ... In law, the judiciary or judicature is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, and provide a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. ... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contests, of submission or allegiance. ... The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, ErtuÄŸrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. ...

Military administration

Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683

The Ottoman Empire was, at first, subdivided into the sovereign’s sanjak and other sanjaks entrusted to the Ottoman sultan’s sons. Sanjaks were governed by sanjak beyis, military governors who received a flag or standard – a "sanjak" (the literal meaning) – from the sultan. As the Empire expanded into Europe, the need for an intermediate level of administration arose and, under the rule of Murad I (r. 1359-1389), a beylerbeyi or governor-general was appointed to oversee Rumelia. About the same time a beylerbeylik was established for Anatolia except for the Rum area around Amasya, then the seat of the Empire, which remained under the sultan’s direct control (usually through his grand vizier). Following the establishment of beylerbeyliks, sanjaks were relegated to second-order administration although they continued to be of the first order in certain circumstances such as newly conquered areas that had yet to be assigned a beylerbeyi. In addition to their duties as governors-general, beylerbeyis were the commanders of all troops in their province. Download high resolution version (1636x1321, 455 KB)Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683 (581K) From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923. ... Download high resolution version (1636x1321, 455 KB)Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683 (581K) From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923. ... now. ... Events May 3 - Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Beyazid II. May 21 - Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway dies and is succeeded by his son John (1481-1513) With the death of Duke Charles IV of Anjou, Anjou was reverted... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ... Sanjak and Sandjak (other variants: sinjaq, sanjaq) are the most common English transliterations of the Turkish word Sancak, which literally means banner. In Arabic the sanjaks were also called liwas. ... The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, ErtuÄŸrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. ... The Sultan in Disneys Aladdin A Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. ... World map showing Europe Political map (neighbouring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... Sultan Murad I (มู้หลัดที่หนึ่ง) Murad I (nick-named Hüdavendigâr, the God-liked one) (1319 (or 1326) – 1389) was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1359 to 1389. ... Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I (1359-1389) Berlin joins the Hanseatic League. ... Events February 24 - Margaret I defeats Albert in battle, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden June 28 - Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. ... Map of Rumelia as of 1801 Rumelia (turkish: Rum: Roman El: Land Rumeli: Lands of Rome), the area that was the East Roman or Byzantine Empire, a name commonly used, from the 15th century onwards, to denote the part of the Balkan Peninsula subject to the Ottoman Empire. ... Anatolia lies east of the Bosphorus, between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Anatolia (or Anatolian Peninsula) is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asiatic portion of Turkey, as opposed to the European portion, the Thrace. ... Rum (originally Turkish for Rome) was an Ottoman province in northern Anatolia, founded following Bayezid Is conquest of the area in the 1390s. ... Ottoman houses and a Pontic tomb in Amasya Amasya (formerly Amaseia or Amasia from Greek: Αμάσεια) is a town in northern Turkey, the capital of Amasya Province with approximately 80,000 inhabitants. ... A Vizier (وزير, sometimes also spelled Wazir) is an Arabic term for a high-ranking religious and political advisor, often to a king or sultan. ...

First-order administrative units

From the mid-14th century until the late 16th century, only one new beylerbeylik (Karaman) was established. However, new conquests of Selim I and Suleyman I in the 17th century required an increase in administrative units. By the end of the latter half of the century there were as many as 42 eyalets, as the beylerbeyliks came to be known, at a given time. The chart below shows the administrative situation as of 1609 followed by eyalets that existed before 1609 but disappeared and eyalets created after 1609. This 14th-century statue from south India depicts the gods Shiva (on the left) and Uma (on the right). ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... Flag of Karaman according to the Catalan Atlas c. ... Selim I (October 10, 1465 – September 22, 1520); also known as the Grim or the Brave, (Yavuz in Turkish; Arabic: سليم الأول) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. ... Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566); in Turkish Süleyman, (nicknamed the Magnificent in Europe and the Lawgiver in the Islamic World, in Turkish Kanuni) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and successor to Selim I. He was... (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. ... // Events April 4 – King of Spain signs an edit of expulsion of all moriscos from Spain April 9 – Spain recognizes Dutch independence May 23 - Official ratification of the Second Charter of Virginia. ...

Eyalets in 1609

Sources: Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: Osmanlıca or Osmanlı Türkçesi, Ottoman Turkish: لسان عثمانی - lisân-i Osmânî) is the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. ... Turkish (Türkçe) is a Turkic language spoken natively by the Turkish people in Turkey, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Greece, Republic of Macedonia and other countries of the former Ottoman Empire, as well as by several million emigrants in the European Union. ... Abyssinia (Turkish: HabeÅŸ) was a Red Sea province of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and early 17th centuries. ... Location of the Red Sea Image:Red Seaimage. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... The Aegean Sea. ... Old Town Aleppo viewed from the Citadel Aleppo is also the name of two townships in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. ... Painting of Khair ad Din, founder of modern Algeria At about the time Spain was establishing its presidios in the Maghreb, the Muslim privateer brothers Aruj and Khair ad Din -- the latter known to Europeans as Barbarossa, or Red Beard--were operating successfully off Tunisia under the Hafsids. ... The Province of Anatolia (Turkish: Anadolu) was one of two the core provinces in the early years of the Ottoman Empire. ... Location of Baghdad within Iraq Baghdad (Arabic: , from Persian بغداد , meaning given by God) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Province. ... Basra Vilayet was a vilayet (province) of the Ottoman Empire. ... The Province of Bosnia was a key Ottoman province, the westernmost one, based on the territory of the present day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Bosnia and Herzegovina (also variously written Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bosnia-Hercegovina) is a mountainous country in the western Balkans. ... Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878... Motto: none Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital Podgorica Largest city Podgorica Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic  - President Filip Vujanović  - Prime Minister Željko Å turanović Independence From Serbia and Montenegro   - Declared June 3, 2006   - Recognised June 8, 2006  Area  - Total 14,026 km² (159th) 5,414 sq mi   - Water... Nickname: Paris of the East, Pearl of the Danubeor Queen of the Danube Motto: Official website: www. ... Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878... Diyarbakırs early Byzantine city walls stretch unbroken for 6 kilometres A busy food market in central Diyarbakır The 12th century Ulu Cami dominates the city skyline Diyarbakır (Kurdish: Amed or Diyarbekir; Syriac: ; Greek: Amida; Armenian: Ô±Õ´Õ«Õ¤ Amid) is a major city in the Kurdish dominated southeastern Turkey... (Eger is also German name for the city Cheb in the Czech Republic. ... shows the Location of the Province Erzurum Erzurum (or Erzerum, Arzen in antiquity, Karin in ancient Armenian, Theodosiupolis or Theodosiopolis during Byzantine rule) is one of the Provinces of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region, to the east of the country. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Nagykanizsa (German: Großkirchen) is a medium-sized city Zala County in southwestern Hungary. ... Flag of Karaman according to the Catalan Atlas c. ... Kars (Armenian: Ô¿Õ¡Ö€Õ½) is a city in northeast Turkey and the capital of the Kars Province, formerly at the head of a sanjak in the Turkish vilayet of Erzurum. ... Samtskhe-Javakheti is a region in southern Georgia, with Akhaltsikhe as its capital. ... shows the Location of the Province Erzurum Erzurum (or Erzerum, Arzen in antiquity, Karin in ancient Armenian, Theodosiupolis or Theodosiopolis during Byzantine rule) is one of the Provinces of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region, to the east of the country. ... KahramanmaraÅŸ is the capital city of KahramanmaraÅŸ Province in southeastern Turkey. ... In 1879 Mosul Vilayet (province) was separated from Baghdad Vilayet. ... Cooling down the bread, in the background the Museum of ar-Raqqah Ar-Raqqah (الرقة, also spelled Rakka), is a city in north central Syria located on the north bank of the Euphrates River, about 160 km east of Aleppo. ... Sanli Urfa (in Turkish Şanlıurfa) is a city in eastern Turkey, and the provincial capital of Sanliurfa Province. ... Map of Rumelia as of 1801 Rumelia (or Roumelia) (in Turkish Rumeli, the East Roman or Byzantine Empire), a name commonly used, from the 15th century onwards, to denote the part of the Balkan Peninsula subject to the Ottoman Empire. ... Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878... Motto: none Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital Podgorica Largest city Podgorica Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic  - President Filip Vujanović  - Prime Minister Željko Å turanović Independence From Serbia and Montenegro   - Declared June 3, 2006   - Recognised June 8, 2006  Area  - Total 14,026 km² (159th) 5,414 sq mi   - Water... Samtskhe-Javakheti is a region in southern Georgia, with Akhaltsikhe as its capital. ... Meskheti is a mountainous area and a province in the South-West of Georgia. ... Kirkuk city centre. ... Kirkuk city centre. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Kirkuk city centre. ... Silistra Province (Turkish: Silistre Eyaleti), sometimes called Özi Province was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire along the Black Sea littoral and south bank of the Danube River in southeastern Europe. ... Ochakiv (Russian: ; Crimean Tatar/Turkish: Özi) is a town of 16900 inhabitants in Mykolaiv (Nikolaev) Oblast of southern Ukraine, located on a peninsula on the shores of the Black Sea, at the entrance to the estuary of the Dnieper, and opposite to Kinburn. ... The Crimean Khanate (Khanate of Crimea) was an independent Turkic state (khanate) founded in 1441 by Haci Giray Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan. ... Khan (sometimes spelled as Xan, Han) is a title with many meanings, originally commander, leader or ruler, in Mongolian and Turkish. ... Sivas is the provincial capital of Sivas Province in Turkey. ... The West Bank The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution nominally governing the bulk of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which it calls the Palestinian Territories). It was established as a part of Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel. ... Eyalet of TemeÅŸvar The Province of TemeÅŸvar or Eyalet of TemeÅŸvar was a first-level administrative unit (eyalet) of the Ottoman Empire located in the Banat region of Central Europe. ... Motto: none Anthem: Bože pravde (English: God of Justice) Capital Belgrade Largest city Belgrade Official language(s) Serbian1 Government Republic  - President Boris Tadić  - Prime Minister Vojislav KoÅ¡tunica Formation and independence    - Formation of Serbia 814   - Formation of the Serbian Empire 1345   - Independence from the Ottoman Empire July 13, 1878... Traditional Trabzon country house Location of Trabzon Province within Turkey Trabzon, formerly known as Trebizond, Τραπεζοῦς (Trapezus) in Classical Greek, and Τραπεζούντα (Trapezoúnda) in Modern Greek (see also List of traditional Greek place names), is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey (Lat (DMS) 41° 2 60N... Tripoli (Arabic طرابلس Trablos, academically transliterated Ṭarābulus) is the second-largest city in Lebanon. ... Tripolitania is a historic region of western Libya, centered on the coastal city of Tripoli. ... Ruins at the location of old city of Van. ...

• Colin Imber. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The structure of Power. (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.)
• Halil Inalcik. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600. Trans. Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber. (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973.)
• Donald Edgar Pitcher. An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J.Brill,1972.)

Eyalets which had disappeared before 1609

• Abkhazia (Abhaz) (1578-?) (also called Sukhum [Sohumkale] or Georgia [Gürcistan] and included Mingrelia and Imeretia as well as modern Abkhazia – nominally annexed but never fully conquered)
• Akhaltsikhe (Ahıska) (c. 1603-?) (either split from or coextensive with Samtskhe)
• Dagestan (Dağıstan) (1578-?) (also called Demirkapı – assigned a serdar [chief] rather than a beylerbeyi)
• Dmanisi (Tumanis) (c. 1584-?)
• Ganja (Gence) (c.1588-1604)
• Gori (Gori) (c. 1588-?) (probably replaced Tiflis after 1586)
• Győr (Yanık) (1594-1598)
• Kakheti (Kaheti) (c. 1578-?) (Kakhetian king was appointed hereditary bey)
• Lorri (Lori) (c. 1584-?)
• Moldavia (Boğdan) (1595 only)
• Nakhichevan (Nahçivan) (c. 1603) (possibly never separate from Yerevan)
• Poti (Faş) (1579-?) (may have also been another name for Trabzon)
• Sanaa (San'a) (1567-1569) (temporary division of Yemen)
• Shemakha (Şamahı) (c. 1583) (may have also been another name for Shervan)
• Szigetvár (Sigetvar, Zigetvar) (c. 1596) (later transferred to Kanizsa)
• Shervan (Şirvan) (1578-1604) (overseen by a serdar [chief] rather than a beylerbeyi)
• Tabriz (Tebriz) (1585-1603)
• Tiflis (Tiflis) (1578-1586) (probably replaced by Gori after 1586)
• Wallachia (Eflak) (1595 only)
• Yerevan (Erivan) (1583-1604) (sometimes also included Van)
• Zabid (Zebid [Zebit]) (1567-1569) (temporary division of Yemen)

Official languages Abkhaz, Russian Political status De Facto Independent Capital Sukhumi Capitals coordinates 43°01′N 41°02′E President¹ Sergei Bagapsh Prime Minister¹ Alexander Ankvab ¹ Separatist government Chairman of the Supreme Council² Temur Mzhavia Chairman of Cabinet of Ministers² Irakli Alasania ² Pro-Georgian Government in exile Independence  â€“ Declared... Mingrelia (Samegrelo in Georgian) is a historic province in the western part of the republic of Georgia, formerly also known as Odishi. ... Imereti is a historic province in Western Georgia, situated along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni river. ... Akhaltsikhe (old name - Lomsia and Ahıska) is a small city in southwestern Georgia, Mkhare (Province) of Samtskhe-Javakheti. ... The Republic of Dagestan (Russian: ), older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). ... Dmanisi is a site in eastern Georgia approximately 85 km southwest of Tbilisi in the Mashavera River Valley. ... Ganja (Azerbaijani GÉ™ncÉ™) is Azerbaijans second largest city. ... Gori may refer to: Gori, Georgia Gori Province, Ottoman Empire Gori, Chad Gori River (India) Pietro Gori Giuseppe Gori Kathy Gori also: Gory Guerrero This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... GyÅ‘r (help· info) (German: Raab, Slovak: Ráb) is the most important city of Northwest-Hungary, the capital of GyÅ‘r-Moson-Sopron county and lies on one of the important roads of Central Europe, halfway between Budapest and Vienna. ... Kakheti is a province in Eastern Georgia. ... Lorri is one of the provinces (marz) of Armenia. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Principality of Moldavia. ... National motto: none Official language Azerbaijani Capital Nakhichevan (city) President Heydar Aliyev Prime Minister Artur Rasizade Area  - Total  - % water 5,500 km² negligible Population  - Total 310,000 Establishment  - Declared  - Recognition 1991 recognized internationally only as part of Azerbaijan Currency Azerbaijani Manat Time zone  - in summer EET (UTC+4) EEST (UTC... Poti is a city in the Samegrelo province in the west of the Republic of Georgia. ... History of Yemen. ... Shemakha coat of arms Shemakha (or Shemaha, Azeri: Åžamaxi, Russian: Шемаха) is a town in Azerbaijan, 70 miles west of Baku (40 38 N 48 40 E). ... Szigetvár is a town in Baranya County in southern Hungary. ... Historic region of Shervan or Shirvan and Arran after Gulistan Treaty of 1813 and was annexed by Russia; at the time it was Persian vassal khanate in Caucasus. ... Tabriz City Hall, built in 1895, by Arfaol molk, with the aid of German engineers. ... Tbilisi (Georgian თბილისი) is the capital city of the country of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura (Mtkvari) river, at 41°43′N 44°47′E. Tbilisi is still sometimes known by its former Turkish name of Tiflis. ... This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania. ... Yerevan (Armenian: ÔµÖ€Õ¥Ö‚Õ¡Õ¶ or ÔµÖ€Ö‡Õ¡Õ¶; sometimes written as Erevan; former names include Erebuni and Erivan) (population: 1,088,300 (2004 estimate) [1]) is one of the provinces in Armenia and the largest city and capital of Armenia. ... History of Yemen. ...

Eyalets established 1609-1683

• Crete (Girid [Girit]) (1669/70- )
• Morea (Mora) (1620-1687) and (1715-1829) (originally part of Aegean Archipelago Province)
• Podolia (Podolya) (1674-1699 only) (overseen be several serdars [chiefs] rather than a beylerbeyi)
• Sidon (Sayda) (1660- )
• Neuhäusl (Uyvar) (1663-1685)
• Oradea (Varad) (1661-1692)

// Prehistoric Crete Little is known about the rise of ancient Cretan society, because very few written records remain. ... The name Morea (Greek: Μωρέας or Μωριάς) was used to refer to the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece during the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Historical arms of Podilia The region of Podolia or Podilia is a historical region in the west-central and south-west portions of present-day Ukraine, corresponding to Khmelnytskyi Oblast and Vinnytsia Oblast. ... Sidon, Zidon or Saida, (Arabic صيدا Ṣaydā; Hebrew צִידוֹן, Standard Hebrew Ẓidon, Tiberian Hebrew Ṣîḏōn) is the third-largest city in Lebanon. ... Nové Zámky (German: Neuhäusl or Neuhäusel, Hungarian: Érsekújvár, Turkish: Uyvar) is a town in southwestern Slovakia. ... County Bihor County Status County capital Mayor Petru Filip, since 2000 Area 111. ...

Eyalets established 1683-1864

19th century administrative reform

As the Ottoman Empire began to decline, the administrative structure came under pressure. After 1861 there existed an autonomous Mount Lebanon with a Christian mutasarrif, which had been created as a homeland for the Maronite Christians under European pressure. As part of the Tanzimat reforms, an Ottoman law passed in 1864 provided for a standard provincial administration throughout the empire with the eyalets becoming smaller vilayets governed by a vali or governor still appointed by the Porte but with new provincial assemblies participating in administration. The vilayets were subdivided into sanjaks and vassal states such as Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro remained separate from the provincial system. 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Mount Lebanon, as a geographic name Mount Lebanon, as a geographic designation, is the mountain range that extends across the whole country of Lebanon along about 160 km (100 mi), parallel to the Mediterranean coast and rising to 3,090 m (10,137 ft). ... Maronites (Marunoye ܡܪܘܢܝܶܐ in Syriac, Mawarinah in Arabic) are members of one of the Eastern Rites of the Catholic church. ... World map showing Europe Political map (neighbouring countries in Asia and Africa also shown) Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ... Graphical timeline Caricature; changes in the form, not in the mind The Tanzimat was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that lasted from 1839 to 1876. ... 1864 (MDCCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a leap year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683 As well as the provinces there were three tributary states (Khanate of Crimea, Wallachia, and Moldavia) and Transylvania, a principality under the suzerainty of the Porte. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ... Principality of Serbia and Vojvodina of Serbia and TamiÅ¡ Banat in 1849 Serbian Principality was a state in the Balkans that came into existence as a result of First Serbian Uprising and Second Serbian Uprising between 1804 and 1816. ... Motto: none Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro Capital Podgorica Largest city Podgorica Serbian of the Ijekavian dialect1 Government Republic  - President Filip Vujanović  - Prime Minister Željko Å turanović Independence From Serbia and Montenegro   - Declared June 3, 2006   - Recognised June 8, 2006  Area  - Total 14,026 km² (159th) 5,414 sq mi   - Water...

Vilayets in 1877

• Adana (Adana)
• Aegean Archipelago (Cezayir-i Bahr-i Sefid [Akdeniz Adaları])
• Aleppo (Haleb [Halep])
• Ankara (Ankara) (also called Angora)
• Aydin (Aydın)
• Baghdad (Bağdad [Bağdat])
• Basra (Basra)
• Beirut (Beyrut)
• Benghazi (Bingazi) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet) (Bingazi Sancağı)
• Biga (Biga) (also called Kale-i Sultaniye) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet) (Biga Sancağı)
• Bitlis (Bitlis)
• Bosnia (Bosna)
• Çatalca (Çatalca) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet) (Çatalca Sancağı)
• Crete (Girit)
• Cyprus (Kıbrıs) (island with special status) (Kıbrıs Adası)
• Danube (Tuna)
• Dayr az-Zawr (Deyr-i Zor)
• Diyarbekir (Diyarbekır [Diyarbakır])
• Edirne (Edirne) (Also called Adrianople)
• Egypt (Mısır) (autonomous khedivate, not a vilayet) (Mısır Hidivliği)
• Erzurum (Erzurum)
• Hejaz (Hicaz)
• Herzegovina (Hersek)
• Hudavendigar (Hüdavendigar) (Also called Bursa)
• Istanbul (İstanbul) (Also called Constantinople)
• Izmit (İzmid [İzmit]) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet) (İzmid Sancağı)
• Janina (Yanya)
• Jerusalem (Kudüs-i Şerif) (mutasarrifate, not a part of any vilayet) (Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı)
• Kastamonu (Kastamonu)
• Konya (Konya)
• Kosovo (Kosova)
• Mamuret-el-Aziz (Mamuret-ül Aziz [Mamuretülaziz]) (also called Kharput, now Elazığ)
• Mecca (Mekke) (autonomous sharifate, not a vilayet) (Mekke Şerifliği)
• Monastir (Manastır)
• Mosul (Musul) (from 1879)
• Mount Lebanon (Cebel-i Lübnan [Cebeli Lübnan]) (mutasarrifate of Beirut, not a vilayet) (Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı)
• Salonica (Selanik)
• Shkodër (İşkodra)
• Samos (Sisam) (island with special status) (Sisam Beyliği)
• Sivas (Sivas)
• Sofia (Sofya)
• Syria (Şam) (Also called Damascus)
• Tripolitania (Trablusu-Garb [Trablusgarp])
• Tunis (Tunus) (autonomous eyalet, ruled by hereditary beys) (Tunus Eyaleti)
• Van (Van)

The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... The Aegean Sea. ... Old Town Aleppo viewed from the Citadel Aleppo is also the name of two townships in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. ... Ankara or Angora was a Ottoman vilayet centered on the city of Ankara in north-central Anatolia, which includes most of ancient Galatia. ... Aydın is the capital city of Aydın Province in Turkey. ... Location of Baghdad within Iraq Baghdad (Arabic: , from Persian بغداد , meaning given by God) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Province. ... Basra Vilayet was a vilayet (province) of the Ottoman Empire. ... This article discusses the modern-day history of Lebanon. ... Benghazi (Arabic بنغازي, transliterated BanġāzÄ«) is a seaport in Libya, Africa. ... Sanjak and Sandjak (other variants: sinjaq, sanjaq) are the most common English transliterations of the Turkish word Sancak, which literally means banner. In Arabic the sanjaks were also called liwas. ... Biga is a term that has several meanings: The Latin word for chariot is biga. ... The Çanakkale seafront, with wooden horse from the 2004 film Troy Çanakkale, pronounced , is a town and seaport in Turkey, in Çanakkale Province, on the southern (Asiatic) coast of the Dardanelles (or Hellespont). ... Sanjak and Sandjak (other variants: sinjaq, sanjaq) are the most common English transliterations of the Turkish word Sancak, which literally means banner. In Arabic the sanjaks were also called liwas. ... Bitlis is a city in Turkey, capital of Bitlis Province. ... The Province of Bosnia was a key Ottoman province, the westernmost one, based on the territory of the present day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ... Çatalca is a district of Istanbul Province. ... Sanjak and Sandjak (other variants: sinjaq, sanjaq) are the most common English transliterations of the Turkish word Sancak, which literally means banner. In Arabic the sanjaks were also called liwas. ... // Prehistoric Crete Little is known about the rise of ancient Cretan society, because very few written records remain. ... The Danube Province (Turkish: Tuna Vilayeti) was a vilayet of the Ottoman Empire from 1864 to 1878. ... Suspension bridge of Deir ez Zor over the Euphrates River Dayr az-Zawr, also spelled Deir ez Zor , Deir al-Zur and other variants (Arabic:دير الزور, Armenian: Ô´Õ§Ö€ Ô¶Ö…Ö€ or Ter Zor), is a city in north-eastern Syria on the Euphrates River and capital of Dayr az-Zawr governorate. ... Diyarbakırs early Byzantine city walls stretch unbroken for 6 kilometres A busy food market in central Diyarbakır The 12th century Ulu Cami dominates the city skyline Diyarbakır (Kurdish: Amed or Diyarbekir; Syriac: ; Greek: Amida; Armenian: Ô±Õ´Õ«Õ¤ Amid) is a major city in the Kurdish dominated southeastern Turkey... Selimiye Mosque, built by Sinan in 1575 Edirne is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. ... Khedive (from Persian for lord) was a title created in 1867 by the Ottoman Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz for the then-governor of Egypt, Ismail Pasha. ... shows the Location of the Province Erzurum Erzurum (or Erzerum, Arzen in antiquity, Karin in ancient Armenian, Theodosiupolis or Theodosiopolis during Byzantine rule) is one of the Provinces of Turkey, in the Eastern Anatolia Region, to the east of the country. ... Hejaz (also Hijaz, Hedjaz; Arabic: al-Ḥiǧāz) is a region in the northwest of present-day Saudi Arabia; its main city is Jeddah, but it is probably better-known for the holy city of Mecca. ... Approximate borders between Bosnia (marked light) and Herzegovina (marked dark) Note:A true border between Bosnia and Herzegovina does not exist, and the approximate borders are disputed. ... Bursa Bursa is the capital of the Bursa Province in northwestern Turkey. ... Bursa (formerly known as Brusa, Greek Prusa, Προύσσα) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of Bursa Province. ... The location of Istanbul Province Maiden Tower and Historical Peninsula of Istanbul Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, and arguably the most important. ... Ä°zmit (also known as Kocaeli; previously known as Ismid or Isnikmid) is a city in the northwestern part of Anatolia, Turkey. ... Sanjak and Sandjak (other variants: sinjaq, sanjaq) are the most common English transliterations of the Turkish word Sancak, which literally means banner. In Arabic the sanjaks were also called liwas. ... Ioannina (Greek: Ιωάννινα, often Γιάννενα /janena/ or Γιάννινα /janina/); is a city in Epirus, north-western Greece, with a population of approximately 100,000 including suburbs. ... Jerusalem (Hebrew:  , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic:  , al-Quds (the Holy); official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس, Urshalim-al-Quds (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names) is the capital and largest city[1] of the State of Israel with a population of 724,000 (as of May 24, 2006[2... Shows the Location of the Province Kastamonu Kastamonu is one of the Provinces of Turkey, in the Black Sea Region, to the north of the country. ... Konya is a city in Turkey, on the central plateau of Anatolia. ... Vilayet of Kosovo, 1875-1878 Vilayet of Kosovo, 1881-1912 The Province of Kosovo (Turkish: Kosova) was a vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan Peninsula only roughly corresponding to the current region of Kosovo. ... Elazığ is a city in the Elazig Province of eastern Turkey. ... Elazığ is a city in the Elazig Province of eastern Turkey. ... Elazığ is a city in the Elazig Province of eastern Turkey. ... The Sharif of Mecca (الشریف المکة) was the traditional steward of the holy cities of Mecca (Makkah) and Medina (Madinah). ... Sharif is a traditional Arab tribal title given to those to serve as the protector of the tribe and all tribal assets, property, land, wells etc. ... Bitola-View of the old town Bitola (Macedonian Битола, Bulgarian Битоля, Albanian Manastir, Turkish Manastır, Greek Μοναστήρι - Monastiri, Serbian Bitolj/Битољ) is a city in the Republic of Macedonia. ... In 1879 Mosul Vilayet (province) was separated from Baghdad Vilayet. ... Mount Lebanon, as a geographic name Mount Lebanon, as a geographic designation, is the mountain range that extends across the whole country of Lebanon along about 160 km (100 mi), parallel to the Mediterranean coast and rising to 3,090 m (10,137 ft). ... ... Shkodër Ãœsküdar, a district of Istanbul, was also known as Scutari. ... Samos (Greek Σάμος) is a Greek island in the Eastern Aegean Sea, located between the island of Chios to the North and the archipelagic complex of the Dodecanese islands to the South and in particular the island of Patmos and off the coast of Turkey, on what was formely known as... Sivas is the provincial capital of Sivas Province in Turkey. ... Nickname: Motto: Official website: sofia. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Tripolitania is a historic region of western Libya, centered on the coastal city of Tripoli. ... Ruins at the location of old city of Van. ...

Administrative changes 1877-1918

The regions after Balkan Wars

The outcome as of April 1913 Boundaries on the Balkans after the First and the Second Balkan War (1912-1913) Distribution of races in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1923, Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York (The map does not reflect the results of the 1923...

Asia Minor (1915)

After 1885, with the governing reforms of Tanzimat, the control of the Ottoman land in Asia Minor divided into 15 vilayets, one sanjak and one mutersaflik of the vilayet of Constantinople (both being on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus). Graphical timeline Caricature; changes in the form, not in the mind The Tanzimat was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that lasted from 1839 to 1876. ... Vilâyet (also eyalet or pashaluk) was the Turkish name for the provinces of the Ottoman Empire. ... Sanjak and Sandjak (other variants: sinjaq, sanjaq) are the most common English transliterations of the Turkish word Sancak, which literally means banner. In Arabic the sanjaks were also called liwas. ... Map of Constantinople. ... Bosporus - photo taken from International Space Station. ...

Every vilayet was further divided in a number of sanjaks.

More specifically the political division of Asia Minor in 1915 was as follows;

• Vilayet of Izmir divided in the sanjaks of Manisa, Izmir, Aydin, Denizli, Mentese
• Independent vilayet of the Dardanelles
• Vilayet of Bursa divided in the sanjaks of Balikesir, Bursa, Erdogrul, Kutahya, Afyon
• Vilayet of Konya divided in the sanjaks of Burdur, Hamid abad, Atalya, Konya, Nigde
• Vilayet of Kastamonu divided in the sanjaks of Bolu, Cankiri, Kastamonu, Sinop
• Vilayet of Ankara divided in the sanjaks of Ankara, Kirsehir, Yozgat, Kayseri
• Vilayet of Adana, divided in the sanjaks of Icel(Mersin), Adana, Hozan, Jebel-i-Bereket
• Vilayet of Sivas divided in the sanjaks of Sivas, Tokat, Amasya, Karahisar-Sarki
• Vilayet of Trabzon divided in the sanjaks of Samsun, Trabzon, Argiropolis, Lazistan
• Vilayet of Erzurum
• Vilayet of Bitlis divided in the sanjaks of Mus, Ghen, Siirt
• Vilayet of Van divided in the sanjaks of Van, Hakkari
• Vilayet of Mosul divided in the sanjaks of Mosul, Sehrizan, Suleymanih
• Vilayet of Mamure-ul-Azil divided in the sanjak of Diyarbakir and the mutersaflik of Zor
• Vilayet of Halep divided in the sanjaks of Halep, Urfa, Maras

Also the Shows the Location of the Province Ä°zmir Izmir from space, June 1996 Izmir (Turkish spelling Ä°zmir, contraction of its former name Smyrna), the second-largest port (after Ä°stanbul) and the third most populous city (2,409,000 in 2000) of Turkey, is located on the Aegean Sea near the Gulf... Manisa is the capital of the Turkish province of Manisa. ... Aydın is the capital city of the Aydın Province in Turkey. ... Denizli is a city in southwestern Turkey. ... Map of the Dardanelles The Dardanelles (Turkish: Çanakkale BoÄŸazı, Greek: Δαρδανελλια), formerly known as the Hellespont, is a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara. ... shows the Location of the Bursa Province Bursa is a province in western Turkey, along the Sea of Marmara. ... Balkesir is a city of approximately 250. ... Kütahya is a city in western Turkey with 170,000 inhabitants (2004 estimate), lying on the Porsuk river, at 930 metres above sea level. ... Afyonkarahisar (Turkish for the black opium castle) is a city in western Turkey, also known simply as Afyon (i. ... Tomb of Mevlana Rumi is a popular attraction of Konya. ... Burdur is a city in the Burdur Province of Turkey. ... A reference from the PS2 series Xenosaga. ... NiÄŸde is the capital of NiÄŸde Province in Turkey. ... Kastamonu is the capitol district of the Kastamonu Province, Turkey. ... Gölcük lake Bolu (Latin Bithynium) is a town in Turkey, and administrative center of the Bolu Province. ... ankiri (correct Turkish spelling ankırı) is a town in Turkey, in ankırı Province, about 140 km northeast of Ankara. ... For other meanings of Sinop/Sinope, see Sinope Sinop (also Sinope) is a city with a population of 47,000 on the coast of the Black Sea, in the modern region of Galatia in modern-day northern Turkey, historically known as Sinope. ... Ankara or Angora was a Ottoman vilayet centered on the city of Ankara in north-central Anatolia, which includes most of ancient Galatia. ... Kirsehir is a small city in Turkey with a population of 85000. ... Yozgat is a city in Central Turkey in the Yozgat province. ... Kayseri (Greek: Καισάρεια), in the antiquity Mazaka and later Caesarea, is an industrialized city in Turkey that is famous for Mount Erciyes. ... Adana is the capital of Adana Province. ... Mersin is the capital city of İçel Province, in Turkey. ... Sivas is the provincial capital of Sivas Province in Turkey. ... Tokat is a city in Turkey, at the mid Black Sea region of Anatolia. ... Ottoman houses and a Pontic tomb in Amasya Amasya (formerly Amaseia or Amasia from Greek: Αμάσεια) is a town in northern Turkey, the capital of Amasya Province with approximately 80,000 inhabitants. ... Traditional Trabzon country house Location of Trabzon Province within Turkey Trabzon, formerly known as Trebizond or Τραπεζούντα (Trapezoúnda; see also List of traditional Greek place names) in Greek, is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey (Lat (DMS) 41° 2 60N Long (DMS) 39° 43 37E). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Flag of Lazistan Lazistan (Lazona in Laz, Lazeti or Chaneti in Georgian) was the Ottoman administrative name for the sanjak comprising the Laz or Lazuri speaking population on the southeastern shore of the Black Sea. ... Panorama of Erzurum. ... Bitlis is a city in Turkey, capital of Bitlis Province. ... Mus can refer to: a genus, to which the mouse belongs a city in Turkey, capital of Mus Province Mus, a commune of the Gard département in France Mus, a spanish card game Also see: MUS This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same... Siirt is the capital of Siirt Province in eastern Turkey. ... A van is a vehicle used for transporting goods or groups of people. ... Hakkâri, formerly Çölemerik, is the capital city of the Hakkâri il, Turkey. ... Diyarbakir (Syriac: ܐܡܝܕ; Greek: Amida; Turkish spelling: Diyarbakır) is a city in Turkey, situated on the banks of the River Tigris. ... Sanli Urfa (in Turkish Şanlıurfa) is a city in eastern Turkey, and the provincial capital of Sanliurfa Province. ... A view from KahramanmaraÅŸ (Around Intersection of Kibris Meydani and Trabzon Caddesi) KahramanmaraÅŸ is the capital city of KahramanmaraÅŸ Province in southeastern Turkey. ...

• Independent mutersaflik of Izmit and
• the sanjak of Uskudar

Ä°zmit (also known as Kocaeli; previously known as Ismid or Isnikmid) is a city in the northwestern part of Anatolia, Turkey. ... Üsküdar (ancient Scutari) was a city in Bithynia in Anatolia. ...

Vilayets in 1918

• Adana
• Ankara
• Aydin
• Bitlis
• Diyarbekir
• Edirne
• Erzurum
• Hudavendigar (Bursa)
• Izmit
• Istanbul
• Konya
• Mamuret-el-Aziz (Elazığ)
• Sivas
• Trabzon
• Van

Second-order administrative units

The provinces were divided into sanjaks (also called livas) ruled by sancakbeys and were then subdivided into timars (fiefs held by timariots) and zeamets (also ziam; larger timars). Some, such as the Mutasarrifate (Sanjak) of Jerusalem, were not part of a province. Sanjak governors also served as military commanders of all of the timariot and zeamet-holding cavalrymen in their sanjak. Some provinces such as Egypt, Baghdad, Abyssinia, and Al-Hasa (the salyane provinces) were not subdivided into sanjaks and timars. Sanjak and Sandjak (other variants: sinjaq, sanjaq) are the most common English transliterations of the Turkish word Sancak, which literally means banner. In Arabic the sanjaks were also called liwas. ... Bey is the Turkish word for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. ... Timar was a form of land tenure in Ottoman Empire, consisting in grant of lands or revenues by the Ottoman Sultan to an individual in compensation for his services, especially military services. ... A timariot (or timar holder; timarlu in Turkish) was an irregular cavalryman that served the Ottoman sultan and in return was granted a fief called a timar. ... Kircholm, a 1925 painting by Wojciech Kossak. ...

Government

See the article on state organisation of the Ottoman Empire for further information on the structure of power in the provinces. The Ottoman Empire developed a highly advanced organisation of state over the centuries. ...

Civil administration

Civil and judicial administration was carried out under a separate parallel system of small municipal or rural units called kazas administered by a qadi (kadı). Kazas in turn were subdivided into nahiyes. The qadis came from the ulema and represent the legal authority of the sultan. The civil system was considered a check on the military system since beys (who represented executive authority) could not carry out punishment without a sentence for a qadi. Likewiese, qadis were not permitted to personally effect punishemnt. In the areas of sharia and kanun law, qadis were responsible directly to the sultan. KAZA (Channel 54) is a Azteca America television station affiliate in the Los Angeles area. ... Qadi (قاضى) is an Arabic term meaning judge. ... Ulema (, translit: , singular: , translit: , scholar) refers to the educated class of Muslim scholars engaged in the several fields of Islamic studies. ... Bey is the Turkish word for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. ... Sharia ( translit: ) refers to the body of Islamic law. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit. ...

Vassal or tributary states

Besides the provinces, there were a number of tributary or vassal states, usually on the periphery of the Empire under suzerainty of the Porte, over which direct control was not established, for various reasons. A tribute (from Latin tribulum, contribution) is wealth one party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often case in historical contests, of submission or allegiance. ... A puppet state is a state whose government, though notionally of the same culture as the governed people - owes its existence (or other major debt) to being installed, supported or controlled by a more powerful entity, typically a foreign power. ... Suzerainty refers to a situation in which a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which allows the tributary some limited domestic autonomy but controls its foreign affairs. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ...

Some of these states served as buffer states between the Ottomans and Christendom in Europe or Shi’ism in Asia. Their number varied over time but notable were the Khanate of Crimea, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, and the Kurdish Emirates. Other states such as Bulgaria,