The Osmanli Dynasty, also the House of Osman, ruled the The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October... Ottoman Empire from Events February 22 - Martin IV becomes Pope August 15 - Kamikaze storm wipes out invading Mongol army in the coast of Japan The Ottoman Empire was founded as an autonomous state (Beylik) in present day Bilecik, Turkey, by Osman Bey. Births Henry Plantagenet, 3rd Earl of Leicester, English nobleman (d. 1345... 1281 to 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-June January 1 - Grouping of all UK railway companies into four larger companies January 10 - Lithuania seizes and annexes Memel January 11 - Troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area to force Germany... 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until Events End of the reign of Emperor Chokei of Japan Emperor Go-Kameyama ascends to the throne of Japan Births Pope Eugenius IV Deaths March 1 - Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (b. 1334) June 15 - Former Byzantine emperor John VI Cantacuzenus October 22 - King Fernando of Portugal, with... 1383 when Sultan Murat I Murad I (1319 (or 1326) – 1389; nick-named Hüdavendiğar, the God-like one) was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1359 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan I and the Byzantine princess Helen (Nilofer) and became the ruler following his... Murad I declared himself A sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic monarch ruling under the terms of shariah. The title carries moral weight and religious authority, as the rulers role was defined in the Quran. The sultan however was not a religious teacher himself. In the Byzantine Empire and... sultan. Before that the tribe/dynasty might have been known as Söğüt but was renamed Osmanli in honour of Osman.

The sultan was the sole regent and government of the empire, at least officially. The sultan enjoyed many titles such as Sovereign of the House of Osman, Sultan of Sultans, For the Star Trek character see Khan Noonien Singh. For a list of people named Khan, see List of people by name: Kh#Khan-Khay. Khan (sometimes spelled as xan, han) is a title meaning ruler in Mongolian and Turkish. A khan controls a khanate. Whenever appropriate, it is also... Khan of Khans, and, from 1517 till 1924, the head of the House of Osman was also Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the In numerous religions, including Abrahamic religions, Jah religions, Sikhism, and many forms of Paganism, a prophet is an intermediary with a deity, particularly someone who speaks for the deity or interprets the deitys will or mind. A prophet usually operates through some means of divination, channeling, or extra-sensory... Prophet of the Lord of the Universe, i.e. An Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalīfah, Caliph (  listen?) is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. It means successor, that is, successor to the prophet Muhammad. Some Orientalists wrote the... Caliph, and the Ottoman Empire was synonymous with the An Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalīfah, Caliph (  listen?) is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. It means successor, that is, successor to the prophet Muhammad. Some Orientalists wrote the... Caliphate, the Islamic State.

Note that the first rulers never called themselves sultans, but rather Categories: Stub | Ottoman Empire | Titles ... beys. See the article on The Ottoman Empire developed a highly advanced organisation of state over the centuries. Even though it had a very centralized government with the Sultan as the supreme ruler, it had an effective control of its provinces and citizens, as well as its officials. The structure of power The Ottoman society... state organisation of the Ottoman Empire for further information on the sultan and the structure of power.

List of the Heads of the House

• Pre-Ottoman rulers
  • Süleyman (- Events Henry III of England declares himself of age and assumes power Births September 30 - Pope Nicholas IV Deaths March 18 - Pope Honorius III (b. 1148) August 1 - Shimazu Tadahisa, the first of Shimazu clan and Japanese warlord (b. 1179) August 18 - Genghis Khan founder of the Mongol Empire and... 1227)
  • Ertuğrul (1198-1281), also Ertoğrul, was the father of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. In 1227 he inherited the command of the Kayi tribe of the Oghuz Turks following the drowning of his father, Süleyman, in the river Euphrates, fleeing from the... Ertugrul ( Events Henry III of England declares himself of age and assumes power Births September 30 - Pope Nicholas IV Deaths March 18 - Pope Honorius III (b. 1148) August 1 - Shimazu Tadahisa, the first of Shimazu clan and Japanese warlord (b. 1179) August 18 - Genghis Khan founder of the Mongol Empire and... 1227- Events February 22 - Martin IV becomes Pope August 15 - Kamikaze storm wipes out invading Mongol army in the coast of Japan The Ottoman Empire was founded as an autonomous state (Beylik) in present day Bilecik, Turkey, by Osman Bey. Births Henry Plantagenet, 3rd Earl of Leicester, English nobleman (d. 1345... 1281)
• Ottoman rulers
  • Osman I ( Events February 22 - Martin IV becomes Pope August 15 - Kamikaze storm wipes out invading Mongol army in the coast of Japan The Ottoman Empire was founded as an autonomous state (Beylik) in present day Bilecik, Turkey, by Osman Bey. Births Henry Plantagenet, 3rd Earl of Leicester, English nobleman (d. 1345... 1281- Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359) Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia. Known as La Bella... 1326; bey)
  • Orhan I Orhan or Orkhan was the bey (chief) of the newborn Ottoman Empire (at the time known as the Osmanli tribe) from 1326 to 1359. Orhan conquered most of eastern Anatolia and took part of the political upheaval of the decaying Byzantine Empire by marrying Helen, the daughter of... Orhan I ( Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359) Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia. Known as La Bella... 1326- Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I (1359-1389) Berlin joins the Hanseatic League. Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, and her husband Louis of Bavaria are absolved from excommunication. Births October 12 - Dmitry Donskoy, Grand Prince of Moscovia and Prince of... 1359; bey)
  • Sultan Murat I Murad I (1319 (or 1326) – 1389; nick-named Hüdavendiğar, the God-like one) was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1359 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan I and the Byzantine princess Helen (Nilofer) and became the ruler following his... Murad I ( Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Orhan I (1326-1359) to Murad I (1359-1389) Berlin joins the Hanseatic League. Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, and her husband Louis of Bavaria are absolved from excommunication. Births October 12 - Dmitry Donskoy, Grand Prince of Moscovia and Prince of... 1359- Events February 24 - Margaret I seizes Albert, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden June 15 - Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. Both the Serbian Prince Lazar and Murad I were killed in battle. Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Murad I (1359-1389) to Beyazid... 1389; sultan from Events End of the reign of Emperor Chokei of Japan Emperor Go-Kameyama ascends to the throne of Japan Births Pope Eugenius IV Deaths March 1 - Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (b. 1334) June 15 - Former Byzantine emperor John VI Cantacuzenus October 22 - King Fernando of Portugal, with... 1383) (the Hüdâvendigâr, "God's Warrior" in archaic This is the disambiguation page for the terms Turk, Turkey, Turkic, and Turkish. Because these four terms are highly interrelated, they also refer to similar subjects, all gathered on this one disambiguation page. Turk A Turk is someone from one of the Turkic peoples. Other meanings of Turk can be... Turkish)
  • Beyazid I Beyazid I (ca 1354–1403; Bayezıt, nicknamed Yıldırım, the Thunderbolt) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. He ascended to the throne following the assassination of his father Murad I and immediately had his younger... Beyazid I ( Events February 24 - Margaret I seizes Albert, thus becoming ruler of Denmark, Norway and Sweden June 15 - Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and Ottomans. Both the Serbian Prince Lazar and Murad I were killed in battle. Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Murad I (1359-1389) to Beyazid... 1389- Events September 14 - Battle of Homildon Hill. Northern English nobles led by Sir Henry Hotspur Percy, defeat a Scottish raiding army under the Earl of Douglas Battle of Angora - Tamerlane defeats the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I, who is captured. Mehmed I succeeds Bayezid as Sultan. Births Deaths 1 August - Edmund... 1402)
  • Sultan Mehmet I Mehmed I Çelebi (nicknamed Kirisci, the Executioneer) (died May 26, 1421) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was one of the sons of Beyazid I. When Timur Lenk defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara and captured Beyazid, a civil war broke out in... Mehmed I ( Events July 21 - Battle of Shrewsbury. King Henry IV of England defeats a rebel army led by Hotspur Percy, who is killed. Jan Hus begins preaching Wycliffite ideas in Bohemia Ming Emperor Zhu Li renamed the old Yuan (Mongul) capital as Beijing Timur Lenk defeats Ottoman army Yung Lo Ta... 1403- Events March 21 - Battle of Baugé. A small French force surprises and defeats an English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Henry V of England, in Normandy. May 26 - Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Murad II. November 17... 1421)
  • Murad II Murad II (1404–February 3, 1451) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1451 (except for a period from 1444 to 1446). Murads reign was marked by the long war he fought against the Christians of the Balkans and the Turkish emirates in... Murad II ( Events March 21 - Battle of Baugé. A small French force surprises and defeats an English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Henry V of England, in Normandy. May 26 - Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Murad II. November 17... 1421- Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... 1451)
  • Mehmed II Mehmed II (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481; nicknamed el-Fatih, the Conqueror) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. He was also the first Ottoman ruler to claim the titles of caliph... Mehmed II (the Conqueror) ( Events February 3 - Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II. April 11 - Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II. June 30 - French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture... 1451- Events May 3 - Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Beyazid II. May 21 - Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway dies and is succeeded by his son John (1481-1513) With the death of Duke Charles IV of Anjou, Anjou was reverted... 1481)
  • Sultan Beyazid II Beyazid II (1447/48 – May 26, 1512) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. Bayezid was born in Demotika in Thrace. The son of Mehmed II the Conqueror, Bayezid ascended the Ottoman throne in 1481. Like his father, Bayezid was a patron... Beyazid II ( Events May 3 - Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Beyazid II. May 21 - Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway dies and is succeeded by his son John (1481-1513) With the death of Duke Charles IV of Anjou, Anjou was reverted... 1481- Events April 11 - Battle of Ravenna. French forces under Gaston de Foix, Duc de Nemours defeat the Spanish under Raymond of Cardona, but Gaston is killed in the pursuit. November 1 - The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti, is exhibited to the public for the first time... 1512)
  • Selim I Selim I (1465 – September 22, 1520; also known as the Grim, nicknamed Yavuz, the Brave in Turkish) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. He succeeded in 1512 his father Beyazid II, whom he dethroned, and whose death followed immediately afterwards. He signalled... Selim I ( Events April 11 - Battle of Ravenna. French forces under Gaston de Foix, Duc de Nemours defeat the Spanish under Raymond of Cardona, but Gaston is killed in the pursuit. November 1 - The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti, is exhibited to the public for the first time... 1512- Events January 18 - King Norway defeats the Swedes at Lake Asunde. June - Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan is declared deposed due to his captivity by conquistador Hernán Cortés. His brother Cuitláhuac rises to the throne. June 7 - Field of Cloth of Gold. Famous meeting between King... 1520) (the Grim)
  • Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566); in Turkish Süleyman , (nicknamed the Magnificent in Europe and the Lawgiver in the Islamic World, in Turkish Kanuni) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 and successor to Selim I. He was... Suleiman I (the Magnificent) ( Events January 18 - King Norway defeats the Swedes at Lake Asunde. June - Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan is declared deposed due to his captivity by conquistador Hernán Cortés. His brother Cuitláhuac rises to the throne. June 7 - Field of Cloth of Gold. Famous meeting between King... 1520- Events January 7 - Pius V becomes Pope Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Religious rioting in the Netherlands signifies the beginning of the Eighty Years War in the Netherlands. The first bridge crossing the Neretva river at Mostar (in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) is... 1566)
  • Selim II Selim II (May 28, 1524 – December 12, 1574) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death. He was a son of Suleiman the Magnificent and his favourite Aleksandra Lisowska (also Hurrem or Roxelana). He was the first sultan entirely devoid of military virtues... Selim II ( Events January 7 - Pius V becomes Pope Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Religious rioting in the Netherlands signifies the beginning of the Eighty Years War in the Netherlands. The first bridge crossing the Neretva river at Mostar (in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) is... 1566- Events April 14 - Battle of Mookerheyde. Spanish forces under Sancho de Avila defeat the rebel forces of Louis of Nassau. Louis is killed. May 30 - On the death of King Charles IX of France, he is succeeded by his brother King Henry of Poland, who becomes King Henry III. His... 1574)
  • Murad III Murad III (July 4, 1546 – January 15, 1595) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death. He was the eldest son of Selim II, and succeeded his father. His accession marks the definite beginning of the decline of the Ottoman power, which had... Murat III ( Events April 14 - Battle of Mookerheyde. Spanish forces under Sancho de Avila defeat the rebel forces of Louis of Nassau. Louis is killed. May 30 - On the death of King Charles IX of France, he is succeeded by his brother King Henry of Poland, who becomes King Henry III. His... 1574- Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time June 9 - Battle of Fontaine-Française. Henry IV of France defeats the Spanish, but is nearly killed due to his rashness. October 28 - Battle of Guirgevo. Transylvanian forces under Sigismund Bathory, allied to the... 1595)
  • Mehmed III Mehmed III (May 26, 1566 – December 22, 1603) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1595 until his death. He remains notorious even in Ottoman history for having his sixteen brothers strangled upon his succession. Mehmed was an idle ruler, leaving government to his mother (the... Mehmed III ( Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time June 9 - Battle of Fontaine-Française. Henry IV of France defeats the Spanish, but is nearly killed due to his rashness. October 28 - Battle of Guirgevo. Transylvanian forces under Sigismund Bathory, allied to the... 1595- Events March 24 - Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England April 28 – Funeral of Elizabeth I of England in Westminster Abbey July 17 or July 19 - Sir Walter Raleigh arrested for treason. July... 1603)
  • Sultan Ahmed I Ahmed I (April 18, 1590 – November 22, 1617) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 until his death. He succeeded his father Mehmed III in Hungary and in Persia terminated unfavourably for the Empire, and her prestige received its first check in the Treaty... Ahmed I ( Events March 24 - Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England April 28 – Funeral of Elizabeth I of England in Westminster Abbey July 17 or July 19 - Sir Walter Raleigh arrested for treason. July... 1603- Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623). Francesco Andreinis The Penitent Magdalene is published. February 27 - Peace is reached between Sweden with the Treaty of Stolbovo, ending the Ingrian War. Sweden gains Ingermanland and Karelia. Births January 6... 1617)
  • Mustafa I Mustafa I (1592 – January 20, 1639) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623. The brother of Ahmed I, Mustafa was reported to be mentally retarded or at least neurotic and was never more than a tool of court... Mustafa I ( Events Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed I (1603-1617) to Mustafa I (1617-1623). Francesco Andreinis The Penitent Magdalene is published. February 27 - Peace is reached between Sweden with the Treaty of Stolbovo, ending the Ingrian War. Sweden gains Ingermanland and Karelia. Births January 6... 1617- Events March 8 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery). The margraves of Brandenburg is granted Polish approval to inherit Ducal Prussia. The Synod of Dort is convened. Change of... 1618)
  • Osman II ( Events March 8 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery). The margraves of Brandenburg is granted Polish approval to inherit Ducal Prussia. The Synod of Dort is convened. Change of... 1618- Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. February 8 - King James I of England disbands the English Parliament. March 22 - In the Jamestown massacre, Algonquian Indians kill 347 English settlers around Jamestown, Virginia (1/3... 1622)
  • Mustafa I Mustafa I (1592 – January 20, 1639) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623. The brother of Ahmed I, Mustafa was reported to be mentally retarded or at least neurotic and was never more than a tool of court... Mustafa I ( Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. February 8 - King James I of England disbands the English Parliament. March 22 - In the Jamestown massacre, Algonquian Indians kill 347 English settlers around Jamestown, Virginia (1/3... 1622- Events August 6 - Pope Urban VIII is elected to the Papacy. Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman II (1618-1622) to Murat IV (1623-1640). The Safavids recapture Baghdad. England first colonizes Saint Kitts and Nevis. Wilhelm Schickard invents his Calculating Clock, and early mechanical calculator. Procopius... 1623)
  • Sultan Murad IV Murad IV (June 16, 1612 – February 9, 1640) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods. Brought to power by a palace conspiracy in 1623, Murad was... Murat IV ( Events August 6 - Pope Urban VIII is elected to the Papacy. Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman II (1618-1622) to Murat IV (1623-1640). The Safavids recapture Baghdad. England first colonizes Saint Kitts and Nevis. Wilhelm Schickard invents his Calculating Clock, and early mechanical calculator. Procopius... 1623- Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king. Spain does not recognize the indepedence before 1668 Charles I summons and rapidly dismisses the Short Parliament in an attempt to fund the second of the Bishops Wars. November: The English Long Parliament... 1640)
  • Sultan Ibrahim I Ibrahim I (November 5, 1615 – August 12, 1648) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640–1648. One of the most famous Ottoman Sultans as Ibrahim the Mad. He succeeded his brother Murad IV in 1640. Inheriting all the cruelty and none of the... Ibrahim I ( Events December 1 - Portugal regains its independence from Spain and João IV of Portugal becomes king. Spain does not recognize the indepedence before 1668 Charles I summons and rapidly dismisses the Short Parliament in an attempt to fund the second of the Bishops Wars. November: The English Long Parliament... 1640- Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Treaty of Munster, ending the Eighty Years War. The Spanish Empire recognizes the Dutch Republic of United Netherlands as a sovereign state, (governed by the House of Orange-Nassau and the Estates... 1648)
  • Sultan Mehmed IV Mehmed IV (January 2, 1642—1693), also known as Dördüncü(fourth) and Avci(hunter), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. He was the son of Ibrahim I. Known as Avci, the hunter, outdoor exercise took up much of the... Mehmed IV ( Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Treaty of Munster, ending the Eighty Years War. The Spanish Empire recognizes the Dutch Republic of United Netherlands as a sovereign state, (governed by the House of Orange-Nassau and the Estates... 1648- Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. July 5 - Isaac Newtons Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica is published. December 31 - The first France to the Cape of Good Hope. King James II of England... 1687)
  • Suleiman II (April 15, 1642 – 1691) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1687 to 1691. The younger brother of Mehmed IV, Suleiman had spent most of his life in the kafes (cage), a kind of luxurious prison for princes of the blood within the Topkapi Palace (it... Suleiman II ( Events March 19 - The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River. July 5 - Isaac Newtons Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica is published. December 31 - The first France to the Cape of Good Hope. King James II of England... 1687- Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender Treaty of Limerick penalizes public worship of catholics and Presbyterians Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Suleiman II... 1691)
  • Sultan Ahmed II Ahmed II (February 25, 1643 – 1695) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Ahmed was the son of Sultan Ibrahim I and succeeded his brother Suleiman II in 1691. His best known act was to confirm Mustafa Köprülü as grand vizier. Only a few... Ahmed II ( Events March 5 - French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons March 29 - Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender Treaty of Limerick penalizes public worship of catholics and Presbyterians Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Suleiman II... 1691- Events July 17- The Bank of Scotland is founded by an Act of Parliament of the old Scottish Parliament. December 31 - A window tax is imposed in England causing many shopkeepers to brick up their windows to avoid the tax. Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed II... 1695)
  • Sultan Mustafa II Mustafa II (February 6, 1664 – December 28, 1703) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1695 to 1703. He was a son of sultan Mehmed IV and abdicated in favor of his brother Ahmed III in 1703. Mustafa sought to turn back the Austrian advance... Mustafa II ( Events July 17- The Bank of Scotland is founded by an Act of Parliament of the old Scottish Parliament. December 31 - A window tax is imposed in England causing many shopkeepers to brick up their windows to avoid the tax. Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed II... 1695- Events February 2 – Earthquake in Aquila, Italy February 4 - In Japan the 47 samurai commit seppuku (ritual suicide) February 14 - Earthquake in Italy May 27 – Founding of St Petersburg May 26 – Portugal joins Great Alliance July 29-31 - Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the... 1703)
  • Sultan Ahmed III Ahmed III (December 30, 1637 – 1736) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of sultan Mehmed IV. He succeeded to the throne in 1703 on the abdication of his brother Mustafa II. Ahmed cultivated good relations with England, in view doubtless of Russia... Ahmed III ( Events February 2 – Earthquake in Aquila, Italy February 4 - In Japan the 47 samurai commit seppuku (ritual suicide) February 14 - Earthquake in Italy May 27 – Founding of St Petersburg May 26 – Portugal joins Great Alliance July 29-31 - Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory for the... 1703- Events Pope Clement XII elected September 17 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed III (1703-1730) to Mahmud I (1730-1754) Anna Ivanova (Anna I of Russia) became czarina Births July 12 - Josiah Wedgwood, potter (died 1795) July 26 - Charles Messier, astronomer (died 1817) November 23 - William... 1730)
  • Sultan Mahmud I Mahmud I (August 2, 1696 – December 13, 1754) was the sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1730 to 1754. Brought to the throne by the revolt of Halil Pasha, Mahmud swiftly asserted himself by winning over the Janissaries and having Halil Pasha murdered. The rest of... Mahmud I ( Events Pope Clement XII elected September 17 - Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ahmed III (1703-1730) to Mahmud I (1730-1754) Anna Ivanova (Anna I of Russia) became czarina Births July 12 - Josiah Wedgwood, potter (died 1795) July 26 - Charles Messier, astronomer (died 1817) November 23 - William... 1730- Events June 19 - The Albany Convention of New England Colonies proposes an American Union Duke of Saxony takes the Colditz Castle to his own use Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mahmud I (1730-1754) to Osman III (1754-1757) Beginning of the French and Indian War in... 1754)
  • Osman III ( Events June 19 - The Albany Convention of New England Colonies proposes an American Union Duke of Saxony takes the Colditz Castle to his own use Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mahmud I (1730-1754) to Osman III (1754-1757) Beginning of the French and Indian War in... 1754- Events March 14 - On-board the HMS Monarch, Admiral John Byng is executed by firing squad for neglecting his duty. June 23 - Indian Mutiny: Battle of Plassey - 3000 British troops under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000 strong Indian army under Siraj-ud-Dawlah at Plassey. Change of emperor of... 1757)
  • Sultan Mustafa III Mustafa III (January 28, 1717 – January 21, 1774) was the sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1757 to 1774. He was a son of sultan Ahmed III and was succeeded by his brother Abd-ul-Hamid I in 1774. An energetic and perceptive ruler, Mustafa sought... Mustafa III ( Events March 14 - On-board the HMS Monarch, Admiral John Byng is executed by firing squad for neglecting his duty. June 23 - Indian Mutiny: Battle of Plassey - 3000 British troops under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000 strong Indian army under Siraj-ud-Dawlah at Plassey. Change of emperor of... 1757- Events January 21 - Mustafa III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his brother Abd-ul-Hamid I. May 10 - Louis XVI becomes King of France. June 2 - Intolerable Acts: The Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to let British soldiers into their homes, is reenacted. July 21... 1774)
  • Sultan Abdul Hamid I Abd-ul-Hamid I (March 20, 1725 – April 7, 1789), also known as Abdulhamid, Abdul Hamid or Abdul-Hamid, was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was a son of sultan Ahmed III and succeeded his brother Mustafa III on January 21, 1774. His... Abd-ul-Hamid I ( Events January 21 - Mustafa III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his brother Abd-ul-Hamid I. May 10 - Louis XVI becomes King of France. June 2 - Intolerable Acts: The Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to let British soldiers into their homes, is reenacted. July 21... 1774- 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). Events January 7 - First nationwide United States election January 21 - The first American novel, The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth, is printed in Boston, Massachusetts January 23 - Georgetown College becomes the first... 1789)
  • Sultan Selim III Selim III (December 24, 1761 – July 28/29, 1808) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1789–1807). He was a son of Mustafa III and succeeded his uncle Abd-ul-Hamid I. The talents and energy with which he was endowed had endeared him... Selim III ( 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). Events January 7 - First nationwide United States election January 21 - The first American novel, The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth, is printed in Boston, Massachusetts January 23 - Georgetown College becomes the first... 1789- 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). Events February - Napoleon attacks Russia February 6 - Naval Engagement February 8 - Battle of Eylau - Napoleon defeats Russians under General Benigssen February 19 - In Alabama, Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is arrested for treason. March... 1807)
  • Sultan Mustafa IV Mustafa IV (September 8, 1779 – November 15, 1808) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1807 to 1808. His father was Abd-ul-Hamid I. During the reign of the reformist Selim III, Mustafa was looked upon favorably by the sultan. However, when a janissary... Mustafa IV ( 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). Events February - Napoleon attacks Russia February 6 - Naval Engagement February 8 - Battle of Eylau - Napoleon defeats Russians under General Benigssen February 19 - In Alabama, Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is arrested for treason. March... 1807- Events January 1 - Importation of slaves into the United States is banned February 11 - Russia issues an ultimatum to France, Finland. March 26 - Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII April 6 - John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company. May 2 - Peninsular War: The... 1808)
  • Sultan Mahmud II Mahmud II (July 20, 1785–July 1, 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death. In 1808, Mahmuds brother and predecessor, Mustafa IV ordered his execution along with that of his brother, the deposed Sultan Selim III, in order to... Mahmud II ( Events January 1 - Importation of slaves into the United States is banned February 11 - Russia issues an ultimatum to France, Finland. March 26 - Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII April 6 - John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company. May 2 - Peninsular War: The... 1808- 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 9 - The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process. January 19 - British East India Company captures Aden January 20 - In the Battle of Yungay, Chile defeats a Peruvian and Bolivian alliance. February 24 - William... 1839)
  • Sultan Abdul Mejid I Abd-ul-Mejid (April 23, 1823 – June 25, 1861) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2, 1839. Mahmud appears to have been unable to effect the reforms he desired in the mode of educating his children... Abd-ul-Mejid ( 1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January 9 - The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process. January 19 - British East India Company captures Aden January 20 - In the Battle of Yungay, Chile defeats a Peruvian and Bolivian alliance. February 24 - William... 1839- 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. Events January January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by Wilhelm I January 3 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States January 9 - Mississippi... 1861)
  • Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz Abd-ul-aziz (February 9, 1830 – 1876) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1861 to May 30, 1876. He was the son of Sultan Mahmud II and succeeded his brother Abd_ul_Mejid in 1861. His personal interference in government affairs was not very marked... Abd-ul-Aziz ( 1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday. Events January January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by Wilhelm I January 3 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States January 9 - Mississippi... 1861- 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. Events January January 31 United States orders all Native Americans to move into reservations. February February 2 - The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs of Major League Baseball is formed. February 14 - Alexander Graham Bell applies for a patent for the telephone... 1876)
  • Sultan Murad V Sultan Mehmed Murad V (September 21, 1840 – August 29, 1904) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire who reigned from May 30, 1876 to August 31 of the same year. Son of Sultan Abdul Mejid, he was placed in power after his uncle Sultan Abdul Aziz... Murat V ( 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. Events January January 31 United States orders all Native Americans to move into reservations. February February 2 - The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs of Major League Baseball is formed. February 14 - Alexander Graham Bell applies for a patent for the telephone... 1876)
  • Sultan Abdul Hamid II Abd_ul_Hamid II also Abdulhamid, Abdul Hamid, Abd al_Hamid II, or Abdul_Hamid (September 21, 1842 – February 10, 1918) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from August 31, 1876 – April 27, 1909. He was the son of Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid, and succeeded to the... Abd-ul-Hamid II ( 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. Events January January 31 United States orders all Native Americans to move into reservations. February February 2 - The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs of Major League Baseball is formed. February 14 - Alexander Graham Bell applies for a patent for the telephone... 1876- 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). Events January – March January 16 - Ernest Shackletons expedition finds the magnetic South Pole. January 28 - United States troops leave Cuba after being there since the Spanish-American War. February 12 - The National Association for the Advancement... 1909)
  • Categories: People stubs | Sultans of the Ottoman Empire | 1844 births | 1918 deaths ... Mehmed V (Reşad) ( 1909 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). Events January – March January 16 - Ernest Shackletons expedition finds the magnetic South Pole. January 28 - United States troops leave Cuba after being there since the Spanish-American War. February 12 - The National Association for the Advancement... 1909- 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January-February January 8 - President Woodrow Wilson announces his Fourteen Points for the aftermath of World War I. January 24 - a decree of the Council of Peoples Commissars, introducing the Gregorian calendar in Russia since February... 1918)
  • Sultan Mehmed VI Mehmed VI, original name Mehmed Vahdettin or Mehmed Vahideddin (January 14, 1861 – May 16, 1926) was the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918–1922. The brother of Mehmed V Resad, he succeeded to the throne due to the suicide of Yusuf Izzetin... Mehmed VI (Vahideddin) ( 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). Events January-February January 8 - President Woodrow Wilson announces his Fourteen Points for the aftermath of World War I. January 24 - a decree of the Council of Peoples Commissars, introducing the Gregorian calendar in Russia since February... 1918- 1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events January 7 - Dáil Éireann, the extra-legal parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64-57 votes. January 10 - Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann... 1922)
  • Abd-ul-Mejid II (lived May 29, 1868 – August 23, 1944, reigned November 19, 1922 – March 3, 1924). He was the last Caliph of the Ottoman Empire and nominally the 37th and last Head of the Imperial House of Osman I. On May 29, 1868 he was born... Abdul Mejid II ( 1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events January 7 - Dáil Éireann, the extra-legal parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64-57 votes. January 10 - Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann... 1922- 1924 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 7 - Great fire in London harbour January 8 - Heavy blizzards in England January 10 - British submarine L-34 sinks in the English Channel - 43 dead. January 21 - Vladimir Lenin dies and Joseph Stalin... 1924; only as An Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalīfah, Caliph (  listen?) is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. It means successor, that is, successor to the prophet Muhammad. Some Orientalists wrote the... Caliph)
• Post-imperial heads of the House
  • Abd-ul-Mejid II (lived May 29, 1868 – August 23, 1944, reigned November 19, 1922 – March 3, 1924). He was the last Caliph of the Ottoman Empire and nominally the 37th and last Head of the Imperial House of Osman I. On May 29, 1868 he was born... Abdul Mejid II ( 1926 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-April January 1 - Irelands first regular radio service, 2RN (later Radio Éireann), begins broadcasting. January 8 - Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud becomes the King of Hejaz January 12 - Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll... 1926- 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). Events World War II January January 4 - The Battle of Monte Cassino begins. January 5 - Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk January 17 - British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River. January 20 - The Royal Air... 1944)
  • Ahmed IV Nihad ( 1944 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). Events World War II January January 4 - The Battle of Monte Cassino begins. January 5 - Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk January 17 - British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River. January 20 - The Royal Air... 1944- 1954 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). Events January events January 14 - The Hudson Motor Car Company merges with Nash-Kelvinator forming the American Motors Corporation January 14 - Marilyn Monroe weds Joe DiMaggio. January 15 - Mau Mau leader Waruhiu Itote is captured in... 1954)
  • Osman IV Fu'ad ( 1954 was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). Events January events January 14 - The Hudson Motor Car Company merges with Nash-Kelvinator forming the American Motors Corporation January 14 - Marilyn Monroe weds Joe DiMaggio. January 15 - Mau Mau leader Waruhiu Itote is captured in... 1954- 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. Events January January 1 - United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark enter the European Economic Community, now known as the European Union. January 3 - Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) sells the New York Yankees for $10 million to a 12-person syndicate led by George... 1973)
  • Mehmed Abd-ul-Aziz II ( 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. Events January January 1 - United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark enter the European Economic Community, now known as the European Union. January 3 - Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) sells the New York Yankees for $10 million to a 12-person syndicate led by George... 1973- For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). Events January-February January 1 - First woman Episcopal priest ordained. January 6 - EMI sacks the Sex Pistols January 18 - Scientists identify a previously unknown bacterium as the cause of the mysterious legionnaires disease January 18 - Australia experiences its worst railway disaster... 1977)
  • Ali Vâsib ( For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). Events January-February January 1 - First woman Episcopal priest ordained. January 6 - EMI sacks the Sex Pistols January 18 - Scientists identify a previously unknown bacterium as the cause of the mysterious legionnaires disease January 18 - Australia experiences its worst railway disaster... 1977- 1983 is an integer and composite number that represents a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Events January January 1 - Beat Raaflaub became Basel Boys Choirs new conductor January 1 - the ARPANET officially changes to use the Internet Protocol, creating the Internet. January 1 - compulsory wearing... 1983)
  • Mehmed VII Orhan ( 1983 is an integer and composite number that represents a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Events January January 1 - Beat Raaflaub became Basel Boys Choirs new conductor January 1 - the ARPANET officially changes to use the Internet Protocol, creating the Internet. January 1 - compulsory wearing... 1983- 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. Events January January 1 - North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect January 6 - Nancy Kerrigan is clubbed on the right leg by an assailant under orders from... 1994)
  • Ertugrul Osman V (born August 18, 1912) is the head of the House of Osmanli, which ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, when Turkey became a republic. He is the grandson of Abdul Hamid II, Sultan from 1876 to 1909. In 1924, while studying in Vienna, Austria, he... Ertuğrul Osman V ( 1994 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family. Events January January 1 - North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect January 6 - Nancy Kerrigan is clubbed on the right leg by an assailant under orders from... 1994-)

Also notable among the Osmanlis are the This page is about the word Pretender as it applies to a monarchy. For other meanings, see Pretender (disambiguation). A Pretender is a claimant to an abolished or already occupied throne. Deposed monarchs are not seen as pretenders, as the term only applies to those who have never occupied the... pretender Customer experience management (CEM) is the process of strategically managing a customers entire experience with a product or a company (Schmitt, 2003, p. 17). Marketing research has shown that about 70 to 80% of all products are perceived as commodities, that is, seen as being more-or-less the... Cem and the numerous wives of the sultans (for example Aleksandra Lisowska (~1510 - April 18, 1558), wife of Süleyman the Magnificent of the Ottoman empire, also variously known as Roxelana, Roxolana, Roxelane, Rossa, Ruziac, but more often known by her Turkish name of Khourrem (or Hürrem), meaning the laughing one. Khourrem was born to a father who was... Roxelana), though they were not really considered as being a part of the Imperial House.

When Mehmed II Mehmed II (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481; nicknamed el-Fatih, the Conqueror) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. He was also the first Ottoman ruler to claim the titles of caliph... Mehmed II took over Map of Constantinople. Constantinople (Roman name: Constantinopolis; Modern Greek: Konstantinoupoli or Κωνσταντινούπολη) is the former name of the city of Istanbul in todays Turkey. Today, Constantinople is the area between the Golden Horn and... Constantinople on May 29 is the 149th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (150th in leap years). There are 216 days remaining. Events 1000-1899 1167 - Battle of Legano, in which The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I. 1414 - Council of Constance. 1453 - Ottoman armies under Sultan Mehmed II Fatih... May 29, Events May 29 - Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). July 17 - Battle of Castillon. The French under Jean Bureau utterly defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed October 19 - The French recapture... 1453, he took the title Emperor of the Roman Empire and protector of Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. During the first millennium of Christendom, differences developed between the Christian East and West. By the 11th century, this had culminated in a Great Schism, separating the Roman Catholic Church... Orthodox Christianity. He let himself be crowned Emperor by the The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox Communion. In this capacity he serves as spiritual leader and primary spokesperson for the Communion (hence first), but has no official authority over the Patriarchs or over the other fifteen of the sixteen autocephalous... Patriarch of Constantinople Gennadius II (lay name Georgios Scholarios) (died circa 1473), patriarch of Constantinople from 1454 to 1464, philosopher and theologian, was one of the last representatives of Byzantine learning, and a strong advocate of Aristotelian philosophy in the Church. He appears to have been born at Constantinople about 1400 and to... Gennadius Scholarius, whom he protected and whose stature he elevated into leader of all the Eastern Orthodoxy - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE55Fixes.css; @import /skins/monobook/IE60Fixes.css; /**/ Eastern Orthodoxy From Wikipedia The Eastern Orthodox Church is a Christian body whose adherents are largely based in Eastern Europe and the Middle East, with a growing presence in the western world... Eastern Orthodox This article is about the religious people known as Christians. For other uses, see Christian (disambiguation). The term Christian means belonging to Christ and is derived from the Greek noun Χριστός Khristós which means anointed one, which is itself a translation of... Christians. As emperor of the Romans he laid claim to all Roman territories, which at the time before the The 1453 Siege of Constantinople (painted 1499) The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453. This marked not only the final destruction of the Eastern Roman Empire, and the death of... Fall of Constantinople, however, extended to little more than the city itself, plus some areas in The Morea and surrounding states carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) The name Morea (Μωρέας) for Peloponnesos first appears in the 10th century in Byzantine chronicles. The anonymous 14th century Chronicle of Morea, in more... Morea ( Peloponnesos (Greek: Πελοπόννησος, sometime Latinized as Peloponnesus or Anglicized as The Peloponnese) is a large peninsula in Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Isthmus of Corinth. Its name derives from the Ancient Greek Mythological Hero... Peloponnesos) and the The Empire of Trebizond and other states carved from the Byzantine Empire, as they were in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) The Empire of Trebizond was a successor state of the Byzantine Empire founded in 1204 after the Fourth Crusade. When Constantinople fell to European armies in 1204... Empire of Trebizond.

From 1517 onwards, the Ottoman Sultan was also An Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word خليفة or Khalīfah, Caliph (  listen?) is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. It means successor, that is, successor to the prophet Muhammad. Some Orientalists wrote the... Caliph, which theoretically also gave him overlordship over other Muslim rulers around the world. For example, among the The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several Wikipedia lists of incumbents. It is a list of emperors of the Mughal empire. See also List of Indian Monarchs. The actual title of the Mughal emperor was Badshah (or, in Persian, Padshah). See Padishah. Timurid Dynasty The dynasty called... Mughal Emperors of The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. India has grown significantly, both in population and in strategic importance in the last two decades. The Indian economy is... India, only Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir (November 3, 1618 - March 3, 1707), also known as Alamgir I, was the ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. He is commonly considered the last of the great Mughal emperors. Aurangzeb (from Persian اورنگ‌زی... Aurangzeb had the Khutba is an Islamic sermon delivered after or before Salah. External link Lectures : Light Upon Light Categories: Islam ... Khutba read in his own name.

External links

• Turkey  (http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Turkey/turkey.htm) in the Royal Ark (http://www.4dw.net/royalark/index.html)
• Sultans, Contemporary Paintings (http://www.ismailacar.com.tr/Sultans.htm) by İsmail Acar İsmail Acar is a Turkish painter. He was born in 1971 and graduated in 1991 from the College of Fine Arts of the Marmara University in Istanbul, Turkey with honors. In 1993, Acar received his Master of Arts degree in Technology and Art, as well as... Ismail Acar
• Everything about Ottoman Empire (http://www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com) Everything about the history, culture and civilization of Ottoman Empire