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Outdoor education (also known as adventure education) usually refers to organized learning that takes place in the outdoors. Outdoor education programs often involve residential or journey-based experiences in which students participate in a variety of adventurous challenges such as hiking, climbing, canoeing, ropes courses, and group games. Outdoor education draws upon the philosophy and theory of experiential education and may also focus on environmental education. Image File history File links Gnome-globe. ...
Journey can refer to: Journey (band), an American rock band. ...
Two hikers in the Mount Hood National Forest Eagle Creek hiking Hiking is a form of walking, undertaken with the specific purpose of exploring and enjoying the scenery. ...
Climbers on Valkyrie at The Roaches in Staffordshire, England. ...
Canoeing is the recreational or sporting activity of paddling a canoe or kayak. ...
Example of a high ropes course at night A Ropes course is a challenging outdoor personal development and team building activity which usually consists of high and/or low elements. ...
Group-dynamic games are experiential education exercises which help people to learn about themselves, interpersonal relationships, and how groups function from a group dynamics or social psychological point of view. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Environmental education refers to organized efforts to teach about how natural environments function and, particularly, how human beings can manage their behavior and ecosystems in order to live sustainably. ...
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Image File history File links CircleOfFriends. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Example of a high ropes course at night A Ropes course is a challenging outdoor personal development and team building activity which usually consists of high and/or low elements. ...
Aims
Observers often misunderstand the nature of outdoor education. Whilst participants may learn how to canoe or rock climb they are not expected to master the skills. The aim of outdoor education is usually not the activity per se, but rather to learn how to overcome adversity, work alongside others, and to develop a deeper relationship with nature. The three domains of self, others, and the natural world are commonly understood as the main aims in outdoor education. Whilst these are common themes, the degree to which they are emphasized in any one program varies considerably. There are also many different specific program aims.
Some examples of specific outdoor education program aims are to:
Recidivism is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been treated or trained to extinguish that behavior. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Team building. ...
Survival skills are skills that may help one to survive dangerous situations (such as storms or earthquakes), or in dangerous places (such as the desert, the mountains, and the jungle). ...
Spirituality, in a narrow sense, concerns itself with matters of the spirit. ...
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History The Outward Bound movement in the UK is often cited as the beginning of the modern outdoor education phenomenon, although organized camping was in evidence in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century in at least Europe, the UK, the USA and Australia. Further back, the Ancient Greek civilization is known to have used adventurous pursuits such as horse riding to train soldiers. Nevertheless, the beginning of the first Outward Bound centre at Aberdovey in Wales during the second world war is commonly recognized as the beginning of modern outdoor education. In Europe, the Forest Schools of Denmark are examples of programs with similar aims and objectives. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Summer camp, principally (though not exclusively) a North American phenomenon, is a common destination for children and teenagers during the summer months. ...
Ancient Greece is a period in Greek history that lasted for around one thousand years and was extinguished by the newly-powerful Christianity. ...
horse, see Horse (disambiguation). ...
Aberdyfi (English: Aberdovey) is a village on the estuary of the River Dyfi in Gwynedd, Wales. ...
Motto: (Welsh for Wales forever) Anthem: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Capital Cardiff (Caerdydd) Largest city Cardiff (Caerdydd) Official language(s) Welsh, English Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP - First Minister Rhodri Morgan AM Unification - by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 1056 Area - Total...
Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...
World map showing Europe A satellite composite image of Europe Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. ...
A Forest School is a form of outdoor education that uses woods and forests in a deliberate way as a means to build independence and self-esteem in young children. ...
A key outdoor education pioneer was Kurt Hahn, a German educator who founded schools such as the Schule Schloss Salem in Germany, Gordonstoun School in Scotland, and Atlantic College in Wales, the United World Colleges movement, the Duke of Edinburgh Award scheme which emphasizes community service, craftsmanship skills, physical skill, and outdoor expeditions, and the Outward Bound movement. Kurt Hahn Kurt Martin Hahn (5 June, 1886 - 14 December, 1974) was a German educator who founded projects such as the Schule Schloss Salem in Germany, Gordonstoun in Scotland, Atlantic College in Wales, the United World Colleges movement, and the Outward Bound schools. ...
Salem Castle Spetzgart and Härlen Schule Schloss Salem (Anglicisation: School of Salem Castle, Salem Castle School) is a boarding school with campuses in Salem and Überlingen in Baden-Württemberg, Southern Germany. ...
Gordonstoun House Gordonstoun (originally in full, the British Salem School in Gordonstoun) is a Scottish co-educational independent school. ...
Motto: (Latin for No one provokes me with impunity)1 Anthem: Multiple unofficial anthems Capital Edinburgh Largest city Glasgow Official language(s) English, Gaelic, Scots 2 Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP - First Minister Jack McConnell MSP Unification - by Kenneth I...
The United World College of the Atlantic, more commonly referred to simply as Atlantic College, is a private boarding school in Wales, United Kingdom. ...
Motto: (Welsh for Wales forever) Anthem: Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Capital Cardiff (Caerdydd) Largest city Cardiff (Caerdydd) Official language(s) Welsh, English Government Constitutional monarchy - Queen Queen Elizabeth II - Prime Minister of the UK Tony Blair MP - First Minister Rhodri Morgan AM Unification - by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn 1056 Area - Total...
The United World Colleges Logo The United World Colleges (UWC) are a group of twelve international high schools. ...
The Duke of Edinburghs Award is a registered charity in the United Kingdom which administers an award (also known as The Duke of Edinburghs Award or D of E) for personal achievement that can be obtained by anyone aged from 14 to 25. ...
In the second half of the twentieth century Outward Bound spread to over 40 countries around the world, including notably the USA in the 1960s. This, in turn, spawned many offshoot programs, including Project Adventure and the National Outdoor Leadership School and has lead to or significantly contributed to related fields such as adventure therapy, adventure recreation, adventure tourism, and ropes courses. The National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS), is a non-profit school in the United States dedicated to teaching environmental ethics, technical outdoor skills, and leadership on extended backcountry expeditions. ...
The use of adventure in therapy has a long history that has influenced the most recent forms of adventure practices in the therapeutic process. ...
Adventure recreation refers to active and outdoor activities such as backpacking (wilderness), rafting, climbing, and outdoor survival. ...
Adventure tourism is a type of niche tourism involving exploration or travel to remote areas, where the traveler should expect the unexpected. ...
Example of a high ropes course at night A Ropes course is a challenging outdoor personal development and team building activity which usually consists of high and/or low elements. ...
Around the world Outdoor education occurs, in one form or another, in most if not all countries of the world. However, it can be implemented very differently, depending on the cultural context. Some countries, for example, view outdoor education as synonymous with environmental education, whilst other countries treat outdoor education and environmental education as distinct. Modern forms of outdoor education are most prevalent in UK, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Europe and to some extent Asia and Africa. A map is available of locations of outdoor education organisations, facilities, and people [1]. Environmental education refers to organized efforts to teach about how natural environments function and, particularly, how human beings can manage their behavior and ecosystems in order to live sustainably. ...
UK After the second world war many local authorities in the UK emulated the Outward Bound principles and set up their own outdoor education centres for school children. Visits to these outdoor centres were often subsidised, allowing many children from the towns and cities their first real experience of the outdoor world. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...
By the late 1980s most UK local education authorities had an outdoor education centre, and there was a growing private sector offering similar experiences. Government moves to offer more autonomy to schools have badly affected this provision. Under regulations for the local management of schools that took effect in England and Wales from 1992 onwards, the majority of the money spent on education in the UK now goes direct to the school, and local authorities often find it difficult to subsidise their outdoor education centres. As a result many have closed.
One of the most significant changes in outdoor education in Great Britain came as a result of the Lyme Bay kayaking tragedy in March, 1993. This tragedy accelerated governmental discussions until, in January 1995, the Activity Centres (Young Persons’ Safety) Act 1995 was passed through Parliament in January 1995 and an independent licensing authority, the Adventure Activities Licensing Authority (AALA) was formed. On 22 March 1993, a group of eight pupils and their teacher were accompanied by two instructors from an outdoor centre in a canoe (kayak) trip across Lyme Bay, on the south coast of England. ...
The Adventure Activities Licensing Authority (AALA) is an independent licensing authority for outdoor activity centers in Great Britain. ...
Overall, the AALA appears to have succeeded in its mission, but it has also created debate regarding whether it is possible for young people to experience adventure in an 'educational way' within tight regulations. Some people view AALA regulations as tight and thus, restricting their opportunity to provide what they believe to be meaningful outdoor education.
One further area worthy of note is the Campaign for Adventure (Campaign for Adventure, 2000a). This campaign started in 2000 following a one day conference titled “A Question of Balance.” Since then the campaign has concentrated on lobbying political individuals and parties to support risk taking and to acknowledge and work against the increasing trends indicated by a “culture of fear.” This phrase is the title of Furedi’s (1997) book, which is heavily cited in recent UK outdoor education literature. As with most political campaigns it is difficult to assess progress but the work of those involved in the campaign can be followed on line (Campaign for Adventure, 2000a). Consistent with this position, a recent report from the Office of Standards in Education, which covers England and Wales, concluded that outdoor education is uniquely placed to offer structured opportunities for students to identify hazards, calculate the related risks and decide the significance of a risk in order to determine and implement the precautions necessary to eliminate and minimise risk. Students’ involvement in risk management makes them aware of potential harm and contributes towards their being able to take greater responsibility for their own and others’ safety. (Ofsted, 2004, p. 13) Culture of fear is a term proposed in a variety of sociological theses, which argue that feelings of fear and anxiety predominate in contemporary public discourse and relationships, changing how we relate to one another as individuals and as democratic agents. ...
While on the surface Ofsted may appear to be consistent with the Campaign for Adventure there are some significant inconsistencies here worthy of brief explanation. It appears that Ofsted is suggesting that the very idea of risk taking is to be avoided and the role of outdoor education could be to enable students to assess risk and then ‘eliminate or minimise’ it. A contrary position is taken by the Campaign for Adventure based on adventure and risk as, at least an educational value, and perhaps even as central to life and a way of being, which is threatened by a culture of fear. The Campaign for Adventure believe that life is best approached with a spirit of adventure and that absolute safety is unachievable.
Recently there has been concern expressed about the decline in the number and quality of school trips in the UK. In 2005 the Parliamentary select committee on Education published a report on 'Education outside the classroom' [2] which called on the UK government to do more to protect and promote outdoor education. In response the government promised to issue a manifesto for outdoor education, setting out what schools ought to offer their pupils.
USA The USA has been known since its European colonization in the 17th century as having a culture which embraced a pioneering spirit. This contributed to the extensive development of organized camping programs during the 20th century, Outward Bound programs since the 1960s, as well as many related off-shoot programs including Project Adventure, the National Outdoor Leadership School, the Association for Experiential Education, the ropes course industry, and many other applications including wilderness orientation programs within colleges and universities and adventure therapy. Summer camp, a world-wide phenomenon, is a common destination for children and teenagers during the summer months. ...
India India has been a major seat of learning for centuries, if not millennia. ...
Critical views Loynes (1998) has suggested that outdoor education is increasingly an entertainment park consumption experience. Luna Park, Melbourne Amusement park (also called theme park) is the generic term for a collection of rides and other entertainment attractions assembled for the purpose of entertaining a fairly large group of people. ...
In a controversial paper critiquing the algorithmic paradigm Loynes (2002) has also called for an increase in “creativity, spontaneity and vitality" (p. 124). These dialogues indicate a need for those working in outdoor education to examine assumptions to ensure that their work is educational (Hovelynck & Peeters, 2003).
Effects There is much anecdotal evidence about benefits of outdoor education experiences; teachers, for example, often speak of the improvement they have in relationships with students following a trip. However, hard evidence showing that outdoor education has a demonstrable long-term effect on behaviour or educational achievement is harder to identify; this may be in part because of the difficulty involved in conducting studies which separate out the effects of outdoor education on meaningful outcomes.
Trends There are several important trends and changing circumstances for outdoor education, including: Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400,000 years Climate change refers to the variation in the Earths global climate or in regional climates over time. ...
Physical fitness is an attribute required for service in virtually all military forces. ...
Risk aversion is a concept in economics and finance theory explaining the behaviour of consumers and investors under uncertainty. ...
Risk management is the process of measuring, or assessing, risk and developing strategies to manage it. ...
Education reform in the United States since the late 1980s has been largely driven by the setting of academic standards for what students should learn and be able to do. ...
In sociology, rationalization is the process whereby society rationalizes from a traditional to a modern state. ...
See also
Activities Australian rappel demonstrated at a dam in Norway In British English, abseiling (from the German abseilen, to rope down) is the process of descending on a fixed rope. ...
Car camping is camping in a tent, but nearby the car for easier access and for supply storage Camping is an outdoor recreational activity, in which the campers get away from civilization and enjoy nature by spending one or more nights at a campsite. ...
Kayaking is the use of a kayak for moving across water. ...
Rafting is a recreational activity utilizing a raft to navigate a river or other bodies of water. ...
Example of a high ropes course at night A Ropes course is a challenging outdoor personal development and team building activity which usually consists of high and/or low elements. ...
From its modern interpretations to its antecedents when maritime nations would send young naval officer candidates to sea (e. ...
Snowboarder in a half-pipe Snowboarder trail entry Snowboarding is a boardsport that involves descending a snow-covered slope on a snowboard that is attached to ones feet. ...
Wayfinding refers to the ways in which people and animals orient themselves in physical space and navigate from place to place. ...
A Geocache in Germany Geocaching is an outdoor treasure-hunting game in which the participants use a Global Positioning System receiver or other navigational techniques to hide and seek containers (called geocaches or caches) anywhere in the world. ...
Climbers on Valkyrie at the Roaches. ...
Backpacking is traveling long distances with a backpack. ...
Questing is a game played across a community or geographic place. ...
Canoeing is the recreational or sporting activity of paddling a canoe or kayak. ...
Organisations The American Camp Association (formerly known as the American Camping Association) is a community of camp professionals who, for nearly 100 years, have joined together to share their knowledge and experience and to ensure the quality of camp programs. ...
The Duke of Edinburghs Award is a registered charity in the United Kingdom which administers an award (also known as The Duke of Edinburghs Award or D of E) for personal achievement that can be obtained by anyone aged from 14 to 25. ...
The National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS), is a non-profit school in the United States dedicated to teaching environmental ethics, technical outdoor skills, and leadership on extended backcountry expeditions. ...
Natures Classroom is a non-profit outdoor environmental education program started in 1973 in the Northeast of the United States. ...
The Outdoor Education Group is non-profit, independent educational organisation which is one of largest providers of outdoor education programs for school students in Australia. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
People Dan Garvey is Prescott College’s 13th president. ...
The Duke of Edinburgh is a British dukedom. ...
Kurt Hahn Kurt Martin Hahn (5 June, 1886 - 14 December, 1974) was a German educator who founded projects such as the Schule Schloss Salem in Germany, Gordonstoun in Scotland, Atlantic College in Wales, the United World Colleges movement, and the Outward Bound schools. ...
This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ...
Paul Kiesow Petzoldt (January 16, 1908 - October 6, 1999) is one of Americas most accomplished mountaineers. ...
Willi Unsoeld (October 25, 1926 - March 4, 1979) was an American climber who, along with Tom Hornbein, led the first American expedition to summit Mount Everest on May 22, 1963. ...
Topics Look up adventure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Outdoor education (also known as adventure education) is learning that takes place outside the classroom. ...
Adventure recreation refers to active and outdoor activities such as backpacking (wilderness), rafting, climbing, and outdoor survival. ...
The use of adventure in therapy has a long history that has influenced the most recent forms of adventure practices in the therapeutic process. ...
Adventure tourism is a type of niche tourism involving exploration or travel to remote areas, where the traveler should expect the unexpected. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Shan boy undergoing Poy Sang Long initiation A rite of passage is a ritual that marks a change in a persons social or sexual status. ...
Summer camp, principally (though not exclusively) a North American phenomenon, is a common destination for children and teenagers during the summer months. ...
Wilderness is generally defined as a natural environment on Earth that has not been modified by human activity. ...
Wilderness therapy is a form of outdoor education treatment that relies on the natural aspects of a primitive outdoor sojourn. ...
External articles - Outdoor Education Apologetic - Defends outdoor education as a vital need in public education (Brookhaven Outdoor Education Center)
- Outdoors is Great - argues for the benefits of the outdoors (The Guardian)
- Out of Bounds - examines the 'decline' in school trips in the UK (The Guardian)
- Obituary of Kenneth Oldham - about one of the pioneers of outdoor education in the UK, who also wrote the first guide to the Pennine Way (The Guardian)
- Outdoor Education: Aspects of good practice - Office of Standards in Education, 2004 (UK)
- Research into residential opportunities available for young people through schools (UK)
- What is Outdoor Learning? A brief guide to outdoor learning (Institute for Outdoor Learning, UK)
The Pennine Way is a long-distance footpath in England. ...
External links
Directories - Open Directory Project - Recreation/Outdoors/Schools and Education
- Open Directory Project - Science/Environment/Education/Outdoor Programs
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