Edward Gibbon (1737–1794)

This is an outline of the six-volume work The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737-1794). It also includes a Gibbon chronology. Public domain image from http://www. ... Public domain image from http://www. ... This article is about the book. ... Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). ...

Volumes and editions

This massive work has been reprinted many times over the years in various editions.

• THE ORIGINAL was published between 1776 and 1789 in six volumes by the firm of [William] Strahan & [Thomas] Cadell, in the Strand, London.^[1]
  • Volume I has a complex history of its own. It was published in six editions between 1776 and 1789. Three of the six contain authorial revisions, marked AR:
    • First editions, 1776 Feb 17 (a and b-AR), 1000 copies;
    • Second edition, 1776 June 3; 1500 copies;
    • Third edition, 1777 May (AR); 1000 copies;
    • Fourth edition, 1781 Apr 4 (AR);
    • Fifth editions, 1782 Apr 11 (a and b);
    • Sixth edition, 1789 Dec 1.
  • Volumes II, III were published together in three editions between 1781 and 1789:
    • First editions, 1781 Mar 1 (a and b; b sometimes called the second edition);
    • Second edition, 1787 (n/a);
    • Third edition, 1789 Dec 1. published with the sixth edition of volume one as a new set.
  • Volumes IV, V, VI were published together in one edition only: 1788 May 8; 3000 copies each.

• An edition in one volume with an "Introductory Memoir of the Author" by William Youngman was published by Frederick Westley & A. H. Davis, London 1834.
• The 1838-1839 Rev. H.H. (Dean) Milman edition, the first English critical edition, was published in 12 volumes. A second Milman edition, which serves as the basis for most electronic and public domain versions such as the Gutenburg, was published in 1846 in 6 volumes.^[2]
• The original J.B. Bury edition (1896-1900) was 7 volumes.^[3]
• The 1946 Heritage Press edition of Bury's is three volumes. It divides the chapters into Volume 1: 1-26, Volume 2: 27-48, Volume 3: 49-71.
• The latest complete edition in 3 volumes was edited by David Womersley, and published by Allen Lane (London) and Penguin Press (New York) in 1994.

John Bagnell Bury (16 October 1861 – 1 June 1927) was an eminent British historian, classical scholar, and philologist. ...

Chapters

1. The Extent and Military Force of the Empire in the Age of the Antonines which was in the Years 98-180
2. Of the Union and Internal Prosperity of the Roman Empire, in the Age of the Antonines — Art — Character
3. Of the Constitution of the Roman Empire, in the Age of the Antonines -- Rulers from Augustus to Domitian
4. The Cruelty, Follies, and Murder of Commodus -- Election of Pertinax -- His Attempts to Reform the State -- His Assassination by the Praetorian Guards -- Indignation
5. Public Sale of the Empire to Didius Julianus by the Praetorian Guards -- Clodius Albinus in Britain, Pescennius Niger in Syria, and Septimius Severus in Pannonia, declare against the Murderers of Pertinax -- Civil Wars and Victory of Severus Over his Three Rivals -- Relaxation of Discipline -- New Maxims of Government
6. The Death of Severus -- Tyranny of Caracalla -- Usurpation of Macrinus -- Follies of Elagabalus -- Virtues of Alexander Severus -- Licentiousness of the Army -- General State of the Roman Finances -- Tax & Tribute
7. The Elevation, and Tyranny, of Maximinus -- Rebellion in Africa and Italy, under the Authority of the Senate -- Civil Wars and Seditions -- Violent Deaths of Maximin and his Son, of Maximus and Balbinus, and of the three Gordians -- Usurpation and secular Games of Philip
8. Of the State of Persia after the Restoration of the Monarchy by Artaxerxes -- His Character and Maxims
9. The State of Germany till the Invasion of the Barbarians, in the time of the Emperor Decius -- 248 A.D.
10. The Emperors Decius, Gallus, Aemilianus, Valerian, and Gallienus -- The general Irruption of the Barbarians -- The Thirty Tyrants -- Their Real Number Nineteen
11. Reign of Claudius -- Defeat of the Goths -- Victories, Triumph, and Death, of Aurelian -- Zenobia's Character
12. Conduct of the Army and Senate after the Death of Aurelian -- Reigns of Tacitus, Probus, Carus and his Sons
13. The Reign of Diocletian and his Three Associates, Maximian, Galerius, and Constantius -- General Re-establishment of Order and Tranquility -- The Persian War, Victory, and Triumph -- The new Form of Administration -- The Abdication and Retirement of Diocletian and Maximian
14. Troubles after the Abdication of Diocletian -- Death of Constantius -- Elevation of Constantine and Maxentius -- Six Emperors at the same Time -- Death of Maximian and Galerius -- Victories of Constantine over Maxentius and Licinius -- Reunion of the Empire under the Authority of Constantine -- His Laws -- General Peace
15. The Progress of the Christian Religion, and the Sentiments, Manners, Numbers, and Condition of the Primitive Christians -- Ceremonies, Arts, and Festivals
16. The Conduct of the Roman Government towards the Christians, from Reign of Nero to that of Constantine -- Persecution of Jews & Christians by Domitian
17. Foundation of Constantinople -- Political System of Constantine, and his Successors -- Military Discipline -- The Palace -- Finances -- General Tribute -- Free Gifts
18. Character of Constantine -- Gothic War -- Death of Constantine -- Division of the Empire among his three sons -- Persian War -- Tragic Deaths of Constantine the Younger and Constans -- Usurpation of Magnentius -- Civil War -- Victory of Constantius II
19. Constantius sole Emperor -- Elevation and Death of Gallus -- Danger and Elevation of Julian -- Sarmatian and Persian Wars -- Victories of Julian in Gaul -- Paris
20. The Motives, Progress, and Effects of the Conversion of Constantine -- Legal Establishment and Constitution of the Christian or Catholic Church -- The Clergy
21. Persecution of Heresy -- The Schism of the Donatists -- The Arian Controversy -- Athanasius -- Distracted State of the Church and Empire under Constantine and his Sons
22. Julian is declared Emperor by the Legions of Gaul -- His March and Success -- The Death of Constantius -- Civil Administration of Julian -- His Fine Character
23. The Religion of Julian -- Universal Toleration -- He Attempts to Restore and Reform the Pagan Worship; To Rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem -- His Artful Persecution of the Christians -- Mutual Zeal and Injustice
24. Residence of Julian at Antioch -- His Successful Expedition Against the Persians -- Passage of the Tigris -- The Retreat and Death of Julian -- Election of Jovian -- He Saves the Roman army by a Disgraceful Peace Treaty
25. The Government and Death of Jovian -- Election of Valentinian I, who Associates his Brother Valens, and Makes the Final Division of the Eastern and Western Empires -- Revolt of Procopius -- Civil and Ecclesiastical Administration -- Germany -- Britain -- Africa -- the East -- the Danube -- Death of Valentinian -- His Two Sons, Gratian and Valentinian II, Succeeded to the Western Empire -- The Eastern Emperor is Without Influence
26. Manners of the Pastoral Nations -- Progress of the Huns -- Flight of the Goths -- They Pass the Danube -- Gothic War -- Defeat and Death of Valens -- Gratian Invests Theodosius I with the Eastern Empire -- His Character and Success -- Peace and Settlement of the Goths
27. Death of Gratian -- Ruin of Arianism -- St. Ambrose -- First Civil War, against Maximus -- Character, Administration, and Penance of Theodosius -- Death of Valentinian II. -- Second Civil War, against Eugenius -- Death of Theodosius -- Corruption of Times -- Infantry Disarm
28. Final Destruction of Paganism -- Introduction of the Worship of Saints and Relics among the Christians
29. Final Division of the Roman Empire between the Sons of Theodosius -- Reign of Arcadius and Honorius -- Administration of Rufinus and Stilicho -- Revolt and Defeat of Gildo in Africa -- Condemnation by the Senate
30. Revolt of the Goths -- They Plunder Greece -- Two Great Invasions of Italy by Alaric and Radagaisus -- They are Repulsed by Stilicho -- The Germans Overrun Gaul -- Usurpation of Constantine in the West -- Disgrace and Death of Stilicho -- His Memory Persecuted -- Claudian
31. Invasion of Italy by Alaric -- Manners of the Roman Senate and People -- Rome is Thrice Besieged and at Length Pillaged by the Goths -- Death of Alaric -- The Goths Evacuate Italy -- Fall of Constantine -- Gaul and Spain Occupied by the Barbarians -- Freedom of Britain
32. Arcadius Emperor of the East -- Administration and Disgrace of Eutropius -- Revolt of Gainas -- persecution of St. John Chrysostom -- Theodosius II Emperor of the East -- His Sister Pulcheria -- His Wife Eudocia -- The Persian War, and Division of Armenia -- Lustre on Decline
33. Death of Honorius -- Valentinian III. Emperor of the West -- Administration of his Mother Placidia -- Aëtius and Boniface -- Conquest of Africa by the Vandals
34. The Character, Conquests, and Court of Attila, King of the Huns -- Death of Theodosius the Younger -- Elevation of Marcian by Pulcheria to the Empire of the East
35. Invasion of Gaul by Attila -- He is repulsed by Aetius and the Visigoths -- Attila Invades and Evacuates Italy -- The Deaths of Attila, Aetius, and Valentinian III -- Symptoms of the Ruin of the Roman Government
36. Sack of Rome by Genseric, King of the Vandals -- His Naval Depredations -- Succession of the Last Emperors of the West, Maximus, Avitus, Majorian, Severus, Anthemius, Olybrius, Glycerius, Nepos, Augustulus -- Total Extinction of the Western Empire -- Reign and Character of Odoacer, the first Barbarian King of Italy
37. Origin, Progress, and Effects of the Monastic Life -- Conversion of the Barbarians to Christianity and Arianism -- Persecution of the Vandals in Africa -- Extinction of Arianism among Barbarians -- Jews in Spain
38. Reign and Conversion of Clovis -- His Victories over the Alemanni, Burgundians, and Visigoths -- Establishment of the French Monarchy in Gaul -- Laws of the Barbarians -- State of the Romans -- The Visigoths of Spain -- Conquest of Britain by the Saxons -- King Arthur
39. Zeno and Anastasius, Emperors of the East -- Birth, Education, and First Exploits of Theodoric the Ostrogoth -- His Invasion and Conquest of Italy -- The Gothic Kingdom of Italy -- State of the West -- Military and Civil Government -- The Senator Boethus -- Death of Symmachus -- The Last Acts and Death of Theodoric
40. Elevation of Justin the Elder -- Reign of Justinian: I. The Empress Theodora -- II. Factions of the Circus, and Sedition of Constantinople -- III. Trade and Manufacture of Silk -- IV. Finances and Taxes -- V. Edifices of Justinian -- Church of St. Sophia -- Fortification and Frontiers of Eastern Empire -- Abolition of Schools of Athens and the Roman Consulship by Justinian
41. Conquests of Justinian in the West -- Character and First Campaigns of Belisarius -- He Invades and Subdues the Vandal Kingdom of Africa -- His Triumph -- The Gothic War -- He Recovers Sicily, Naples, and Rome -- Siege of Rome by the Goths -- Their Retreat and Losses -- Surrender of Ravenna -- Glory of Belisarius -- His Domestic Shame and Misfortunes -- His Wife Antonina
42. State of the Barbaric World -- Establishment of the Lombards on the Danube -- Tribes and Inroads of the Sclavonians -- Origin, Empire, and Embassies of the Turks -- The Flight of the Avars -- Chosroes I. or Nushirvan King of Persia -- His Reign and Wars with the Romans -- The Colchian or Lazic War -- The Aethiopians
43. Rebellions of Africa -- Restoration of the Gothic Kingdom by Totila -- Loss and Recovery of Rome -- Final Conquest of Italy by Narses -- Extinction of the Ostrogoths -- Defeat of the Franks and Alemanni -- Last Victory, Disgrace, and Death of Belisarius -- Death and Character of Justinian -- Comet, Earthquakes, Plague
44. Idea of the Roman Jurisprudence -- The Laws of the Kings -- The Twelve Tablets of the Decemvirs -- The Laws of the People -- The Decrees of the Senate -- The Edicts of the Magistrates and Emperors -- Authority of the Civilians -- Code, Pandects, Novels, and Institutes of Justinian: -- I. Rights of Persons -- II. Rights of Things -- III. Private Injury & Action -- IV. Crime & Punishment
45. Reign of the Younger Justin -- Embassy of the Avars -- Their Settlement on the Danube -- Conquest of Italy by the Lombards -- Adoption and Reign of Tiderius -- Of Maurice -- State of Italy Under the Lombards and the Exarchs of Ravenna -- Distress of Rome -- Character and Pontificate of Gregory the First -- The Saviour of Rome
46. Revolutions of Persia After the Death of Chosroes or Nushirvan -- His Son Hormouz, a Tyrant, is Deposed -- Usurpation of Bahram -- Flight and Restoration of Chosroes II. -- His Gratitude to the Romans -- The Chagan of the Avars -- Revolt of the Army Against Maurice -- His Death -- Tyranny of Phocas -- Elevation of Heraclius -- The Persian War -- Chosroes Subdues Syria, Egypt, and Asia Minor -- Siege of Constantinople by the Persians and Avars -- Victories and Triumph of Heraclius
47. Theological History of the Doctrine of the Incarnation -- The Human and Divine Nature of Christ -- Enmity of the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Constantinople -- St. Cyril and Nestorius -- Third General Council of Ephesus -- Heresy of Eutyches -- Fourth General Council of Chalcedon -- Civil and Ecclesiastical Discord -- Intolerance of Justinian -- The Three Chapters -- The Monothelite Controversy -- State of the Oriental Sects -- I. The Nestorians -- II. The Jacobites -- III. The Maronites -- IV. The Armenians -- V. The Copts
48. Characters of the Greek Emperors of Constantinople, From the Time of Heraclius to the Latin Conquest
49. Introduction, Worship, and Persecution of Images -- Revolt of Italy and Rome -- Temporal Dominion of the Popes -- Conquest of Italy by the Franks -- Character and Coronation of Charlemange -- Decay of the Empire in the West -- Independence of Italy -- Constitution of the Germanic Body -- The German Emperor Charles IV
50. Description of Arabia and its Inhabitants -- Birth, Character, and Doctrine of Mahomet -- He Preaches at Mecca -- Flies to Medina -- Propagates His Religion by the Sword -- Voluntary or Reluctant Submission of the Arabs -- His Death and Successors -- The Claims and Fortunes of Ali His Descendants -- Success of Mahomet
51. The Conquest of Persia, Syria, Egypt, Africa, and Spain, by the Arabs or Saracens -- Empire of the Caliphs, or Successors of Mahomet -- State of the Christians, &c. Under Their Government -- Decline of Christianity
52. The Two Sieges of Constantinople by the Arabs -- Their Invasion of France, and Defeat by Charles Martel -- Civil Wars of the Ommiades and Abbassides -- Learning of the Arabs -- Luxury of the Caliphs -- Naval Enterprises on Crete, Sicily, and Rome -- Decay and Division of the Empire of the Caliphs -- Defeats and Victories of the Greek Emperors -- Nicephorus, Phocas & Zimisces
53. State of the Eastern Empire in the Tenth Century -- Extent and Division -- Wealth and Revenue -- Palace of Constantinople -- Titles and Offices -- Pride and Power of the Emperors -- Tactics of the Greeks, Arabs, and Franks -- The Loss of Latin -- Solitude of the Greeks
54. Origin and Doctrine of the Paulicians -- Their Persecution by the Greek Emperors -- Revolt in Armenia, &c. -- Transplantation into Thrace -- Propagation in the West -- The Seeds and Consequences of the Reformation
55. The Bulgarians -- Origin, Migrations, and Settlement of the Hungarians -- Their Inroads in the East and West -- The Monarchy of Russia -- Geography and Trade -- Wars of the Russians Against the Greek Empire -- Conversion of the Barbarians -- Baptism of Wolodomir
56. The Saracens, Franks, and Greeks, in Italy -- First Adventures and Settlement of the Normans -- Character and Conquests of Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia -- Deliverance of Sicily by his Brother Roger -- Victories of Robert over the Emperors of the East and West -- Roger, King of Sicily, Invades Africa and Greece -- The Emperor Manuel Comnenus -- Wars of the Greeks and Normans -- Emperor Henry VI. -- Extinction of Normans
57. The Turks of the House of Seljuk -- Their Revolt Against Mahmud, Conqueror of Hindostan -- Togrul Subdues Persia, and Protects the Caliphs -- Defeat and Captivity of the Emperor Romanus Diogenes by Alp Arslan -- Power and Magnificence of Malek Shah -- Conquest of Asia Minor and Syria -- State and Oppression of Jerusalem -- Pilgrimages to the Holy Sepulchre
58. Origin and Numbers of the First Crusade -- Characters of the Latin Princes -- Their March to Constantinople -- Policy of the Greek Emperor Alexius -- Conquest of Nicaea, Antioch, and Jerusalem, by the Franks -- Deliverance of the Holy Sepulchure -- Godfrey of Bouillon, First King of Jerusalem -- The French or Latin Kingdom
59. Preservation of the Greek Empire -- Numbers, Passage, and Events of the Second and Third Crusades -- St. Bernard -- Reign of Saladin in Egypt and Syria -- His Conquest of Jerusalem -- Naval Crusades -- Richard the First of England -- Pope Innocent the Third; and the Fourth and Fifth Crusades -- The Emperor Frederick the Second -- Louis the Ninth of France; and the Last Two Crusades -- Expulsion of the Franks by the Mamelukes
60. Schism of the Greeks and Latins -- State of Constantinople -- Revolt of the Bulgarians -- Isaac Angelus Dethroned by his Brother Alexuis -- Origin of the Fourth Crusade -- Alliance of the French and Venetians with the son of Isaac -- Their Naval Expedition to Constantinople -- The Two Sieges, and Final Conquest of the City by the Latins -- Sacrilege, Mockers, Destruction
61. Partition of the Empire by the French and Venetians -- Five Latin Emperors of the Houses of Flanders and Courtenay -- Their Wars Against the Bulgarians and Greeks -- Weakness and Poverty of the Latin Empire -- Recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks -- General Consequences of Crusades -- Digression -- The Courtenays
62. The Greek Emperors of Nice and Constantinople -- Elevation and Reign of Michael Palaeologus -- His False Union with the Pope and the Latin Church -- Hostile Designs of Charles of Anjou -- Revolt of Sicily -- War of the Catalans in Asia and Greece -- Revolutions and Present State of Athens -- Its People Elude Tyranny
63. Civil Wars, and Ruin of the Greek Empire -- Reigns of Andronicus, the Elder and Younger, and John Palaeologus -- Regency, Revolt, Reign, and Abdication, of John Cantacuzene -- Establishment of a Genoese Colony at Pera or Galata -- Their Wars with the Empire and City of Constantinople -- Genoese Victory over Venetians
64. Conquests of Zingis Khan and the Moguls from China to Poland -- Escape of Constantinople and the Greeks -- Origin of the Ottoman Turks in Bithynia -- Reigns and Victories of Othman, Orchan, Amurath the First, and Bajazet the First -- Foundation and Progress of the Turkish Monarchy in Asia and Europe -- Danger of Constantinople and the Greek Empire -- John Palaeologus
65. Elevation of Timour, or Tamberlane, to the Throne of Samarcand -- His Conquests in Persia, Georgia, Tartary, Russia, India, Syria, and Anatolia -- His Turkish War -- Defeat and Captivity of Bajazet -- Death of Timour -- Civil War of the Sons of Bajazet -- Restoration of the Turkish Monarchy by Mahomet the First -- Siege of Constantinople by Amurath the Second -- Turkish Merit
66. Applications of the Eastern Emperors to the Popes -- Visits to the West, of John the First, Manuel, and John the Second, Palaeologus -- Union of the Greek and Latin Churches, Promoted by the Council of Basil, and Concluded at Ferrara and Florence -- State of Literature at Constantinople -- Its Revival in Italy by the Greek Fugitives -- Curiosity & Emulation of the Latins
67. Schism of the Greeks and Latins -- Reign and Character of Amurath the Second -- Crusade of Ladislaus, King of Hungary -- His Defeat and Death -- John Huniades -- Scanderbeg -- Constantine Palaeologus, Last Emperor of the East -- Embassies of Phranza -- Byzantine Court
68. Reign and Character of Mahomet the Second -- Siege, Assault, and Final Conquest, of Constantinople, by the Turks -- Death of Constantine Palaeologus -- Servitude of the Greeks -- Extinction of the Roman Empire in the East -- Consternation of Europe -- Conquests and Death of Mahomet the Second -- His Lofty Aspirations
69. State of Rome from the Twelfth Century -- Temporal Dominion of the Popes -- Seditions of the City -- Political Heresy of Arnold of Brescia -- Restoration of the Republic -- The Senators -- Pride of the Romans -- Their Wars -- They are Deprived of the Election and Presence of the Popes, who Retire to Avignon -- The Jubilee -- Noble Families of Rome -- Colonna and Ursini Feud
70. Character and Coronation of Petrarch -- Restoration of the Freedom and Government of Rome by the Tribune Rienzi -- His Virtues and Vices, His Expulsion and Death -- Return of the Popes from Avingnon -- Great Schism of the West -- Re-Union of the Latin Church -- Last Struggles of Roman Liberty -- Statues of Rome -- Final Settlement of the Ecclesiastical Government
71. Prospect of the Ruins of Rome in the Fifteenth Century -- Four Causes of Decay and Destruction -- Example of the Coliseum -- Ignorance and Barbarism of Romans -- Renovation of the City -- Conclusion

For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... All of this is untrue The Five Good Emperors is a term used by the 18th century historian, Edward Gibbon, in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. ... Events Roman emperor Nerva succeeded by Trajan Tacitus finished his Germania (approximate date) Births Deaths January 27: Nerva, Roman emperor Apollonius of Tyana, Greek/Roman philosopher and mathematician (b. ... For other uses, see number 180. ... This article is about the philosophical concept of Art. ... The famous statue of Octavian at the Prima Porta Caesar Augustus (Latin:IMP·CAESAR·DIVI·F·AVGVSTVS) ¹ (23 September 63 BC–19 August AD 14), known to modern historians as Octavian for the period of his life prior to 27 BC, is considered the first and one of the most... Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 October 51 – 18 September 96), commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor of the gens Flavia. ... Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (August 31, 161 – December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192. ... Publius Helvius Pertinax (August 1, 126 - March 28, 193) was Roman emperor for a short period in 193. ... The Praetorian Guard (sometimes Prætorian Guard) (in Latin: praetoriani) comprised a special force of bodyguards used by Roman emperors. ... Didius Julianus Marcus Severus Didius Julianus (133–193) was emperor of the Roman Empire from 28 March until 1 June 193. ... Clodius Albinus. ... Pescennius Niger as emperor. ... Lucius Septimius Severus (b. ... Position of the Roman province of Pannonia Pannonia is an ancient country bounded north and east by the Danube, conterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. ... Caracalla (April 4, 186 – April 8, 217) was Roman Emperor from 211 – 217. ... Macrinus on an aureus. ... A bust depicting Elagabalus. ... Alexander Severus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexandrus (October 1, 208- March 18?, 235), commonly called Alexander Severus, Roman emperor from 222 to 235, was born at Arca Caesarea in Palestine. ... “Taxes” redirects here. ... Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus (c. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire. ... Maximus is a name formed from the Latin term for greatest or largest. ... Pupienus Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus and Decius Caelius Calvinus Balbinus (both died on July 29, 238) were elected co_emperors by the Roman senate on April 22, 238 after the failure of Gordian I and Gordian II to defeat the usurper Maximinus Thrax. ... Persia redirects here. ... Artaxerxes was the name of several rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia: Artaxerxes I Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Arses of Persia is believed to have taken the royal title of Artaxerxes IV. Bessus, the Persian nobleman who murdered Darius III of Persia, renamed himself Artaxerxes when he claimed the... barbarians is a mini-series on the history channel which tells the story of four of the most barbariac tribes of the early and late middle ages. ... Bust of Traianus Decius. ... Events Cyprian becomes bishop of Carthage. ... Trebonianus Gallus on a coin celebrating Aeternitas. ... Aemilianus celebrating peace-maker Mars god of war. ... Publius Licinius Valerianus[1] (c. ... Gallienus depicted on a lead seal Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (218-268) ruled the Roman Empire as co-emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260, and then as the sole Roman Emperor from 260 to 268. ... 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This article is about the Queen of the Palmyrene Empire who conquered Egypt. ... For other uses, see Tacitus (disambiguation). ... This antoninianus minted under Probus (c. ... Marcus Aurelius Carus (c. ... Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus (c. ... Maximian Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius (c. ... Galerius Maximianus (c. ... On the reverse of this argenteus struck in Antioch under Constantius Chlorus, the tetrarcs are sacrificing to celebrate a victory against the Sarmatians. ... Look up abdication in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Head of Constantines colossal statue at Musei Capitolini Gaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus[1] (February 27, 272–May 22, 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or (among Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic[2] Christians) Saint Constantine, was a Roman Emperor, proclaimed Augustus by his troops on... Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius ( 278-28 October 312) was Western Roman Emperor from 306 to 312. ... Aureus of Licinius, celebrating his tenth year of reign and the fifth year of his son Licinius (on the obverse). ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      Christianity is... For other uses, see Nero (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city before the Fall of Constantinople (1453). ... Flavius Claudius Constantinus, known in English as Constantine II, (316 – 340) was Roman Emperor from 337 to 340. ... Flavius Julius Constans (320 - 350), was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 337 to 350. ... Magnentius (303–August 11, 353) was a Roman usurper (January 18, 350 – August 11, 353). ... Flavius Iulius Constantius, known in English as Constantius II, (7 August 317 - 3 November 361) was a Roman Emperor (337 - 361) of the Constantinian dynasty. ... Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus (ca. ... Flavius Claudius Iulianus (331–June 26, 363), was a Roman Emperor (361–363) of the Constantinian dynasty. ... Sarmatian Cataphract Sarmatians, Sarmatae or Sauromatae (the second form is mostly used by the earlier Greek writers, the other by the later Greeks and the Romans) were a people whom Herodotus (4. ... This article is about the capital of France. ... The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. ... For other uses, see Heresy (disambiguation). ... The Donatists (founded by the Berber christian Donatus) were followers of a belief considered a heresy by the Roman Catholic Church. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      This article... Athanasius of Alexandria (also spelled Athanasios) was a Christian bishop of Alexandria in the fourth century. ... The Roman Legion (from Latin , from lego, legere, legi, lectus — to collect) is a term that can apply both as a transliteration of legio (conscription or army) to the entire Roman army and also, more narrowly (and more commonly), to the heavy infantry that was the basic military unit of... Gaul (Latin: ) was the name given,in ancient times, to the region of Western Europe comprising present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. ... Pagan and heathen redirect here. ... The Jerusalem Temple (Hebrew: beit ha-mikdash) was the center of Israelite and Jewish worship, primarily for the offering of sacrifices known as the korbanot. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Antakya. ... The Tigris (Old Persian: Tigr, Syriac Aramaic: Deqlath, Arabic: دجلة, Dijla, Turkish: Dicle; biblical Hiddekil) is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Anatolia through Iraq. ... This siliqua of Jovian, ca 363, celebrates his fifth year of reign, as a good omen. ... Flavius Valentinianus, known in English as Valentinian I, (321 - November 17, 375) was a Roman Emperor (364-375). ... Solidus minted by Valens in 376. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Byzantine Empire. ... Procopius of Caesarea (in Greek Προκόπιος, c. ... A world map showing the continent of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. ... This article is about the Danube River. ... A coin of Gratian. ... A marble statue of Emperor Valentinian II, Aphrodisias Geyre (Aydin, Anatolia), 387–390. ... For other uses, see Hun (disambiguation). ... An engraving depicting what Theodosius may have looked like, ca. ... Saint Ambrose, Latin Sanctus Ambrosius, Italian SantAmbrogio (circa 340 - April 4, 397), bishop of Milan, was one of the most eminent fathers of the Christian church in the 4th century. ... For other uses, see Saint (disambiguation). ... A relic is an object, especially a piece of the body or a personal item of someone of religious significance, carefully preserved with an air of veneration as a tangible memorial, Relics are an important aspect of Buddhism, some denominations of Christianity, Hinduism, shamanism, and many other personal belief systems. ... Idealising bust of Arcadius in the Theodosian style combines elements of classicism with the new hieratic style (Istanbul Archaeology Museum) Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arcadius For the Greek grammarian, see Arcadius of Antioch. ... See: Flavius Augustus Honorius, western Roman emperor 395-423 Saint Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury 627-655 Pope Honorius I, pope 625-638 Pope Honorius II, pope 1124-1130 Pope Honorius III, pope 1216-1227 Pope Honorius IV, pope 1285-1287 Antipope Honorius II, 1061-1064 This is a disambiguation page... Tyrannius Rufinus or Rufinus of Aquileia (between 340 and 345–410 CE) was a monk, historian, and theologian. ... Stilicho (right) with his wife Serena and son Eucherius Flavius Stilicho (occasionally written as Stilico) (ca. ... Gildo (d. ... An 1894 photogravure of Alaric I taken from a painting by Ludwig Thiersch. ... From 405-406 CE Radagaisus led a collection of Germanic tribes in an unsuccessful assault on the Roman Empire. ... Claudius Claudianus, Anglicized as Claudian, was the court poet to the Emperor Honorius and Stilicho. ... A siege is a military blockade of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition, often accompanied by an assault. ... Idealising bust of Arcadius in the Theodosian style combines elements of classicism with the new hieratic style (Istanbul Archaeology Museum) Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arcadius For the Greek grammarian, see Arcadius of Antioch. ... Eutropius was an Ancient Roman Pagan historian who flourished in the latter half of the 4th century. ... Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) is a semiconductor composed of indium, gallium and arsenic. ... John Chrysostom (347 - 407) was a notable Christian bishop and preacher from the 4th and 5th centuries in Syria and Constantinople. ... Theodosius II Flavius Theodosius II (April, 401 - July 28, 450 ). The eldest son of Eudoxia and Arcadius who at the age of 7 became the Roman Emperor of the East. ... Pulcheria (January 19, 399 – 453) was the daughter of the Eastern Roman Emperor Arcadius and Aelia Eudoxia. ... This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... See: Flavius Augustus Honorius, western Roman emperor 395-423 Saint Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury 627-655 Pope Honorius I, pope 625-638 Pope Honorius II, pope 1124-1130 Pope Honorius III, pope 1216-1227 Pope Honorius IV, pope 1285-1287 Antipope Honorius II, 1061-1064 This is a disambiguation page... Solidus minted in Thessalonica to celebrate the marriage of Valentinian III to Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of the Eastern Emperor Theodosius II. On the reverse, the three of them in wedding dresses. ... Portrait of Galla Placidia, from her mausoleum in Ravenna. ... Flavius Aëtius or simply Aetius, ( 396–454), was a Roman general of the closing period of the Western Roman Empire. ... For the Roman general of this name, see Bonifacius. ... Vandal and Vandali redirect here. ... “Attila” redirects here. ... Another but lesser Marcian was a son-in-law of Byzantine Emperor Leo I and his queen Verina. ... Migrations The Visigoths (Western Goths) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths being the other). ... Geiseric (circa 389 – January 25, 477), also spelled as Gaiseric or Genseric, was the King of the Vandals and Alans (428–477) and was one of the key players in the troubles of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. ... Petronius Maximus on a coin. ... Avitus on a tremissis. ... Majorian on an bronze coin. ... Libius Severus was a Western Roman Emperor. ... Procopius Anthemius (c. ... Anicius Olybrius, Western Roman Emperor (July 11 - October 23, 472), was a member of a noble family and a native of Rome. ... Glycerius (c. ... Julius Nepos on a coin. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Monk (disambiguation). ... Clovis may refer to the following: The personal name of Germanic origin that primarily saw use in Europe before the year 1000 AD. Several locales and persons of historical importance have borne this name. ... The Alamanni, Allemanni or Alemanni, are a Germanic tribe, first mentioned by Dio Cassius, under the year 213. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... For other uses, see Saxon (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see King Arthur (disambiguation). ... Flavius Zeno (c. ... Flavius Anastasius or Anastasius I (c. ... Theodoric was a first name frequently encountered in medieval European history. ... This article deals with the continental Ostrogoths. ... Boethus was a Greek sculptor of the Hellenistic age, a native of Chalcedon. ... Symmachus can refer to several different people of Roman antiquity. ... Flavius Iustinus Augustus. ... This article is about the Roman emperor. ... Theodora, detail of a Byzantine mosaic in Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna. ... For other uses of this word, see Silk (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Hagia Sophia (disambiguation). ... This article is about the capital of Greece. ... This article is about the Roman rank. ... // Flavius Belisarius (505(?) – 565) was one of the greatest generals of the Byzantine Empire and one of the most acclaimed generals in history. ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... Location of the city of Naples (red dot) within Italy. ... Province of Ravenna Ravenna is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. ... The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, whence comes the alternative name Longobards found in older English texts), were a Germanic people originally from Northern Europe that entered the late Roman Empire. ... Distribution of Slavic people by language The Slavic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in Europe, where they constitute roughly a third of the population. ... Late Avar period Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... A coin of Khosrau I Khosrau I, (Most commonly known as Anooshiravan also spelled Anushirvan, Persian: انوشيروان meaning the immortal soul), also known as Anooshiravan the Just (انوشیروان عادل, Anooshiravan-e-ādel) (ruled 531–579), was the favourite son and successor of Kavadh I of Persia (488–531), and the most famous and... The Lazic War, or Egrisi Great War as it is known in Georgian historiography, refers to the twenty-year war between Byzantium and Iran Sassanid Empire for controlling the western Georgian Kingdom of Egrisi/ Lazica in 542-562. ... This article is about the African country. ... Totila, born in Treviso, was king of the Ostrogoths, chosen after the death of his uncle Ildibad, having engineered the assassination of Ildibads short-lived successor his cousin Eraric in 541. ... Narses (478-573) was, along with Belisarius, one of the two great generals in the service of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I. during the so-called Reconquest that took place during the Justinians reign. ... This article is about the Frankish people and society. ... The Alamanni, Allemanni or Alemanni, are a Germanic tribe, first mentioned by Dio Cassius, under the year 213. ... For the jurisprudence of courts, see Case law. ... Ordinary Magistrates Extraordinary Magistrates Titles and Honors Emperor Politics and Law The Law of the Twelve Tables (Lex Duodecim Tabularum, more informally simply Duodecim Tabulae) was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. ... Decemviri (sing. ... Flavius Iustinus Iunior Augustus Flavius Iustinus Iunior Augustus or Justin The Divine (c. ... Late Avar period Map showing the location of Avar Khaganate, c. ... Flavius Tiberius Constantinus Augustus or Tiberius II Constantine (c. ... A solidus of Maurikios reign. ... “Saint Gregory” redirects here. ... Bahram or Vahram (Persian: ‎ ​), meaning smiting of resistance or victorious, may refer to: Bahrām, the Zoroastrian divinity that is the hypostasis of victory. ... Khosrau II, Parvez (the Victorious), king of Persia, son of Hormizd IV, grandson of Khosrau I, 590 – 628. ... This article is about the title. ... Phocas on a contemporary coin Flavius Phocas Augustus, Eastern Roman Emperor (reigned 602–610), is perhaps one of the most maligned figures to have held the Imperial title in the long history of Rome and Byzantium. ... For the Patriarch of Jerusalem, see Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem. ... Anatolia (Greek: ανατολη anatole, rising of the sun or East; compare Orient and Levant, by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana mother and dolu filled), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to... Look up incarnation, incarnate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This page is about the title, office or what is known in Christian theology as the Divine Person. ... It has been suggested that Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church be merged into this article or section. ... The Patriarch of Constantinople is the Ecumenical Patriarch, ranking as the first among equals in the Eastern Orthodox communion. ... See Saint Cyril (disambiguation) for other persons with this name. ... Nestorius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Cyril of Alexandria The Council of Ephesus was held in the Church of Mary in Ephesus, Asia Minor in 431 under Emperor Theodosius II, grandson of Theodosius the Great; Ephesus was the city of Artemis (see Acts 19:28). ... Eutyches (c. ... The Council of Chalcedon was an ecumenical council that took place from October 8 to November 1, 451, at Chalcedon (a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor), today part of the city of Istanbul on the Asian side of the Bosphorus and known as the district of Kadıköy. ... The Three Chapters (trîa kephálaia), a phase in the Monophysite controversy, was an attempt to reconcile the Christians of Syria and Egypt with Western Christendom, following the failure of the Henotikon. ... Monothelitism was the christological doctrine that Jesus had one will but two natures (divine and human). ... The term Nestorianism is eponymous, even though the person who lent his name to it always denied the associated belief. ... The Syriac Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church based in the Middle East with members spread throughout the world. ... Maronites (Marunoye ܡܪܘܢܝܶܐ in Syriac, Mawarinah in Arabic) are members of one of the Eastern Rites of the Catholic church. ... The word Copt signifies the natives of Egypt as a nationality, and in popular common culture in Egypt it is used to specifically signify Christian Egyptians, although its use to mean Egyptian is not unwitnessed. ... Statues in the Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht, attacked in Reformation iconoclasm in the 16th century. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Pope (from Latin... Statue of Charlemagne in Frankfurt, a Romantic interpretation of his appearance from the 19th century Charlemagne (c. ... Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ... The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula is a mainly desert peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia and an important part of the greater Middle East. ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... Ali ibn Abu Talib (Arabic: علي بن أبي طالب translit: ‘AlÄ« ibn Abu Ṭālib Persian: علی پسر ابو طالب) ‎ (599 – 661) is an early Islamic leader. ... For the rugby club Saracens see Saracens (rugby club) The term Saracen comes from Greek sarakenoi. ... For main article see: Caliphate The Caliph (pronounced khaleef in Arabic) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Sharia. ... Charles Martel (or, in modern English, Charles the Hammer) (23 August 686 – 22 October 741) was proclaimed Mayor of the Palace, ruling the Franks in the name of a titular King, and proclaimed himself Duke of the Franks (the last four years of his reign he did not even bother... Mashriq Dynasties  Maghrib Dynasties  The Umayyad dynasty (Arabic,بنو أمية ) (Banu Umayyah), whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of Muawiyah I, was the first dynasty of the Muslim Caliphate, 660–750. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire. ... For other uses, see Crete (disambiguation). ... Sicily ( in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 km² (9,926 sq. ... Nicephorus I, Byzantine emperor 802-811 AD. Nicephorus II Phocas, Byzantine emperor 963-969 AD. Nicephorus III Botaniates, Byzantine emperor 1078-1081 AD. Saint Nicephorus Byzantine writer and patriarch, 758-829 AD, author of a famous Stichometry. ... Phocas on a contemporary coin Flavius Phocas Augustus, Eastern Roman Emperor (reigned 602–610), is perhaps one of the most maligned figures to have held the Imperial title in the long history of Rome and Byzantium. ... Ioannes, protected by God and the Virgin Mary. ... For other uses, see Latin (disambiguation). ... Bogomils was the name of an ancient Gnostic religious community which is thought to have originated in Bulgaria. ... Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak  Thrace (Bulgarian: , Greek: , Attic Greek: ThrāíkÄ“ or ThrēíkÄ“, Latin: , Turkish: ) is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... Norman conquests in red. ... Robert Guiscard (i. ... This article is about the Italian region. ... Manuel I Comnenus (Greek: Μανουήλ Α ο Κομνηνός; November 28, 1118 – September 24, 1180), was a Byzantine Emperor of the 12th century who reigned over a crucial turning point in the history of Byzantium and the Mediterranean. ... Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197, Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King of Sicily from 1194 to 1197. ... The Seljuk coat of arms was a double headed eagle The Seljuk Turks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq; in modern Turkish Selçuklular; in Persian سلجوقيان SaljÅ«qiyān; in Arabic سلجوق SaljÅ«q, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of... Hindustan is a name given to the pre-Islamic political culture of India. ... Togrul is a male name, used mainly in Turkey (TuÄŸrul) and Azerbaijan (ToÄŸrul). ... Romanus IV Romanus IV (Diogenes), Byzantine emperor from 1068 to 1071, was a member of a distinguished Cappadocian family, and had risen to distinction in the army, until he was convicted of treason against the sons of Constantine X. While waiting for his execution he was summoned into the presence... Muhammed ben Daud (1029 – December 15, 1072), the second sultan of the dynasty of Seljuk Turks, in Persia, and great-grandson of Seljuk, the founder of the dynasty. ... Malik Shah was the name of a number of rulers in the Middle East and Persia. ... The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, called the Church of the Resurrection (Greek: Ναός της Αναστάσεως, Naos tis Anastaseos; Georgian: აგდგომის ტადზარი Agdgomis Tadzari; Armenian: Surp Harutyun) by Eastern Christians, is a Christian church within the walled Old City of Jerusalem. ... Combatants Christendom, Catholicism West European Christians, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Seljuks, Arabs and other Muslims The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II with the dual goals of liberating the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslims and freeing the Eastern Christians from Muslim... Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus Alexius I (1048–August 15, 1118), Byzantine emperor (1081–1118), was the third son of John Comnenus, the nephew of Isaac I Comnenus (emperor 1057–1059). ... Iznik tiles inside the Selimiye Mosque in Edirne Ä°znik (which derives from the former Greek name Νίκαια, Nicaea) is a city in Turkey which is known primarily as the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea, the first and seventh Ecumenical councils in the early history of the Christian... Godfrey of Bouillon, from a tapestry painted in 1420 Godfrey of Bouillon (c. ... This is a list of Kings of Jerusalem, from 1099 to 1291, as well as claimants to the title up to the present day. ... Official language Latin, French, Italian, and other western languages; Greek and Arabic also widely spoken Capital Jerusalem, later Acre Constitution Various laws, so-called Assizes of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christian kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 by the First Crusade. ... The fall of Edessa, seen here on the right of this map (c. ... The Third Crusade (1189–1192), also known as the Kings Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin. ... Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–August 21, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order. ... Saladin, properly known as Salah al-DÄ«n Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Arabic: , Kurdish: ) (c. ... Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 to 6 April 1199. ... Pope Innocent III (c. ... The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (Eugène Delacroix, 1840). ... Frisian crusaders confront the Tower of Damietta, Egypt. ... Frederick II (December 26, 1194 – December 13, 1250), of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. ... Louis IX (25 April 1215 – 25 August 1270), commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 to his death. ... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for... The word schism (IPA: or ), from the Greek σχίσμα, skhísma (from σχίζω, skhízō, to tear, to split), means a division or a split, usually in an organization or a movement. ... Isaac II Angelus (or Isaakios Angelos) (September 1156-1204), was the Byzantine emperor from 1185-1195, and again 1203-1204. ... Alexius III Angelus, Byzantine emperor, was the second son of Andronicus Angelus, nephew of Alexius I. In 1195, while his brother Isaac II was away hunting in Thrace, he was proclaimed emperor by the troops; he captured Isaac at Stagira in Macedonia, put out his eyes, and kept him henceforth... For other uses, see Venice (disambiguation). ... Alexius IV Angelus (c. ... For other uses, see Flanders (disambiguation). ... Courtenay is the name of several communes in France: Courtenay, in the Isère département Courtenay, in the Loiret département This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus. ... This article is about the medieval crusades. ... The Empire of Nicaea was the largest of the states founded by refugees from the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade. ... The Byzantine Empire in 1265 (William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911) Michael VIII (1225 – December 11, 1282) was the founder of the Palaeologos dynasty that would rule the Byzantine Empire to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. ... The name Catholic Church can mean a visible organization that refers to itself as Catholic, or the invisible Christian Church, viz. ... Charles I (March 1227 - January 7, 1285) was the posthumous son of King Louis VIII of France, created Count of Anjou by his elder brother King Louis IX in 1246, thus founding the second Angevin dynasty. ... Capital Barcelona Official languages Spanish and Catalan In Val dAran, also Aranese. ... This article is about the capital of Greece. ... Andronicus II Palaeologus (1260 - February 13, 1332), Byzantine emperor, was the elder son of Michael VIII Palaeologus, whom he succeeded in 1282. ... Andronicus III Palaeologus (c. ... John V Palaeologus (1332 – February 16, 1391) was the son of Andronicus III, whom he succeeded as Byzantine emperor in 1341, at age nine. ... Regency may have several meanings: A regency may be a period of time when a regent holds power in the name of the current monarch, or in the name of the Crown itself, if the throne is vacant. ... John VI Cantacuzenus (c. ... For other uses, see Genoa (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... This article is about the person. ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... The Ottoman Turks were the ethnic subdivision of the Turkish people who dominated the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire. ... Bithynia was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor, adjoining the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus and the Euxine (today Black Sea). ... This does not cite its references or sources. ... Orhan I Orhan or Orkhan was the bey (chief) of the newborn Ottoman Empire (at the time known as the Osmanli tribe) from 1326 to 1359. ... Sultan Murad I (มู้หลัดที่หนึ่ง) Murad I (nick-named Hüdavendigâr, the God-liked one) (1319 (or 1326) – 1389) was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1359 to 1389. ... // Bayezid I (Ottoman: بايزيد الأول, Turkish: Beyazıt, nicknamed Yıldırım (Ottoman: ییلدیرم), the Thunderbolt; 1354–1403) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. ... Statue of Timur in Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan TÄ«mÅ«r bin Taraghay Barlas (Chagatai Turkic: تیمور - TÄ“mōr, iron) (1336 – February 1405), known in the West as Tamerlane, was a 14th century warlord of Turco-Mongol descent,[1][2][3][4] conqueror of much of western and central Asia, and founder... Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд, Persian: ‎ , Uzbek: , Russian: ), population 412,300 in 2005, is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. ... Tatary or Great Tatary (Latin: Tataria or Tataria Magna) was a name used by Europeans from the Middle Ages until the twentieth century to designate a great tract of northern and central Asia stretching from the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean inhabited by Turkic and... // Bayezid I (Ottoman: بايزيد الأول, Turkish: Beyazıt, nicknamed Yıldırım (Ottoman: ییلدیرم), the Thunderbolt; 1354–1403) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. ... Sultan Mehmet I Mehmed I Çelebi (nicknamed Kirisci, the Executioner) (1389 – May 26, 1421) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire. ... Murad II (June 1404, Amasya – February 3, 1451, Edirne) (Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثانى Murād-ı sānÄ«, Turkish:) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1451 (except for a period from 1444 to 1446). ... The Byzantine Empire around year 1400. ... Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, capital city of the province of Ferrara. ... This article is about the city in Italy. ... Vladislaus, Wladislaus, Ladislaus or Ladislas (Polish: Władysław, Czech, Russian: Vladislav, Hungarian: László and Ulászló) is the name of several kings and dukes of Poland, Hungary and Bohemia. ... John Hunyadi, as imagined by a 17th century artist John Hunyadi (Medieval Latin: Ioannes Corvinus, German: Johann Hunyadi; Hungarian: Hunyadi János, Romanian: Iancu or Ioan de Hunedoara) (c. ... Scanderbeg sculpture Gjergj Kastrioti (Italian: Giorgio Castriota) (1405–January 17, 1468), better known as Skanderbeg or Skenderbej, was an Albanian leader who resisted the expanding Ottoman Empire for 25 years and is today considered a national hero of Albania. ... Constantine XI: The last Byzantine emperor is considered a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church. ... Mehmed II (Ottoman Turkish: محمد ثانى , Turkish: ), (also known as el-Fatih (الفاتح), the Conqueror, in Ottoman Turkish, or, in modern Turkish, Fatih Sultan Mehmet) (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to 1446, and later from 1451 to 1481. ... Combatants  Byzantine Empire Ottoman Sultanate Commanders Constantine XI †, Loukas Notaras, Giovanni Giustiniani †[1] Mehmed II, ZaÄŸanos Pasha Strength 80,000[2] 80,000[1]-200,000[1][3] Casualties 4,000 dead[4] [5][6] unknown The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empires... Coat of arms Map of the Papal States; the reddish area was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1860, the rest (grey) in 1870. ... Arnold of Brescia, (c. ... City flag City coat of arms Location Coordinates Time Zone CET (GMT +1) Administration Country France Région Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur Département Vaucluse (préfecture) Arrondissement Avignon Canton Chief town of 4 cantons Intercommunality Communauté dagglomération du Grand Avignon Mayor Marie-Josée Roig... The concept of the Jubilee is a special year of remission of sins and universal pardon. ... The Colonna family was a powerful noble family in medieval and renaissance Rome, supplying one pope and many other leaders, and fighting with their rivals the Orsini family for influence. ... From the c. ... Cola di Rienzi (c. ... Historical map of the Western Schism: red is support for Avignon, blue for Rome The Western Schism or Papal Schism (also known as the Great Schism of Western Christianity) was a split within the Catholic Church (1378 - 1417). ... Coliseum may refer to: The following structures: Araneta Coliseum, one of the biggest coliseums in Asia. ...

A Gibbon chronology

[unless otherwise noted, content is drawn from Womersley, ODNB; and Womersley, "Chronology." (see References, -ed.). D&F = The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire].

• 1737 April 27 (N.S. May 8): born in Putney, county of Surrey, near London.

• 1744 Apr: tutored privately by clergyman/grammarian, John Kirkby.

• 1746 Jan: attends Dr. Wooddeson's grammar school at Kingston-on-Thames.

• 1747 Dec 26: mother dies.

• 1748 Jan: enters Westminister School and boarding house run by Catherine "Aunt Kitty" Porten.

• 1750 overtaken by a "strange nervous affection," forced temporarily to drop formal education.

• 1751 health improves, reads large histories voraciously, i.e., Echard, Howel[l], and the Universal History.^[4]

• 1752 Jan: at father's direction, tutored by the "feckless and neglectful" Rev. Philip Francis.
  • Apr 3: again at father's orders, enters Magdalen College, Oxford as a gentleman commoner, to spend 14 of the "most idle and unprofitable [months] of my whole life."^[5]

• 1753 exposure to works by Conyers Middleton and Robert Parsons produces attraction to Catholicism.
  • June 8: converts to Roman Catholicism.
  • June 19: father "exiles" him to Lausanne, Switzerland (arrives June 30).
  • tutored by Reformed Calvinist pastor David Pavillard, "the first father of my mind."
  • meets first (of 2) great friend(s), Georges Deyverdun.

• 1754 Dec 25: re-converted to Protestantism.

• 1755 begins "a programme of serious and methodical reading," including much Latin and mathematics.
  • May 8: father marries Dorothea Patton, loved "as a companion, a friend, and a mother."
  • Autumn: tours Switzerland.

• 1757 meets serious love interest Suzanne Curchod (later Madame Necker); is taken with her "wit, ... beauty, and erudition."^[6] becomes engaged to be married.^[7]
  • meets Voltaire, whose "influence is palpable in the first volume" of the D&F.

• 1758 Aug: returns to England, splits residence between Buriton family estate (where the library was his "peculiar domain") and New Bond Street, London.
  • breaks with Curchod at father's impenetrable resistance.

• 1759 June 12 - 1762 Dec 23: South Hampshire militia active duty, eventually promoted from captain to lieutenant colonel.

• 1761 July 7: publishes first major work, Essai sur l'Étude de littérature, paying "prolonged homage to Montesquieu."

• 1761 purchases the 20-volume Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, "eventually of major importance" for the D&F.

• 1763 Jan 28 - 1765 June: on the Grand Tour, arrival in Paris.

• 1763 May: leaves for Lausanne.

• 1764 final break with Suzanne Curchod at Ferney; meets second great friend, John Baker Holroyd, later Lord Sheffield.

• 1764 April 18: leaves for Italy with chum William Guise. visits Florence, Rome, Naples, and Venice.

• 1765 June: returns to England.
  • joined by Deyverdun who stays four years at Buriton.

• 1768 Apr 15 - 1769 with Deyverdun, publishes two volumes of their literary review Mémoires littéraires de la Grande-Bretagne.

• 1770 Feb 3: publishes Critical Observations on the Sixth Book of the 'Aenid'.^[8] shows use of polemical irony and polished organization of historical evidence.

• 1770 Nov 12: father dies, inheritance finally brings financial independence.
  • resigns commission in South Hampshire militia.

• 1772 Buriton estate leased, moves to 7 Bentinck St., Cavendish Square.

• 1773 Feb: begins writing the D&F.

• 1774 Oct 11: elected M.P. for Liskeard, Cornwall.^[9]
  • joins Samuel Johnson's literary Club.
  • negotiates publishing contract with firm of Strahan & Cadell.

• 1776 Feb 17: D&F vol. 1 published, scathing attacks ensue.

• 1777 May: leaves on six-month trip to Paris.

• 1779 Jan 14: answers attackers with publication of A Vindication of some passages in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Chapters.
  • July: appointed to the government's Board of Trade and Plantations (BT&P).
  • Oct 12: publishes the Mémoire Justificatif pour servir de Réponse à l'Exposé, etc. in the London Morning Post.^[10]

• 1780 Sep 1: loses Liskeard seat in Parliament when patron and relative Edward Eliot defects to the opposition.

• 1781 March 1: D&F vols. 2-3 published;
  • June 25: elected M.P. for Lymington.^[11]

• 1782 May: BT&P abolished, loses position.

• 1783 Sep 1: sends his library ahead, leaves for Lausanne to reside permanently with Deyverdun at the latter's estate, La Grotte.

• 1786 Summer: death of Catherine Porten.

• 1787 June 27: finishes writing D&F.
  • Aug: returns to England.

• 1788 May 8: D&F vols. 4-6 published;
  • July: leaves for Lausanne.
  • starts composing his Memoirs.

• 1789 July 4: "profoundly shaken" at the death of Deyverdun; inherits La Grotte.^[12]
  • cautiously assesses the French Revolution.
  • Dec. 1: Strahan & Cadell publish D&F sixth edition of volume 1 with a third edition of volumes 2 and 3, as a new set.^[13]

• 1790 reads Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, immediately endorses its view.

• 1791 receives visit from Sheffield and family, who report the chaos in Paris.

• 1793 completes six drafts (A-F) of his Memoirs.
  • Apr 26: returns to England following death of Lady Sheffield.
  • May: stays with Sheffield until October.
  • Nov: returns to 7 Bentinck St., London.
  • Dec: falls dangerously ill from hernia/liver cirrohsis.

• 1794 Jan 13: last of three operations to drain fluid, with, it turns out, a dirty knife.
  • Jan 15: pronounces self ready to spend another "ten, twelve, or perhaps twenty years."
  • Jan 16, 12:45pm: dies suddenly of peritonitis, buried in Sheffield family graveyard at the parish church in Sussex. estate valued at £26,000.

• 1796 Mar 31: Sheffield publishes the Miscellaneous Works of Edward Gibbon, including his heavily edited collection of Gibbon's Memoirs.^[14]

College name Magdalen College Latin name Collegium Beatae Mariae Magdalenae Named after Mary Magdalene Established 1458 Sister college Magdalene College, Cambridge President Professor David Clary FRS JCR President Jessica Jones Undergraduates 395 MCR President Eloise Scotford Graduates 230 Location of Magdalen College within central Oxford , Homepage Boatclub Magdalen College (pronounced... Conyers Middleton (December 27, 1683 - July 28, 1750), English divine, was born at Richmond in Yorkshire. ... Robert Parsons (sometimes spelled Persons) (born June 24, 1546, Nether Stowey, Somerset, England, died April 15, 1610, Rome) was a Jesuit priest of equal contemporary fame with Edmund Campion. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... Waterfront view of Ouchy, just south of Lausanne Lausanne is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, on the shores of Lake Geneva (French: Lac Léman), across from Évian-les-Bains, France, and about 60 km northeast of Geneva. ... Protestantism encompasses the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated with the doctrines of the Reformation. ... Madame Necker (Suzanne Curchod). ... Jacques Necker Jacques Necker (September 30, 1732 – April 9, 1804) was a French statesman of Swiss origin and finance minister of Louis XVI. // Necker was born in Geneva, Switzerland. ... For the singer of the same name, see Voltaire (musician). ... Shortly following Edward Gibbons death, his good friend and literary executor, John Lord Sheffield undertook to edit and in 1796 published the first (of three) edition(s) of the Miscellaneous Works of Edward Gibbon. ... The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres is a French learned society founded in 1663 and concerned with the humanities. ... For other uses, see Grand Tour (disambiguation). ... Ferney-Voltaire is a town and commune in the Ain département of eastern France, located between the Jura mountains and the Swiss border. ... John Baker-Holroyd, 1st Earl of Sheffield (21 December 1735–30 May 1821) was an English politician who came from a Yorkshire family, a branch of which had settled in Ireland. ... Liskeard, an ancient Stannary and market town at the head of the River Looe valley in southeast Cornwall, UK, is the administrative centre of the Caradon District. ... For other persons named Samuel Johnson, see Samuel Johnson (disambiguation). ... The Club was a London dining and conversation club founded in February 1764 by the artist Joshua Reynolds and essayist Samuel Johnson. ... The Eiffel Tower has become the symbol of Paris throughout the world. ... Edward Craggs-Eliot was born Edward Eliot in London on July 8, 1727 to Richard Eliot (c. ... Cobbled streets in Lymington town centre. ... The French Revolution (1789–1815) was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on... Edmund Burke (January 12, 1729[1] – July 9, 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, who served for many years in the British House of Commons as a member of the Whig party. ... Reflections on the Revolution in France is a work of political commentary written by Anglo-Irish statesman and philosopher Edmund Burke, first published on 1 November 1790. ... Sussex as a traditional county. ... Shortly following Edward Gibbons death, his good friend and literary executor, John Lord Sheffield undertook to edit and in 1796 published the first (of three) edition(s) of the Miscellaneous Works of Edward Gibbon. ...

Notes

References

• Norton, J.E. A Bibliography of the Works of Edward Gibbon (New York: Burt Franklin Co., 1970;1940). cited as 'Norton, Biblio'.
• Pocock, J.G.A. Barbarism and Religion, vol. 1, The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon, 1737-1764 (Cambridge: 1999). cited as 'Pocock, EEG'.
• Project Gutenberg: Gibbon, Memoirs of My Life and Writings online. cited as 'Gibbon, Memoirs'.
• Stephen, Sir Leslie, "GIBBON, EDWARD (1737-1794)," Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 7, eds. Sir Leslie Stephen, Sir Sidney Lee (Oxford: 1963;1921), 1129–1135. cited as 'Stephen, DNB'.
• Womersley, David. "Gibbon, Edward (1737-1794)," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 22, H.C.G. Matthew; Brian Harrison, eds. (Oxford: 2004), 8-18. cited as 'Womersley, ODNB'.
  • Womersley, "Chronology" in Edward Gibbon - The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 3 vols. (New York: Penguin Press, 2005;1994), pp. cxii-cxiii. cited as 'Womersley, "Chronology"'.

Further reading

• Pocock, J.G.A. The Work of J.G.A. Pocock: Edward Gibbon section.
• Edward Gibbon page: Further reading section.
• The History of the Decline and Fall: Further Reading section.
• The Miscellaneous Works of Edward Gibbon.

// A world-renowned scholar of the history of British political discourse, J.G.A. (John) Pocock, Harry C. Black Chair of History Emeritus at Johns Hopkins University, has enjoyed nearly 60 years of publication. ... Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). ... This article is about the book. ... Shortly following Edward Gibbons death, his good friend and literary executor, John Lord Sheffield undertook to edit and in 1796 published the first (of three) edition(s) of the Miscellaneous Works of Edward Gibbon. ...

External links

• Roman Empire -- List of Roman Emperors
• Byzantine Empire -- List of Byzantine Emperors