In the television industry (especially in North America), an owned and operated station (frequently abbreviated as O&O) is a television station that is owned by the network with which it is associated. This distinguishes such a TV station from an affiliate, whose ownership lies elsewhere other than the network it is linked to. World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere, bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west... A television station is a type of broadcast station that broadcasts both audio and video to television receivers in a particular area. ... A television network is a distribution network for television content whereby a central operation provides programming for many television stations. ... An affiliate is an entity with a relationship with a peer or a larger entity. ...

For example: in the Boston television market, WBZ-TV carries CBS programming, and is owned by the CBS network. As such, WBZ-TV is an O&O. On the other hand, WCVB-TV and WHDH-TV carry ABC and NBC programming respectively, but neither is owned by its parent network. As such, these two stations are considered regular affiliates. Alternative meanings: Boston (disambiguation) The 18th-century Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries. ... WBZ-TV (CBS4) is the CBS television owned-and-operated station serving the Boston, Massachusetts, television market. ... CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) is a major radio and television network in the United States. ... WCVB-TV is the ABC affiliate in Boston, Massachusetts. ... WHDH-TV (7 NBC) is the NBC affiliate in the Boston, Massachusetts television market. ... The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is a television and radio network in the United States. ... The National Broadcasting Company or NBC is an American radio and television broadcasting company based in New York Citys Rockefeller Center. ...

The concept of O&O is more clearly defined in North America (and to some extent, several other countries such as Australia and Brazil) than in other parts of the world, as many television networks in other places are largely composed of O&Os, rendering a separate notion for such a concept redundant.

Usage

Even though the term “owned and operated” is frequently used outside the television industry to refer to a business that is actually managed by its owners, its usage within the industry is normally restricted to the definition identified at the beginning of the article. As such, even though WCVB-TV, for instance, is technically owned-and-operated by Hearst-Argyle Television, it is generally not identified as a “Hearst-Argyle O&O”. In short, the term generally applies only to network-owned stations. Hearst-Argyle Television, Inc. ...

Also, the terms “O&O” and “affiliate” are, by definition, mutually exclusive; an O&O cannot also be an affiliate at the same time. However, in casual usage, the distinction between the two is often blurred, and an O&O might be referred to as an affiliate. (By extension, an O&O’s parent network might also be referred to as its affiliation.) An affiliate, however, is seldom referred to as an O&O unless the speaker actually (mistakenly) thinks the station in question is owned by its parent network. In probability theory, events E1, E2, ... , En are said to be mutually exclusive if the occurrence of any one them automatically implies the non-occurrence of the remaining n-1 events. ...

The status of some stations carrying WB programming, then, becomes a rather peculiar situation. The WB network technically does not own any TV stations. However, the Tribune Company, which holds a stake in the network, does own some stations that carry the network’s programming (eg. WPIX in New York City, KTLA in Los Angeles, and so on). While those stations are not officially O&Os according to the standard definition, some still consider them as such. The WB Television Network, casually referred to as The WB, is a television network in the United States, founded as a joint venture between the Warner Bros. ... The Tribune Company is a large multimedia corporation based in Chicago, Illinois. ... WPIX-TV WB11 in New York City is the flagship station of the Warner Brothers television network. ... Midtown Manhattan, looking north from the Empire State Building, 2005 New York City (officially named the City of New York) is the most populous city in the United States, and is at the center of international finance, politics, entertainment, and culture. ... KTLA-TV (Channel 5) is the flagship station of the Warner Brothers television network. ... This article is about the largest city in California. ...

Distribution

At the dawn of the American TV industry, each company was only allowed to own a total of five television stations around the country. As such, when the networks launched their television operations, they found it more advantageous to put their five O&Os in large markets, which consisted of more households, which then translated into higher revenue. They opted to run their programming on affiliates instead in other markets.

Even as ownership limits have been gradually raised (a company can now own any number of TV stations with a combined reach of less than 39.5% of the country), O&Os in the United States are still primarily found in large markets such as New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago, among others. Midtown Manhattan, looking north from the Empire State Building, 2005 New York City (officially named the City of New York) is the most populous city in the United States, and is at the center of international finance, politics, entertainment, and culture. ... This article is about the largest city in California. ... Chicago (officially named the City of Chicago) is the third largest city in the United States (after New York City and Los Angeles), with an official population of 2,896,016, as of the 2000 census. ...

Despite that, O&Os can still be found in smaller markets. For example, WJRT in Flint, Michigan (market #65; 2004-05) and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio (market #70; 2004-05) are ABC O&Os, while WFRV in Green Bay, Wisconsin (market #69; 2004-05) is a CBS O&O. Market 70 is essentially the lower limit for where an O&O can be found. WJRT-TV (ABC 12) is the American Broadcasting Company-owned and operated television station in the Flint-Saginaw-Bay City, Michigan television market. ... The arches of downtown Flint. ... City nickname: The Glass City Location in the state of Ohio County Lucas Mayor Jack Ford (D) Area   â€“Land   â€“Water 217. ... WFRV (CBS 5) is the CBS owned & operated television station in Green Bay, Wisconsin. ... County Brown Mayor Jim Schmitt, (R) Congressional Rep. ...

(While WOGX in Ocala, Florida, market 162, is technically a Fox O&O, it is essentially a satellite of WOFL, located in the much more highly-populated Orlando, market 20.) Ocala is a city located in Marion County, Florida. ... The Fox Broadcasting Company, usually referred to as just Fox (the company itself prefers the capitalized version FOX), is a television network in the United States. ... WOFL (FOX 35) is the FOX television station serving the Orlando, Florida metropolitan area. ... Skyline of Orlando at night, from across Lake Eola The city of Orlando is the county seat of Orange County, Florida. ...

In Canada, due to the population being concentrated to fewer urban centers, as well as more lenient policies regarding media ownership (for example, an ownership cap on TV stations does not exist), many television stations have become (or went on air as) O&Os. The Global Television Network, for example, currently consists solely of O&Os. (The only exception is CJON in St. John’s, which carries Global programming, although it is nominally an independent station.) The Global Television Network (more commonly called Global) is a major English-language television network in Canada, owned by CanWest Global Communications. ... CJON is a privately-owned television station in St. ... An Independent station is a TV station that is not affiliated with any network. ...

Branding

The Circle 7 logo, originally designed for ABC O&Os.

A network’s O&Os often share similar branding elements among themselves, reinforcing their common identity as stations owned by the same network. This kind of sharing may also present some savings to the parent network (ie. the owner), as its O&Os can use the same graphics and music rather than to each commission its own branding package. Examples include the circle 7 logo (originally designed for ABC’s O&Os on channel 7) and the “I Love Chicago, Chicago My Home” musical signature (originally used by WBBM-TV, later spread to other CBS O&Os). Circle 7 Logo. ... Circle 7 Logo. ... The Circle 7 logo is one of the most classic and familiar television station logos in the United States. ... The Circle 7 logo is one of the most classic and familiar television station logos in the United States. ... WBBM-TV (CBS 2) is the Chicago-based owned & operated station of the CBS television network. ...

Currently, other television station groups (eg. Hearst-Argyle) also implement common branding packages among its stations. Some of the branding elements originally found only at the O&Os are now used by regular affiliates as well (eg. the aforementioned circle 7 logo). Nonetheless, such practices and elements can still be traced back to the O&Os, which represented the earliest television station groups under common ownership, before the emergence and proliferation of nationwide station ownership groups in the subsequent decades. Hearst-Argyle Television, Inc. ...

Ties to the Networks

Matt Lauer anchoring a local newscast on WNBC-TV in 1994.

Positions at network O&Os are frequently sought after by those who wish to eventually work for a television network. Indeed, many O&Os have served as a stepping stone for television personalities at their parent networks. For example, Matt Lauer and Al Roker worked for NBC's O&O in New York City (WNBC-TV) before becoming hosts on The Today Show. Whether or not one gets a job at a network obviously depends on one's abilities, and working at an O&O does not guarantee a network job down the line; however, the personality does potentially receive additional exposure to the network. Matt Lauer on WNBCs Live at Five in 1994. ... Matt Lauer on WNBCs Live at Five in 1994. ... Matt Lauer on WNBCs Live at Five in 1994. ... WNBC-TV (NBC4) is the flagship TV station of the NBC television network, with studios located in Rockefeller Center in Manhattan. ... Matt Lauer on WNBCs Live at Five in 1994. ... Albert Lincoln Roker (born August 20, 1954) is an American television broadcaster, best known as the weatherman for NBCs Today show. ... WNBC-TV (NBC4) is the flagship TV station of the NBC television network, with studios located in Rockefeller Center in Manhattan. ... Today (commonly referred to as The Today Show) is a morning news and talk show airing on the NBC television network in the United States. ...

Personalities at the O&Os also occasionally take on duties at the network level alongside their existing capacities at the local level. For example, several local anchors at CTV's O&Os have filled in for Lloyd Robertson in the past on the network's national newscast; and weathercasters from CTV's Toronto and Vancouver O&Os (CFTO and CIVT, respectively) present the weather segments on CTV Newsnet. CTV is a TLA that may stand for: CTV Television Network - a Canadian English language television network Channel Television - the main television broadcaster in the Channel Islands Chukyo TV. Broadcasting - a Japanese TV station in Nagoya This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might... Lloyd Robertson O.C. (born 1934 in Stratford, Ontario) is the anchor of Canadas nightly CTV National News. ... CTV National News is a newscast on CTV, which airs at 11pm local time on the main network across Canada. ... }|135px|City of Toronto, Ontario Official Flag]]|Coat Image=[[Image:{{{Coat Image}}}|135px|City of Toronto, Ontario Coat of Arms]]}} {{Canadian City/Disable Field={{{Disable Motto Link}}}}} Motto: Diversity Our Strength {{Canadian City/Location Image is:{{{Location Image Type}}}|[[Image:{{{Location Image}}}|thumbnail|center|250px|City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada... Members of Parliament Libby Davies, Ujjal Dosanjh, David Emerson, Hedy Fry, Stephen Owen Members of the Legislative Assembly Gordon Campbell, David Chudnovsky, Adrian Dix, Colin Hansen, Jenny Kwan, Lorne Mayencourt, Wally Oppal, Gregor Robertson, Shane Simpson, Carole Taylor Mayor Larry Campbell Governing Body Vancouver City Council Latitude: Longitude: 49°16... CFTO is a Canadian television station, licensed to, and serving Toronto, Ontario and surrounding areas. ... CIVT, also known as BC CTV, CTV 9 and CTV British Columbia, is a Bell Globemedia television station in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is a part of the CTV Television Network. ... CTV Newsnet is a 24-hour headline news television channel in Canada. ...

Ownership and Network Changes

In general, an O&O is very unlikely to experience changes in its ownership, since it is often a significant source of revenue for its owner; and since its owner is also its parent network, the chances for an O&O to ever switch networks are also rather low.

CKVU's Joe Leary takes the Global decal off his microphone on the station's last day as a Global O&O.

However rare, such changes have happened in the past to some O&Os, often as a result of mergers and corporate deals. Some examples: CKVU - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Global Television Network (more commonly called Global) is a major English-language television network in Canada, owned by CanWest Global Communications. ...

• Detroit’s WXYZ had been an ABC O&O since its inception. However, when ABC merged with Capital Cities in the 1980s, the combined assets of the new company exceeded the ownership limit at the time. As such, the network was forced to divest WXYZ. The station has since been owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, and continues to carry ABC programming as an affiliate.

• Philadelphia’s WCAU-TV was originally a CBS O&O. However, after CBS announced its alliance with Westinghouse in the mid-1990s, the network chose to affiliate with Westinghouse’s KYW-TV. As a result, WCAU was transferred to NBC, and the station has since been an NBC O&O.

As part of the same deal, NBC in turn transferred its own O&Os in Denver (KCNC-TV) and Salt Lake City (KUTV) to CBS, making those stations CBS O&Os.

(KYW officially became a CBS O&O a few years later, after CBS’s merger with Westinghouse.)

• Vancouver’s CKVU was originally a Global O&O. However, its parent company CanWest Global later purchased the television stations from the WIC group, which included CHAN-TV in Vancouver. Global decided to make CHAN (which ranked higher than CKVU in the ratings) its new O&O, and later sold CKVU to CHUM Limited in 2001. (CKVU had since been re-branded as a Citytv station.)

This article refers to the largest city of Michigan. ... WXYZ is the ABC affiliate in Detroit, Michigan. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 60s and 70s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... The E. W. Scripps Company is a media conglomerate founded by Edward. ... Philadelphia is a village located in Jefferson County, New York. ... WCAU (NBC10) is a NBC owned and operated station serving the Delaware Valley area, owned by NBC-Universal, with its transmitter in Roxborough. ... Westinghouse logo (designed by Paul Rand) The Westinghouse Electric Company, headquartered in Monroeville, Pennsylvania, is an organization founded by George Westinghouse in 1886. ... // Events and trends The 1990s are generally classified as having moved slightly away from the more conservative 1980s, but otherwise retaining the same mindset. ... KYW-TV (CBS3) is the CBS television affiliate serving the Philadelphia area with its transmitter in the Roxborough section of the city. ... This article refers to the state capital of Colorado. ... KCNC-TV (CBS 4) is a US television station on VHF channel 4 (analog, 67. ... The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is Salt Lake Citys top tourist draw. ... KUTV-TV is a television station serving the greater Salt Lake City, Utah metro area. ... CKVU - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... CanWest Global Communications Corp. ... You may be looking instead for the User:Wikipedia is Communism vandal Western International Communications, or WIC, was a Canadian media company, which was acquired by CanWest Global Communications in 2000. ... CHAN-TV Vancouver, British Columbia (otherwise known as Global BC) is the Global Television Networks owned-and-operated station in British Columbia, broadcasting from its studios in Lake City in Burnaby. ... The famous ChumCity Building on the corner of Queen and John in Toronto. ... 2001: A Space Odyssey. ... Citytv is a system of five English language television stations in Canada, CITY in Toronto , CKVU in Vancouver ,CHMI in Portage la Prairie, CKAL in Calgary, Alberta and CKEM in Edmonton, Alberta. ...

Reference

• 210 Designated Market Areas - Nielsen's estimate of TV households in each market area in the United States, and associated rankings

External links

United States

• ABC-owned Television Stations - List of ABC O&Os
• Viacom Television Stations Group - List of CBS and UPN O&Os
• NBC Universal: Company Overview - List of NBC and Telemundo O&Os
• Fox Television Stations, Inc. - List of Fox O&Os and Fox-owned UPN/independent stations

Canada

• CTV.ca: Local Stations - List of CTV O&Os