Cattle are Domesticated animals, plants, and other organisms are those whose collective behavior, life cycle, or physiology has been altered as a result of their breeding and living conditions being under human control for multiple generations. Humans have brought these populations under their care for a wide range of reasons: for help... domesticated Ungulates (meaning roughly hoofed or hoofed animal) make up several orders of mammals, of which six survive: Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, antelope, and many others Cetacea: whales and dolphins (which evolved from hoofed land animals) Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates such as horses and rhinos Proboscidea: elephants... ungulates, a member of the ... subfamily Tribes The biological subfamily Bovinae includes a diverse group of about 24 medium-sized to large ungulates, including domestic cattle, bison, the Water Buffalo, the Yak, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the members of the group is obscure, and their classification into loose... Bovinae of the Scientific classification or biological classification refers to how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. Modern classification has its roots in the system of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have been revised since Linnaeus to improve consistency with the Darwinian... family Subfamilies Bovinae Cephalophinae Hippotraginae Antilopinae Caprinae A bovid is any of almost 140 species of cloven-hoofed mammals belonging to the family Bovidae. The family is widespread, being native to all continents except Australia and Antarctica, and diverse: members include buffalo, bison, antelopes, gazelles, and both wild and domesticated cattle... Bovidae. They are raised as Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. Livestock refers to domesticated animals, that may be kept or raised in pens, houses, pastures, or on farms as part of an agricultural or farming operation, whether for commerce or private use. The process of breeding, raising and caring for livestock is known as... livestock for meat (called Beef is meat obtained from a bovine. Beef is a taboo meat in a number of religions, most notably Hinduism. Also, consumption of beef (along with other meats) is frowned upon by many Buddhists, although it is not strictly taboo. By contrast, beef is one of the principal meats used... beef and Veal is a meat product made from young calves, appreciated for its delicate taste and tender texture. In some systems, the calves are restricted to a small, dark crate for their entire lives; producers usually say that this is done to keep their flesh white and tender. Others instead reply... veal), Dairy products are generally defined as foodstuffs produced from milk. A production plant for such processing is called a dairy. Raw milk for processing generally comes from cows, but occasionally from other mammals such as goats, sheep, water buffalo, yaks or horses. Dairy farm There are more than 30 main... dairy products ( A glass of milk Milk most often means the nutrient fluid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. It provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to digest more diverse foods. It is also processed into dairy products such as cream, butter, yoghurt, ice... milk), Modern leather-making tools Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides, pelts and skins of animals, primarily cows. Leather was a very important clothing material, and its other uses were legion. Together with wood, leather formed the basis of much ancient technology. Leather with the fur still... leather and as A draught animal is a (semi-)domesticated animal used for transport and haulage (the heavy labour of pulling carts, hauling timber and ploughing fields are examples). Different types of animals are used for this purpose around the world depending on the conditions and the intended use of the animal. Animals... draught animals (pulling Champcar has been the name for the class of cars used in the United States premier open wheel auto racing series for decades. Champ Car is also the official name of the racing series being promoted as the Bridgestone Presents the Champ Car World Series Powered by Ford since early... carts, A farmer works the land in the traditional way with a horse and plough The plough (American spelling: plow) is a tool used in farming for turning the earth in which one is to plant new seeds. The plough is a development of the pick, and was initially pulled by... plows and the like). In some countries they are subject to religious ceremonies and respect. eg India

Cattle were originally identified by A painting of Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné  listen?, and who wrote under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus ( May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish scientist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. He... Carolus Linnaeus as three separate species. These were Bos taurus, the European cattle, including similar types from Africa and Asia; Bos indicus, the Zebus (, but this name is now deemed invalid by ITIS, who classify the zebu under cattle or even gaur may have contributed to the development of the zebus. There are some 75 known breeds, split about evenly between African breeds and South Asian ones. The major Zebu cattle breeds of... zebu; and the extinct Bos primigenius, the Binomial name is both singular and plural; alternative plural forms are , translated the German term , the same species as domestic cattle. Origin According to the Paleontologisk Museum, University of Oslo, aurochs evolved in India some two million years ago, migrated into the Middle East and further into Asia, and reached... aurochs. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and European cattle. More recently these three have increasingly been grouped as one species, sometimes using the names Bos primigenius taurus, Bos primigenius indicus and Bos primigenius primigenius. Complicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between European cattle and zebu but also with Binomial name refers to the male of the species; a female is a (common domestic cattle). These are known in Tibetan as dzo or dzopkyo. The yak grunts instead of mooing. The wild yak is an endangered species. Categories: Bovines | Livestock ... yaks, Binomial name ) is an ox that is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Borneo, Java, and Bali. Some Banteng were introduced to Northern Australia during British colonization. Banteng grow to about 1.6 metres at the shoulder and weigh 600-800 kilograms. Banteng have white stockings on their lower legs... banteng, Binomial name , previously or Bos gaurus hubbacki Bos gaurus frontalis, domestic gaur, probably a gaur-cattle hybrid breed External link Gaur fact sheet Categories: Animal stubs | Bovines ... gaur, and The name bison refers to several large bovine mammals: American bison - . He is called Lord Vega in the Japanese version of the game. Categories: Disambiguation ... bison, a cross-genera hybrid. For example, genetic testing of the Dwarf Lulu breed, the only humpless "Bos taurus-type" cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of European cattle, zebu and yak. Cattle cannot successfully be bred with Water Buffalo in Indonesia Binomial name with two subspecies, the River () and Swamp () Water Buffaloes; others regard them as closely related but separate species. Milk from both of these animals may be used by many peoples. A family of water buffalo bathing in a sinkhole External links Wild Water Buffalo... water buffalo or Binomial name is considered a subspecies of the African Buffalo. It is a very powerful creature, demanding respect from even a pride of lions when paths cross. Known as one of the big five in Africa, the African Buffalo can be volatile and an extremely formidable beast! In Africa, the... African buffalo. (See Binomial name is both singular and plural; alternative plural forms are , translated the German term , the same species as domestic cattle. Origin According to the Paleontologisk Museum, University of Oslo, aurochs evolved in India some two million years ago, migrated into the Middle East and further into Asia, and reached... aurochs for the history of domestication, and Zebus (, but this name is now deemed invalid by ITIS, who classify the zebu under cattle or even gaur may have contributed to the development of the zebus. There are some 75 known breeds, split about evenly between African breeds and South Asian ones. The major Zebu cattle breeds of... zebu for pecularities of that group.)

Terminology

Older English sources such as the The King James Version (KJV) is an English translation of the Holy Bible, commissioned for the benefit of the Church of England at the behest of King James I of England. First published in 1611, it has had a profound impact not only on most English translations that have followed... King James Version of the The Bible (From Greek βιβλιος is often referred to as the Sikh Bible. Composition Jewish and Christian Bibles are actually a collection of books, which many in these communities believe to be inspired by God and to express the authoritative history of Gods... Bible refer to livestock in general as cattle, or the archaic kine. Additionally other species of the genus BOS could be: the IATA code for Bostons Logan International Airport. the TLA for Book of Shadows, a wicths book of rituals. the TLA for Bank of Scotland Bosnian language (ISO 639 alpha-3, bos) Categories: Disambiguation | TLAs ... Bos are often called cattle or wild cattle. This article refers to the common modern meaning of "cattle", European cattle.

Young cattle are called Categories: Animal stubs ... calves. A young male is called a bull-calf; a young female is called a heifer (pronounced "heffer"). Male cattle bred for meat are Castration, gelding, neutering, orchiectomy or orchidectomy is any action, surgical or otherwise, by which a biological male loses use of the testes. This causes sterilization, i.e. prevents them from reproducing; it also greatly reduces the production of certain hormones, such as testosterone. It should not be confused with penectomy... castrated unless needed for breeding. The castrated male is then called a bullock or steer, unless kept for draft purposes, in which case it is called an ox (not to be confused with the related wild Binomial name subfamily, being more closely related to goats than to oxen. Both sexes have long curved horns. Musk oxen are usually around 2 m long and 1 m high at the shoulder. The coat includes long guard hairs that reach almost to the ground. During the summer... musk ox). An intact male is called a bull. An adult female over two years of age (approximately) is called a cow. The adjective applying to cattle is bovine.

There is no singular equivalent to "cattle" other than the various gender and age-specific terms (though "catron" is occasionally seen as a half-serious proposal). "Cow" is probably the closest to being gender-neutral, although it is usually understood to mean female (females of other animals, such as whales or elephants, are also called cows.) Some Canada is an independent sovereign state in northern North America, the northern-most country in the world, and the second largest in total area. Bordering the United States, its territorial claims extend north into the Arctic Ocean as far as the North Pole. Canada is a federation of ten provinces... Canadian, Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country or nation and former independent kingdom of northwest Europe, and one of the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom. Scotland has a land boundary with England in the island of Great Britain and is otherwise bounded by seas and oceans. These boundaries... Scottish, Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is the sixth-largest country in the world, the only one to occupy an entire continent, and the largest in the region of Australasia/ Oceania. It also includes a number of secondary islands, the largest of which is Tasmania, an Australian State. Australia is... Australian and New Zealand is a country formed of two major islands and a number of Pacific Ocean. A common Māori name for New Zealand is Aotearoa, popularly translated as Official languages English, Māori, NZSL Capital Wellington Largest city Auckland Government Queen Governor-General Prime Minister... New Zealand farmers use the term "cattlebeast". "Neat" (horned oxen, from which we get " Neatsfoot oil is an oil rendered and purified from the feet and shinbones (not the hooves) of cattle. It remains liquid down to low temperature. It is used as a conditioning, softening and preservative for leather. Neatsfoot oil is produced much less than it once was. Currently, the shins and... neatsfoot oil"), "beef" (young ox) and "beefing" (young animal fit for Slaughtering is the killing and processing of animals for consumption by humans, see slaughterhouse. In developed countries, most slaughtering of animals is done in what is called the factory farming system. Slaughtering can also refer to high loses during a military battle. See also animal euthanasia. Categories: Disambiguation ... slaughtering) are obsolete terms. Cattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. Cows of certain breeds that are kept for the milk they give are called dairy cows. Herds are counted as, for example, "one hundred head". The term cattle itself is not a plural, but a The basic meaning of the Partitive case is partialness, without result or without specifying identity. In the Finnish language, its used to express unknown identities and irresultative actions. For example, it is found in the following circumstances, with the characteristic ending of a or ta: After numbers: kolme taloa... partitive. Thus one may refer to some cattle, but not three cattle.

The terms bull and cow are also used for the male and female of some other species, including other Subfamilies Bovinae Cephalophinae Hippotraginae Antilopinae Caprinae A bovid is any of almost 140 species of cloven-hoofed mammals belonging to the family Bovidae. The family is widespread, being native to all continents except Australia and Antarctica, and diverse: members include buffalo, bison, antelopes, gazelles, and both wild and domesticated cattle... bovids such as Binomial name ), distingushed by its flat back, and the Wood Bison ( BisonCentral.com Buffalo Field Campaign Categories: Bovines ... American Bison, but also less closely related species such as Binomial name , called the Moose in North America and the Elk in Europe (see also ) the posterior division of the main fork divides into three tines, with no distinct flattening. In the Common Elk () than in the typical Scandinavian elk. The largest of all is the Alaskan race (). These ruminants... moose, Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Proboscidea is an order including only one extant family, Elephantidae or the elephants, with three species: the Savannah Elephant and Forest Elephant (which were collectively known as the African Elephant), and the Asian Elephant (formerly known as the Indian... elephants, Whales are the largest species of exclusively aquatic placental mammals, members of the order Cetacea, which also includes dolphins and porpoises. They are the largest mammals, the largest vertebrates, and the largest known animals in the world. The term article. Anatomy Like all mammals, whales breathe air into lungs, are... whales, and Genera California Sea Lion, Zalophus californianus South American Sea Lion, Otaria flavescens Australian Sea Lion, Neophoca cinerea New Zealand Sea Lion, Phocarctos hookeri Family Phocidae: true seals Family Odobenidae: Walrus ... sea lions. The terms are used primarily to refer to animals that have The term polygyny (Greek: poly many, gynaika woman) is used in related ways in social anthropology and sociobiology. Definitions In social anthropology, polygyny is a marital practice in which a man has more than one wife simultaneously. This is the usual form of polygamy. The man may marry more than... polygynous or harem (http://wiktionary.org/wiki/Harem) A pair of lions having sexual intercourse in the Maasai Mara, Kenya. A lion couple may copulate up to 40 times a day during their honeymoon period Sexual intercourse (synonymously coitus or copulation) is the act of inserting the erect penis of the male into the vagina of the female... mating systems, though "bull" in particular may be used because humans find the male of a species daunting.

Biology

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Hereford heifer grazing

Cattle are A ruminant is any hooved animal that digests its food in two steps, first by eating the raw material and regurgitating a semi-digested form known as cud, then eating the cud. Ruminants include cows, goats, sheep, camels, llamas, giraffes, bison, buffalos, deer, wildebeest, and antelope. The suborder Ruminantia includes... ruminants, meaning that they have a unique Food, after being partially broken down in the mouth, passes through the esophagus to the stomach, where the process of breakdown continues. It then passes to the small intestine where further breakdown occurs, and the useful particles are absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining particles pass through the large intestine... digestive system that allows them to synthesize In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. In biochemistry, this shorter and more general term is frequently used to refer to alpha amino acids: those amino acids in which the amino and carboxylate functionalities are attached to the same carbon... amino acids. This allows them to thrive on Genera , alternate, hugging the stem for a distance and a , . Cereals constitute the major source of food energy for humans and perhaps the major source of protein, and include rice in India and the Far East, maize in Mexico, and wheat and barley in Europe and North America. Staple food... grasses and other Most familiar are the multicellular land plants, called embryophytes. They include the vascular plants, plants with full systems of leaves, stems, and roots. They also include a few of their close relatives, often called and . This fern-like tree combined a woody trunk with the fronds of a fern, but... vegetation.

The Binomial name is both singular and plural; alternative plural forms are , translated the German term , the same species as domestic cattle. Origin According to the Paleontologisk Museum, University of Oslo, aurochs evolved in India some two million years ago, migrated into the Middle East and further into Asia, and reached... aurochs was originally spread throughout Europe, Africa and Asia. In historical times, their range was restricted to Europe, and the last animals were killed by poachers in Masovia (Polish: Mazowsze) is a geographical and historical region situated in central Poland with its capital in Warsaw. History Masovia was conquered probably by Mieszko I, duke of Polans and first historical ruler of Poland in the 10th century. During the chaos following the death of Mieszko II in 1033... Masovia, The Republic of Poland, a democratic country with a population of 38,626,349 and area of 312,685 km², is located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania... Poland, in Events A Dutch ship makes the first recorded sighting of the coast of South Australia. The aurochs are hunted to extinction, the last being killed by poachers in Poland. England places the first European settlers on Barbados. Siege of La Rochelle begins Korea becomes a tributary state of China Births... 1627, although some breeders have attempted to recreate the original gene pool of the aurochs by careful crossing of commercial breeds, creating the Binomial name ). Heinz Heck working at the Hellabrunn Zoological Gardens in Munich began creating the Heck breed about 1920. Lutz Heck, director of the Berlin Zoological Gardens, began extensive breeding programs supported by the Nazis during World War II to bring back the Aurochs. The reconstructed aurochs fit into the... Heck cattle breed.

A popular misconception about cattle (primarily bulls) is that they are enraged by the colour red. This is incorrect; cattle are totally colour-blind, and can only see in greyscale. The main source of this rumour is the fact that Matadors traditionally use red-coloured capes to provoke bulls into attacking. In fact, the red color is merely traditional; the movement of the cape is the attractant.

Uses of cattle

Cow from http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/ Image Number K5176-3 Because much of the cost of a cow is the feed and labor needed to maintain her, fewer but higher yielding cows mean lower priced milk. Dairy herd improvement ultimately benefits consumers. Thats why it...

Cow from http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/ Image Number K5176-3 Because much of the cost of a cow is the feed and labor needed to maintain her, fewer but higher yielding cows mean lower priced milk. Dairy herd improvement ultimately benefits consumers. Thats why it...

Friesian/Holstein cow

Cattle occupy a unique role in human history. Some consider them the oldest form of wealth. Their ability to provide Meat is animal flesh (mainly muscle tissue) used as food, sometimes with the exception of fish, other seafood, and poultry. Originally, the word in the United States. In recent years, forms of imitation meat have been created to satisfy some vegetarians taste for the flavour and texture of meat, and... meat, dairy and draft while reproducing themselves and eating nothing but grass has furthered human interests dramatically through the millennia.

In Aum, the most sacred syllable and quintessential symbol of Hinduism, represents the first manifestation of the unmanifest Brahman. Hinduism (सनातन धर्म; commonly called English: Truth is One, though the Sages know it as Many. — , i.e., the preferred form of God) and... Hinduism, the cow is said to be Holiness means the state of being which went on to establish many holiness camp meetings across the nation. Some adherents to the movement remained within their denominations; others founded new denominations, such as the Church of the Nazarene and the Church of God (Anderson). Within a generation another movement, the... holy (and thus should not be Eating is the activity of consuming food and its digestion. Among human beings, eating is a central part of home life and many social activities. The preparation and consumption of food also has many cultural components, and plays an important role in all human societies. Typical practices Most homes have... eaten); "The cow is our Mother with her child (Sculpture) A mother is typically the biological or social female parent of a child or offspring while the male parent is the father. The maternal bond describes the feelings the mother has for her (or anothers) child. In the case of a mammal such as... Mother, for she gives us milk".

In Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. Most frequently the term Treating the term literally, one might expect the term... Latin America, Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is the sixth-largest country in the world, the only one to occupy an entire continent, and the largest in the region of Australasia/ Oceania. It also includes a number of secondary islands, the largest of which is Tasmania, an Australian State. Australia is... Australia and the western World map showing location of North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is the third largest continent in area and in population after Eurasia and Africa. It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the... North America cattle are grazed on large tracts of rangeland called Ranching is the raising of cattle or sheep on rangeland, although one might also speak of ranching with regard to less common livestock such as elk, bison or emu. The word applies in the Western United States, in Canada and in Latin America. (Australian usage would refer to ranches as... ranchos, ranches or Stations (Australia).

In The Republic of Portugal () and Madeira (including the Savage Islands). A citizen of Portugal is usually identified in English by the noun and adjective , a mixed Greek and Roman name meaning Beautiful Port. In the early first millennium BC, several waves of Celts invaded Portugal from Central Europe and intermarried... Portugal, The Kingdom of Spain or Spain ( Spanish: ) of Vélez and Alhucemas, and the tiny Parsley Island. Strong economic growth and an expansion in trade following membership of the European Union in 1986 made the countrys economy the tenth largest in the world in 2002. Life expectancy, public... Spain and some Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. Most frequently the term Treating the term literally, one might expect the term... Latin American countries, bulls are used in the A sport consists of a normal physical activity or skill carried out under a publicly agreed set of rules, and with a recreational purpose: for competition, for self-enjoyment, to attain excellence, for the development of skill, or some combination of these. The difference of purpose is what characterises sport... sport of Bull attacking a matador Bullfighting or tauromachy ( Spanish ) in Málaga ( Spain) The controversial but popular spectacle is staged most famously in some areas of Spain (where there are over 400 arenas) but also in southern Portugal, some countries in Latin America (principally Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador... bullfighting; in many other countries this is illegal.

The outbreaks of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or commonly mad cow disease) is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cattle, which infects by a mechanism that shocked biologists on its discovery in late 20th century and appears transmissible to humans. While never having killed cattle on a scale comparable to other dreaded livestock diseases... mad cow disease have reduced or prevented some traditional uses of cattle for food, for example the eating of brains or spinal cords.

Ox

Mumbai traffic Source: Antônio Milena/ABr. 18.Jan.2004 Photograph copied from the website of Agência Brasil, which states: The Agência Brasil makes images and photos available free of charge. To comply with existing law, we kindly request our users to list the credits as in the...

Mumbai traffic Source: Antônio Milena/ABr. 18.Jan.2004 Photograph copied from the website of Agência Brasil, which states: The Agência Brasil makes images and photos available free of charge. To comply with existing law, we kindly request our users to list the credits as in the...

Draft Zebus (, but this name is now deemed invalid by ITIS, who classify the zebu under cattle or even gaur may have contributed to the development of the zebus. There are some 75 known breeds, split about evenly between African breeds and South Asian ones. The major Zebu cattle breeds of... Zebus in Mumbai (renamed from Bombay in 1995) is the worlds most populous conurbation, and is the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world. Mumbai is located on the west coast of India and is the capital of the state of Maharashtra. The city is located on an island with a... Mumbai, The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. India has grown significantly, both in population and in strategic importance in the last two decades. The Indian economy is... India

Oxen (plural of ox) are cattle trained as draft animals. Often they are adult, Castration, gelding, neutering, orchiectomy or orchidectomy is any action, surgical or otherwise, by which a biological male loses use of the testes. This causes sterilization, i.e. prevents them from reproducing; it also greatly reduces the production of certain hormones, such as testosterone. It should not be confused with penectomy... castrated males. Usually an ox is over four years old due to the need for training and for time to grow to full size. Oxen are used for A farmer works the land in the traditional way with a horse and plough The plough (American spelling: plow) is a tool used in farming for turning the earth in which one is to plant new seeds. The plough is a development of the pick, and was initially pulled by... plowing, Transport, or transportation in American English, is the movement of objects like people, goods, signals and information from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans, meaning across, and portare, meaning to carry. Aspects of transport The field of transport has several aspects: loosely they can... transport, hauling cargo, grain-grinding by trampling or by powering machines, Irrigating cotton fields Irrigation in the Heart of the Sahara Irrigation (in agriculture) is the replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is sometimes referred to as dryland farming. How it works in... irrigation by powering pumps, and A wagon (in old British English waggon) is a wheeled vehicle, ordinarily with four wheels, usually pulled by an animal such as a horse, mule or ox, which was used for transport of heavy goods in the past. A wagon is also a large wheeled container that is used for... wagon drawing. Oxen were commonly used to skid logs, and sometimes are still in low-impact select-cut logging, in forests.

Contrary to popular American lore, an "ox" is not a unique breed of bovine, nor have any "blue" oxen lived outside the folk tales surrounding Paul Bunyan is a mythical lumberjack in tall tales. French Canadians gave birth to the tales during the Papineau Rebellion of 1837, when they revolted against the young English Queen. In the Two Mountains area near St. Eustache, Québec, loggers stormed into battle, among them a fierce and bearded... Paul Bunyan, the mythical American logger.

An ox is nothing more than a mature bovine with an "education". The education consists of the animal's learning to respond appropriately to the The International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, commonly known as the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) or simply the Teamsters, is one of the largest labor unions in the United States. A and (May 17) 1994 United Parcel Service - 1 day (February 7) 1995 and (July... teamster's (ox driver's) commands: in North America such as (1) get up, (2) whoa, (3) back up, (4) gee (turn to the right) and (5) haw (turn to the left).

In addition to intelligence (the ability to learn), American ox trainers favored larger breeds for their ability to do more work; for the same reason, the typical ox is the male of a breed, rather than the smaller female. Also, the gait of the ox is often important to ox trainers, since the speed the animal walks should roughly match the gait of the ox driver who must work with it.

Oxen are most often used in teams of two, paired, for light work such as Champcar has been the name for the class of cars used in the United States premier open wheel auto racing series for decades. Champ Car is also the official name of the racing series being promoted as the Bridgestone Presents the Champ Car World Series Powered by Ford since early... carting. In past days some teams were about fourteen, and even over twenty for logging. A wooden A yoke is a shaped wooden crosspiece bound to the necks of a pair of oxen, occasionally horses. It is held on the animals neck by, usually, iron U-shaped clamps that also transmit force from the animals shoulders. A swivel beneath the centre of the yoke, between... yoke is fastened about the neck of each pair so that the force of draft is distributed across their shoulders. Oxen are chosen, from calves, with horns since the horns hold the yoke in place when the oxen lower their heads, back up or slow down (particularly with a wheeled vehicle going downhill). Yoked oxen cannot slow a load like harnessed horses can, the load has to be controlled downhill by other means.

Oxen must be painstakingly trained from a young age. Their teamster must make or buy as many as a dozen yokes of different sizes as the animals grow. Ox teams are steered by commands or noise (whip cracks) and many The International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, commonly known as the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) or simply the Teamsters, is one of the largest labor unions in the United States. A and (May 17) 1994 United Parcel Service - 1 day (February 7) 1995 and (July... teamsters were known for their voices and language.

Oxen can pull harder and longer than horse The Horse ( Evolution of the horse White horse In comparison to our understanding of the development of most animals, evolutionists have a good grasp on the evolution of the horse from the very early (around 55 million years ago) (ISBN 0393311031), the evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould cited rare... horses, particularly on obstinate or almost un-movable loads. This is one of the reasons that teams were dragging logs from forests long after horses had taken over most other draught uses in Europe and the New World. Though not as fast as horses, they are less prone to injury because they are more sure-footed and do not try to jerk the load. Many oxen are still in use worldwide, especially in developing nations.

Miscellaneous

• For the mythology and lore connected with the bull, see The worship of the Sacred Bull throughout the ancient world is most familiar in the episode of the idol of the Golden Calf made by Aaron and worshipped by the Hebrews in the wilderness of Sinai ( in Sanskrit) is Nandi, the Bull. A wild Aurochs bull was a terrifying creature... Bull (mythology).
• The ox is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese astrology (占星術 pinyin: zhan4 xing1 shu4; 星學 pinyin: xing1 xue2; 七政四餘 pinyin: qi1 zheng4 si4 yu2; and 果老星宗 pinyin: guo3 lao3 xing1 zong1) is related to the Chinese calendar, particularly its 12-year cycle of animals (aka Chinese Zodiac), and... Chinese zodiac related to the The Chinese calendar is a lunisolar calendar formed by combining a purely lunar calendar with a solar calendar. Among Chinese, the calendar is not used for most day to day activities, but is used for the dating of holidays such as Chinese New Year (Spring Festival) and the Mid-Autumn... Chinese calendar. See: Ox (Zodiac).
• The constellation Taurus (♉) is one of the constellations of the zodiac, and its name is Latin for Bull. It sits large and prominent in the winter sky, between Aries to the west and Gemini to the east; to the north lie Perseus and Auriga, to the southwest Orion, and to the... Taurus represents a bull.
• A cow is alleged to have started the Artists rendering of the fire, by John R Chapin. Public domain, originally printed in Harpers Weekly The Great Chicago Fire took place October 8 - October 10, 1871, in Chicago, Illinois. Causes Despite a well known legend that the Great Chicago Fire was started by a cow kicking over... Great Chicago Fire by kicking over a Kerosene or paraffin is a colorless flammable hydrocarbon liquid. It is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum at 150°C and 275°C (carbon chains from the C12 to C15 range). At one time it was widely used in kerosene lamps but it is now mainly used as a... kerosene lamp.
• On February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 316 days remaining (317 in leap years). Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin) of the Kali Yuga. 1478 - George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is privately executed... February 18, 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. Events January-February January 6 - The first diesel-engine automobile trip is completed (Indianapolis, Indiana, to New York City). January 27 - Miguel Primo de Rivera resigns January 30 - General Damaso Berenquer becomes the new prime minister of Spain February 18 - While studying... 1930 Elm Farm Ollie (known locally as Nellie Jay) was the first cow to fly in an airplane, doing so on 18 February 1930. On the same trip she also became the first cow milked in flight. This was done for scientists to observe midair effects on animals, among other reasons... Elm Farm Ollie became the first cow to fly in an Fixed-wing aircraft is a term used to refer to what are more commonly known as aeroplanes in Commonwealth English (excluding Canada) or airplanes in North American English. Fixed-wing aircraft include monoplanes, biplanes and triplanes; in fact all conventional aircraft that are neither balloons, airships, autogyros, helicopters or tiltrotors... airplane and also the first cow to be milked in an airplane.

Cattle in Popular Culture

• Gary Larson (born in Tacoma on August 14, 1950) is the creator of is a biting louse of a genus only found on owls. Gary was far from offended, and has since said: Actually, I considered this an extreme honor. Besides, I knew no one was going to write and... Gary Larson's famous comic strip The Far Side is a popular one-panel comic created by Gary Larson. Its humor is often based on uncomfortable social situations, improbable events, an anthropocentric view of the world, logical fallacies, impending bizarre disasters, or the search for meaning in life. Unusual for a daily comic strip, it contained... The Far Side frequently included cows in humorous situations.
• The lilac-colored "Milka Cow" is a well-known symbol of the Milka is Kraft Foods best-selling brand of milk chocolate. It is sold as chocolate bars, Easter Bunnies, and in other forms. It was created in 1901 in Neuchâtel, Switzerland by chocolatier Philippe Suchard as his first milk chocolate variety. The brand has a well-known symbol, the... Milka brand of chocolate.

Breeds of cattle

A wild cow in the The San Diego Zoo in San Diego, California is one of the largest, most progressive zoos in the world. It is a private zoo, owned and maintained by the nonprofit Zoological Society of San Diego. Panda The Zoo advertises high-profile animal exhibits like its panda, polar bear, tiger and... San Diego Zoo

• Afrikaner cattle
• Angus cow Angus cattle are solid black cattle, although white may appear on the udder. They are hardy, undemanding, adaptable, mature extremely early and have a high carcass yield with marbled meat. They are good natured in comparison to several breeds but are more aggressive than the breeds such as... Angus
• Ankole
• Ayrshire
• Beefalo are a fertile variety of Cattalo. Cattalo (or catalo), as defined by United States law, are the hybrid offspring of domestic cattle, . It was found early on that crossing a male buffalo with a domestic cow would produce few offspring but that crossing a domestic bull with a buffalo... Beefalo (a cross between domestic cattle and the Binomial name ), distingushed by its flat back, and the Wood Bison ( BisonCentral.com Buffalo Field Campaign Categories: Bovines ... American Bison)
• In the early 1930s Tom Lasater developed the Beefmasters breed from a crossing of Hereford and Shorthorn cattle with hearty Brahman stock. The original intention was to produce cattle that could produce economically in the difficult environment of South Texas. External links Beefmasters Breeders United homepage ... Beefmaster
• Belgian Blue cattle are also called monster cows. They are a heavily-bred breed, producing incredible amounts of meat. The problem is that they are often unable to give birth without caesarean section. Some countries (including Sweden) do not allow Belgian Blues. This breed has a natural mutation of the... Belgian Blue
• Belted Galloway
• Blaarkop is a breed of cattle. in the Utrecht and Leiden regions. The Blaarkop breed is sturdily built with matching muscles, a horned head, and strong legs. Both red (60% of the population) and black (40%) Blaarkoppen exist. The body is solid red or black, while the head is white... Blaarkop
• Black Angus
• Blonde d'Aqui
• Braford
• , the European cattle. Both are members of the family Bovidae. The Brahman is the sacred cow of Hinduism, see also Brahman. The Brahman has a distinct large hump over the top of the shoulder and neck, and a loose flap of skin hanging from the neck. Their ears are large... Brahman: Bos indica

Brahman. Heredia Province, Costa Rica.

• Brangus
• Braunvieh
• British White
• Brown Swiss is the breed of dairy cattle that produces the second largest quantity of milk per annum. The Brown Swiss is known for a long gestation period and a stubborn temperament. Regardless, the Brown Swiss is quite a resilient breed of cattle; they are hardy and capable of subsisting... Brown Swiss
• BueLingo
• Canchim is a breed of cattle. Its origin is Central Brazil and it was developed by crossing the Indian Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) and the European (Bos taurus) Charolais cattle which were introduced to Brazil in the 18th century. Compared to the very productive European cattle, Zebu cattle is better... Canchim
• Categories: Animal stubs | Cattle breeds ... Charolais
• Chateaubriand
• Chiangus
• Chianina
• Commercial
• Corriente
• Devon
• Dexter

Herd of cattle File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. Click on date to download the file or see the image uploaded on that date. (del) (cur) 01:39, 19 Sep 2004 . . Fir0002 (176714 bytes) (Herd of...

Herd of cattle File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. Click on date to download the file or see the image uploaded on that date. (del) (cur) 01:39, 19 Sep 2004 . . Fir0002 (176714 bytes) (Herd of...

Herd of Herefords

• The Dutch Belted (Lakenvelder) breed of cattle is, according to records, the only belted breed of cattle tracing back directly to the original belted or canvassed cattle which were described in Switzerland and Austria. These Gurtenvieh were evidently moved by Dutch nobility from the mountain farms of Canton Appenzell and... Dutch Belted (Lakenvelder)
• The Holstein, or Friesian as it is known in the UK, is a cattle breed used in dairy farming. Categories: Stub | Cattle breeds ... Friesian (Holstein)
• The Galloway is one of the worlds longest established breeds of beef cattle, named after the Galloway region of Scotland, where it originated. By the 15th century, it was already providing the main source of beef in the United Kingdom, and is now found in many parts of the... Galloway
• Gelbvieh
• The Guernsey is a small, cream-and-brown breed of dairy cattle, renowned for the high butterfat content of its milk, as well as its hardiness and genial disposition. As its name implies, the Guernsey was bred on the British Channel Island of Guernsey. It descended from cattle stock brought... Guernsey
• Binomial name ). Heinz Heck working at the Hellabrunn Zoological Gardens in Munich began creating the Heck breed about 1920. Lutz Heck, director of the Berlin Zoological Gardens, began extensive breeding programs supported by the Nazis during World War II to bring back the Aurochs. The reconstructed aurochs fit into the... Heck Cattle
• Hereford cattle are a widely-used breed in temperate areas, mainly for beef production. External links American Hereford Association Australian Hereford Society Canadian Hereford Association List of Hereford Associations World Hereford Council Categories: Stub | Cattle breeds ... Hereford
• Highland Cow Highland cattle are an ancient Scottish breed of cattle, with long horns and shaggy pelts. On export to the American colonies they became the breeding stock of the Longhorn. Originally black, through selective breeding their predominant colour today is brown. There is a Scottish Highland Cattle Society. The... Highland Cattle
• The Holstein, or Friesian as it is known in the UK, is a cattle breed used in dairy farming. Categories: Stub | Cattle breeds ... Holstein (Friesian)
• Hungarian Grey
• Hybridmaster
• A Jersey cow in the western United States. A small, honey-brown breed of dairy cattle, the Jersey is renowned for the high butterfat content of its milk, as well as a genial disposition. As its name implies, the Jersey was bred on the British Channel Island of Jersey. It... Jersey
• The Dutch Belted (Lakenvelder) breed of cattle is, according to records, the only belted breed of cattle tracing back directly to the original belted or canvassed cattle which were described in Switzerland and Austria. These Gurtenvieh were evidently moved by Dutch nobility from the mountain farms of Canton Appenzell and... Lakenvelder (Dutch Belted)
• Kerry
• Limousin
• Lincoln Red
• Maine Anjou
• Marchigiana
• The Milking Shorthorn is a breed of dairy cattle that originated in Britain. It was used for beef for many years, and only in the more recent centuries did the Milking Shorthorn split off from the shorthorn family and become more focused milk producers. Categories: Stub ... Milking Shorthorn
• Miniature
• Murray Grey
• The Nguni cattle breed is endemic from the South of Africa. This cattle is known by its fertility and resistance to diseases, being the favourite breed amongst milk and meat producers of South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Angola. They are characterised by the multicoloured skin, which can present many... Nguni

Download high resolution version (750x750, 135 KB)Highland cow. 750x750 px. Photo taken by Hajor, 21.Feb.2004. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike License, File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. Click on date to download...

Download high resolution version (750x750, 135 KB)Highland cow. 750x750 px. Photo taken by Hajor, 21.Feb.2004. Released under Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike License, File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. Click on date to download...

Highland cow

• Normande
• Piedmontese
• Pinzgauer
• Polled Hereford
• Angus cow Angus cattle are solid black cattle, although white may appear on the udder. They are hardy, undemanding, adaptable, mature extremely early and have a high carcass yield with marbled meat. They are good natured in comparison to several breeds but are more aggressive than the breeds such as... Red Angus
• Red Brangus
• The Red Poll is a breed of cattle developed in England around the beginning of the of the 19th century . They were cross-bred from Norfolk and Suffolk cattle. Red Poll are without horns (polled), as were their parent Suffolk breed. Norfolk cattle have horns but the gene for polled... Red Poll
• Romagnola
• Salers
• Santa Gertrudis
• Senepol
• Shorthorn
• Simbrah
• Categories: Stub | Cattle breeds ... Simmental
• South Devon
• Sussex
• Tarentaise
• The Texas Longhorn is a breed of cattle known for its characteristic horns, which can extend to six feet in width and have a slight upward turn at their tips, as well as for their distinctive burnt orange coloring. Though some historians disagree, the Texas Longhorn is generally thought to... Texas Longhorn
• Tuli
• Wagyu is a breed of cattle genetically predisposed to intense marbling, and produces a high percentage of oleaginous, unsaturated fat. External links Kobe Beef FAQ Department of Animal Sciences: Wagyu American Wagyu Association Wagyu cattle ... Wagyu
• Watusi
• Zebus (, but this name is now deemed invalid by ITIS, who classify the zebu under cattle or even gaur may have contributed to the development of the zebus. There are some 75 known breeds, split about evenly between African breeds and South Asian ones. The major Zebu cattle breeds of... Zebu

See also

• The age of the ox or cow is told chiefly by the teeth, and less perfectly by the horns. The temporary teeth are in part through at birth, and all the incisors are through in twenty days; the first, second and third pairs of temporary molars are through in thirty... Age of cattle
• Modern barbed Wire Barbed wire is a type of fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strand(s). It is used to construct inexpensive fences. A person or animal trying to pass through a barbed-wire fence will suffer discomfort and possibly injury. Barbed... Barbed wire
• Bull attacking a matador Bullfighting or tauromachy ( Spanish ) in Málaga ( Spain) The controversial but popular spectacle is staged most famously in some areas of Spain (where there are over 400 arenas) but also in southern Portugal, some countries in Latin America (principally Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador... Bullfighting
• An example of advanced cow tipping Cow tipping is the supposed rural activity of sneaking up on an upright sleeping cow and pushing it over for amusement. Some variants of this urban legend state that the cow is then unable to get up. The appeal of this myth derives from... Cow tipping
• Contents // Modern Times Dairy cattle are now specialized animals, focused primarily on producing milk. This milk is made into various products, including cheese, yogurt, and ice cream, and is consumed around the world. Dairy Farms Dairy cattle may be found in herds on farms where dairy farmers own, manage, care... Dairy Cattle
• Hardy Meyers chicken operation near Petal, Mississippi. Factory farming refers to large-scale, industrialized, intensive rearing of livestock, poultry and fish. The practice is widespread in developed nations - much of the meat, dairy and eggs available in supermarkets is raised in this manner. The term agribusiness, feedlot, organic farming, hog... Factory farming
• Grass fed beef has been raised primarily on forage rather than in a feedlot. This type of beef is experiencing a surge in popularity, due to the natural methods of raising it, and due to scares related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or, colloquially, mad cow disease). Good health Grass... Grass fed beef
• This is a list of animals that have been domesticated by humans. The list includes species or larger formal and informal zoological categories that include at least some domesticated individuals. To be considered domesticated, a population of animals must have their behavior, life cycle, or physiology systemically altered as a... List of domesticated animals
• Binomial name refers to the male of the species; a female is a (common domestic cattle). These are known in Tibetan as dzo or dzopkyo. The yak grunts instead of mooing. The wild yak is an endangered species. Categories: Bovines | Livestock ... Yak

External links

• Cattle Breeds website (http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/) - Oklahoma State University
• PBS Nature: Holy Cow (about cows in general) (http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/holycow/index.html)
• UK Lincoln Red Cattle Society (http://www.lincolnredcattlesociety.co.uk)

Other meanings of cow, bull, etc.

• The worship of the Sacred Bull throughout the ancient world is most familiar in the episode of the idol of the Golden Calf made by Aaron and worshipped by the Hebrews in the wilderness of Sinai ( in Sanskrit) is Nandi, the Bull. A wild Aurochs bull was a terrifying creature... Bull (mythology)
• Groupe Bull (also known as Bull Computer or, informally, as Bull) is a French computer company based in Paris. It was founded in 1931, as H. W. Egli - Bull, to capitalize on the punched card technology patents of Norwegian engineer Fredrik Rosing Bull (1882–1925). After a reorganization in... Groupe Bull
• Poster for is made out concentric circles: European Style--Spanish History--Basque culture--A village--Two houses of that village and, overseeing them all, the cows. The narrative is also very concentric; the film uses a continuous recycling recourse (i.e. the same actors play the three generations, which can... Cows (a movie by Julio Medem (born 21 October 1958) is a Spanish writer and film director. Medem was born in San Sebastian, Basque Country and showed an interest in movies since childhood, when he would take his fathers Super 8 camera and shoot at night, while nobody was paying attention. After college... Julio Medem)
• An irish bull is a ludicrous, incongruent or logically absurd statement. Examples If I could drop dead right now, Id be the happiest man alive. - Samuel Goldwyn, movie producer (1882-1974) Always go to other peoples funerals, otherwise they wont come to yours. - Yogi Berra, baseball player... Irish bull (an incongruent statement)
• A Papal bull is a written communication from the Vatican Chancery, bearing a formal papal seal. The title of a bull is its opening words. The term is derived from the Latin , 1139 (recognizing the Knights Templar) , 1493 - Alexander VI (realigning the New World division between Spain and Portugal) Exsurge... Papal bull
• Sura is the Arabic term for chapter of the Quran. These are traditionally ordered in roughly reverse chronological order, with Madinan suras coming first and Makkan ones last for the most part. Each sura is divided into ayat, or verses. The 114 suras are: Al-Fatiha (The Opening), 7... surat Surat al-Baqarah (the Cow) is the second, and the longest, sura of the Quran, with 286 ayat. The Suras name is in reference to an argument between Moses and the Israelites over a cow they should sacrifice in order to know the murderer of a slain man... al-Baqara (The Cow) in the The Quran ( Arabic is usually translated as recital, indicating that it cannot exist as a mere text. To be able to perform salat (prayer), a religious obligation in Islam, a Muslim is required to learn at least some suras of the Quran (typically starting with the first sura... Qur'an