European Union Chemical hazard symbol for oxidizing agents

Dangerous goods label for oxidizing agents

Oxidizing agent placard

An oxidizing agent (also called an oxidant or oxidizer) is Image File history File links Hazard_O.svg‎ Summary Description: Source: Converted from EPS file at http://forum. ... Image File history File links Hazard_O.svg‎ Summary Description: Source: Converted from EPS file at http://forum. ... These hazard symbols for chemicals are defined in Annex II of Directive 67/548/EEC. A consolidated list with translations into other EU languages can be found in Directive 2001/59/EC (See the links section). ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Dangerous goods are substances which pose risk to health, safety, property or the environment during operation and/or transportation. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...

1. A chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms or
2. A substance that gains electrons in a redox chemical reaction.

The former definition is not applicable to what most people read about. It is also the sense that most organic chemists use the term. In both cases, the oxidizing agent becomes reduced in the process. A chemical compound is a chemical substance of two or more different chemically bonded chemical elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... Vapours of hydrogen chloride in a beaker and ammonia in a test tube meet to form a cloud of a new substance, ammonium chloride A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical substances. ... Organic chemistry is a specific discipline within chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of chemical compounds consisting of primarily carbon and hydrogen, which may contain any number of other elements, including nitrogen, oxygen, halogens as well... Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ...

In simple terms:

• The oxidizing agent is reduced.
• The reducing agent is oxidized.
• All atoms in a molecule can be assigned an oxidation number. This number changes when an oxidant acts on a substrate.
• Redox reactions occur when electrons are exchanged.

A mnemonic for differentiating the reactions is "OIL RIG": Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons) or "LEO the lion says GER" (Lose Electrons: Oxidation, Gain Electrons: Reduction) The oxidation number of an element in a molecule or complex is the charge that it would have if all the ligands (basically, atoms that donate electrons) were removed along with the electron pairs that were shared with the central atom[1]. It means that the oxidation number is the... e- redirects here. ... Not to be confused with pneumonic. ...

Example of oxidation

The formation of iron(III) oxide;

4Fe + 3O₂ → 2Fe₂O₃

In the above equation, the Iron (Fe) has an oxidation number of 0 before and 3+ after the reaction. For oxygen (O) the oxidation number began as 0 and decreased to 2−. These changes can be viewed as two "half-reactions" that occur concurrently: General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... A half reaction is either the oxidation or reduction reaction component of a redox reaction. ...

1. Oxidation Half Reaction: Fe⁰ → Fe³⁺ + 3e⁻
2. Reduction Half Reaction: O₂ + 4e⁻ → 2 O²⁻

Iron III (Fe) has been oxidized because the oxidation number increased and is the reducing agent because it gave electrons to the oxygen (O). Oxygen (O) has been reduced because the oxidation number has decreased and is the oxidizing agent because it took electrons from iron (Fe)

Alternate meanings

Because the process of oxidation is so widespread (explosives, chemical synthesis, corrosion), the term oxidizing agent has acquired multiple meanings. Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for oxidation/reduction reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... This article is concerned solely with chemical explosives. ... In chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products. ... See corrosive for the hazard. ...

One definition, an oxidizing agent receives - or accepts - electrons from a reagent. In this context, the oxidizing agent is called an electron acceptor. A classic oxidizing agent is the ferrocenium ion [Fe(C₅H₅)₂]⁺ which accepts an electron to form Fe(C₅H₅)₂. Of great interest to chemists are the details of the electron transfer event, which can be described as inner sphere or outer sphere. An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. ... Ferrocene is the chemical compound with the formula Fe(C5H5)2. ... A chemist pours from a round-bottom flask. ... Electron transfer (ET) is the process by which an electron moves from one atom or molecule to another atom or molecule. ...

In another more colloquial usage, an oxidizing agent transfers oxygen atoms to the substrate. In this context, the oxidizing agent can be called an oxygenation reagent or oxygen-atom transfer agent. Examples include [MnO₄]⁻ permanganate, [CrO₄]²⁻ chromate, OsO₄ osmium tetroxide, and especially ClO₄ perchlorate. Notice that these species are all oxides, and in fact, polyoxides. In some cases, these oxides can also serve as electron acceptors, as illustrated by the conversion of [MnO₄]⁻ to [MnO₄]²⁻, manganate. The structure of the permanganate anion A permanganate is a chemical compound that contains the permanganate ion (MnO4−). Because manganese is in the +7 oxidation state, the permanganate ion is a strong oxidizer. ... A sample of ammonium dichromate Chromates and dichromates are salts of chromic acid and dichromic acid, respectively. ... The chemical compound osmium tetroxide (OsO4), also known as osmium tetraoxide, osmium(VIII) oxide, or osmic acid, is an oxide of the element osmium. ... Perchlorates are the salts derived from perchloric acid (HClO4). ... An oxide is a chemical compound containing an oxygen atom and other elements. ... An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. ... Definition The manganate ion is MnO42-. A manganate is a compound that contains this group. ...

The strict dangerous goods definition of an oxidizing agent are substances that, while in themselves not necessarily combustible, may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other material. (Australian Dangerous Goods Code 6th Edition) By this definition some materials that are classified as oxidizing agents by analytical chemists are not classified as oxidizing agents in a dangerous goods sense. An example is potassium dichromate which does not pass the dangerous goods test of an oxidizing agent.

Common oxidizing agents

• Hypochlorite and other hypohalite compounds such as Bleach
• Iodine and other halogens
• Chlorite, chlorate, perchlorate, and other analogous halogen compounds
• Permanganate salts
• Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate and probably related Cerium(IV) compounds
• Hexavalent chromium compounds such as chromic and dichromic acids and chromium trioxide, Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC), and chromate/dichromate compounds
• Peroxide compounds
• Tollen's Reagent
• Sulfoxides
• Persulfuric acid
• Ozone
• Osmium tetroxide (OsO₄)
• Nitric acid
• Nitrous oxide (N₂O)

The hypochlorite ion The hypochlorite ion is OCl−. A hypochlorite compound is a chemical compound containing this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +1. ... Commercial chlorine bleach To bleach something, is to remove or lighten its color, sometimes as a preliminary step in the process of dyeing; a bleach is a chemical that produces these effects, often via oxidation. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iodine, I, 53 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 5, p Appearance violet-dark gray, lustrous Standard atomic weight 126. ... The chlorite ion This discusses some chlorine compounds. ... Definition The chlorate ion ClO3-. A chlorate (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +5. ... Perchlorates are the salts derived from perchloric acid (HClO4). ... The structure of the permanganate anion A permanganate is a chemical compound that contains the permanganate ion (MnO4−). Because manganese is in the +7 oxidation state, the permanganate ion is a strong oxidizer. ... Ammonium cerium(IV) nitrate, also called ceric ammonium nitrate or CAN, is a compound of cerium that is widely used as an oxidising agent. ... General Name, Symbol, Number cerium, Ce, 58 Chemical series lanthanides Group, Period, Block n/a, 6, f Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 140. ... In chemistry, chromic acid is a chromium (Cr) compound, yet to be isolated, with the formula H2CrO4. ... Pyridinium chlorochromate, a reddish orange solid reagent, is used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones. ... A sample of ammonium dichromate Chromates and dichromates are salts of chromic acid and dichromic acid, respectively. ... A peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. ... ... The mild oxidation of primary or secondary alcohols to aldehydes or ketones with a mixture of oxalyl chloride, dimethylsulfoxide and triethylamine is called the Swern oxidation. ... Peroxymonosulfuric acid, also known as persulfuric acid and as Caros acid, is H2SO5, a colorless solid melting at 45 °C. In this molecule, the S(VI) center adopts its characteristic tetrahedral geometry; the connectiivity is indicated by the formula HO-O-S(O)2-OH. H2SO5 is sometimes confused... It has been suggested that Ozone generator be merged into this article or section. ... The chemical compound osmium tetroxide (OsO4), also known as osmium tetraoxide, osmium(VIII) oxide, or osmic acid, is an oxide of the element osmium. ... The chemical compound nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen nitrate (anhydrous nitric acid). ... R-phrases S-phrases Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

Common oxidizing agents and their products

General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) very pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ... It has been suggested that Ozone generator be merged into this article or section. ... In ozonolysis ozone cleaves an alkene into carbonyl compounds. ... General Name, Symbol, Number fluorine, F, 9 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 2, p Appearance Yellowish brown gas Atomic mass 18. ... General Name, Symbol, Number chlorine, Cl, 17 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 3, p Appearance yellowish green Standard atomic weight 35. ... General Name, Symbol, Number bromine, Br, 35 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 4, p Appearance gas/liquid: red-brown solid: metallic luster Atomic mass 79. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iodine, I, 53 Chemical series halogens Group, Period, Block 17, 5, p Appearance violet-dark gray, lustrous Standard atomic weight 126. ... The hypochlorite ion The hypochlorite ion is OCl−. A hypochlorite compound is a chemical compound containing this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +1. ... Definition The chlorate ion ClO3-. A chlorate (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +5. ... The chemical compound nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen nitrate (anhydrous nitric acid). ... R-phrases , , , , S-phrases , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... [1] R-phrases , S-phrases , , , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ... In chemistry, chromic acid (or Jones reagent) is a chromium (Cr) compound, yet to be isolated, that would have the formula H2CrO4. ... A sample of ammonium dichromate Chromates and dichromates are salts of chromic acid and dichromic acid, respectively. ... Chromates and Dichromates are salts of chromic acid. ... The structure of the permanganate anion A permanganate is a chemical compound that contains the permanganate ion (MnO4−). Because manganese is in the +7 oxidation state, the permanganate ion is a strong oxidizer. ... Definition The manganate ion is MnO42-. A manganate is a compound that contains this group. ... A peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. ...

See also

• Reducing agent
• Organic oxidation