This article or section is missing citations or needs footnotes. Using inline citations helps guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies.

Oxygen first aid kit showing a demand valve and a constant flow mask

Oxygen therapy is the administration of oxygen as a therapeutic modality. Oxygen therapy benefits the patient by increasing the supply of oxygen to the lungs and thereby increasing the availability of oxygen to the body tissues. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Image File history File links Oxygen_kit_breathing_and_constant_flow. ... Image File history File links Oxygen_kit_breathing_and_constant_flow. ... General Name, symbol, number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series nonmetals, chalcogens Group, period, block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless (gas) pale blue (liquid) Standard atomic weight 15. ...

Appropriate levels of oxygen are vital to support cell respiration. High blood and tissue levels of oxygen can be helpful or damaging, depending on circumstances. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the use of high levels of oxygen for treatment of specific diseases. High levels of oxygen given to neonates causes blindness by promoting overgrowth of new blood vessels in the eye obstructing sight. This is Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Administration of high levels of oxygen in patients with severe emphysema and high blood carbon dioxide reduces respiratory drive, which can precipitate respiratory failure and death. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), previously known as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), is a disease of the eye that affects prematurely born babies. ...

Oxygen first aid specifically refers to the use of oxygen in a first aid setting. Oxygen will assist patients with myocardial infarction and hypoxia (low blood oxygen levels). Care needs to be exercised in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, especially in those known to retain carbon dioxide (type II respiratory failure) who lose their respiratory drive and accumulate carbon dioxide if administered oxygen in moderate concentration. For this reason, some jurisdictions require medical approval for all emergency oxygen administration. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), more commonly known as a heart attack, is a disease state that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart is interrupted. ... Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole (generalised hypoxia) or region of the body (tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. ... For COPD occuring in horses, see recurrent airway obstruction. ... Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom. ...

Home or domiciliary oxygen therapy

This refers to the administration of oxygen as ongoing therapy, either continuously or intermittently. Most commonly patients on home oxygen therapy have severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by smoking. High concentration (approaching 100%) oxygen is used as home therapy to abort cluster headache attacks, due to its vaso-constrictive effects. It is indicated in COPD patients with PaO2 </= 55mmHg or SaO2 </= 88% and has been shown in a Medical Research Council study to increase survival. Cluster headaches are rare, extremely painful and debilitating headaches that occur in groups or clusters. ... Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), is a group of diseases characterized by limitation of airflow in the airway that is not fully reversible. ... Current MRC logo The Medical Research Council (MRC) is a UK organisation dedicated to promot[ing] the balanced development of medical and related biological research in the UK. // The MRC is one of seven Research Councils and is answerable to, although politically independent from, the Office of Science and Innovation...

Oxygen sources and delivery

Gas cannisters containing Oxygen to be used at home. When in use a pipe is attached to the top of the can and then to a mask that fits over the patient's nose and mouth.

A home oxygen concentrator in situ in an Emphysema patient's house. The model shown is the DeVILBISS LT 4000.

There are three typical sources of oxygen used therapeutically: Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 × 1224 pixel, file size: 307 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A picture I took on 24 December 2007 showing Oxygen cannisters in the home of an emphysema patient. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 × 1224 pixel, file size: 307 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A picture I took on 24 December 2007 showing Oxygen cannisters in the home of an emphysema patient. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1224 × 1632 pixel, file size: 312 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A picture I took on 2nd of July, 2007 showing a home oxygen concentrator. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1224 × 1632 pixel, file size: 312 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A picture I took on 2nd of July, 2007 showing a home oxygen concentrator. ...

1. Liquid oxygen is contained in thermally insulating tanks. The liquid has to boil changing into a gas for breathing. Large tanks are used by hospitals. Small tanks can be used domestically. Liquid oxygen tanks are refilled by liquid oxygen suppliers.
2. Cylinders contain compressed gaseous oxygen. Small cylinders are used for first aid and for home oxygen patients when mobility is required. Cylinders are refilled by a gas supplier.
3. Oxygen concentrators are electrically powered devices which remove nitrogen from air. They are most commonly used in a domestic situation, because they do not need refilling. However, a number of manufacturers have introduced portable oxygen concentrators. These have replaced^[1] the need to use liquid or gas cylinders for mobility for many patients. These can typically use AC, DC, or battery power. Some portable concentrators have only pulse or demand flow capabilities, while continuous flow portables are available. Pulse or demand flow is similar to the way an oxygen conserving device delivers oxygen from liquid oxygen or a gas cylinder only during inhalation, but on a concentrator, the oxygen made in between pulses is stored for the next pulse. Where a conserving device can make a liquid or gas container last longer, pulse or demand settings on oxygen concentrators can make a certain flow appear as a higher effective flow, or reduce power consumption and/or extend battery life. For usage on aircraft see Oxygen therapy while on aircraft.

First aid kits have been produced that create oxygen gas as the result of a chemical reaction between lightweight or widely available substances such as sodium percarbonate and water, although the rate and duration of oxygen supply is not high. [1] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Industrial compressed gas cylinders used for oxy-fuel welding and cutting of steel. ... An oxygen concentrator is a device used to provide oxygen to a patient at substantially higher concentrations than those of ambient air, used as an alternative to tanks of compressed oxygen. ... General Name, symbol, number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless gas Standard atomic weight 14. ... Look up air in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Portable communications devices refer to hand-held or wearable devices. ... For other uses, see Chemical reaction (disambiguation). ... Sodium percarbonate (or sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate) is an addition compound of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide. ... Impact from a water drop causes an upward rebound jet surrounded by circular capillary waves. ...

Oxygen is most often delivered as continuous gaseous flow, measured in litres per minute (lpm). The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of volume. ...

Administration

Various devices are used for administration of oxygen.

1. The nasal cannula (NC) is a thin tube with two small nozzles that protrude into the patients nostrils. It can only provide oxygen at low flow rates, 2-6 litres per minute (LPM), delivering a concentration of 28-44%. It is used in patients who can benefit from oxygen therapy but do not require it to the degree of wearing an uncomfortable mask. It is especially useful in those patients where vasoconstriction could negatively impact their condition, such as those suffering from strokes, or "brain attacks." Use of the NC at relatively high rates can cause discomfort by drying the nasal passages.
2. 

   A patient wearing a simple face mask.
   The simple face mask (SFM) is a basic mask used for non-life-threatening conditions but which may progress in time, such as chest pain (possible heart attacks), dizziness, and minor hemorrhages. It is often set to deliver oxygen between 2-10 LPM. The final oxygen concentration delivered by this device is dependent upon the amount of room air that mixes with the oxygen the patient breathes. The air mixing is determined by how much air any individual is breathing, at the moment, and the fit of the mask. Oxygen concentrations are uncontrolled. A venturi device attached to the mask can be used to control to some degree the concentration of oxygen delivered, usually this is used to prevent respiratory depression in emphysema patients who have lost their respiratory drive. The final oxygen concentration is still dependent on the degree of mixing with room air.
3. The non-rebreather mask (NRB) is utilized for patients with multiple trauma injuries, chronic airway limitation/chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, smoke inhalation, and carbon monoxide poisoning, or any other patient who requires high-flow oxygen, but does not require breathing assistance. It has an attached reservoir bag where oxygen fills in between breaths, and a valve that largely prevents the inhalation of room or exhaled air. This allows the administration of high concentrations of oxygen, between 80-100%. This device is set to 12-15 lpm, or at least enough to keep the reservoir inflated between breaths. Strictly, "Non-rebreather" masks are "partial-rebreather" (PRB) masks; a non-rebreather mask would ideally not permit air from the surrounding environment to be inhaled. However, since the only NRM or PRMs in current use are made with disposable plastic, the fit of the mask is often inadequate to avoid air mixture.
4. The bag-valve-mask (BVM) is used for patients in critical condition who are either breathing extremely inefficiently, or not breathing at all (respiratory arrest). An oxygen reservoir bag is attached to a central cylindrical bag, attached to a valved mask that administers almost 100% concentration oxygen at 8-15 lpm. The central bag is squeezed manually to deliver a "breath" to the patient, or assist them in breathing by doing some of the work for the lungs.
   

   

   A tightly sealed aviators oxygen mask
5. The pocket mask is a small device that can be carried on one's person. It is used for the same patients who the BVM is indicated for, but instead of delivering breaths by squeezing a reservoir, the care provider must actually exhale into the mask. Pocket masks normally have one-way valves built into them to protect the provider from the patient's potentially infectious body substances. Many masks also have an oxygen intake built-in, allowing for administration of 50-60% oxygen. Without being hooked up to an external line, exhaled air from the provider can still provide sufficient oxygen to live (room air is approximately 21% oxygen, exhaled air is approximately 16% oxygen). The pocket mask should only be used when a BVM is unavailable, so it typically sees use from bystanders performing CPR, not medical professionals with adequate equipment.
6. The anaesthetic machine is a machine used during anesthesia that allows a variable amount of oxygen to be delivered, along with other gases including air, nitrous oxide and anaesthetic gases.
7. Aviator type and other specialized tight fitting oxygen masks are used in hyperbaric oxygen chambers and to provide oxygen to carbon monoxide victims.

The nasal cannula is a device used in the hospital or at home to delivery supplemental oxygen to a patient or person in need of extra oxygen. ... The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ... For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... A patient wearing a simple face mask. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The venturi mask is a medical device to deliver a known oxygen concentration to patients on controlled oxygen therapy. ... A BVM Resuscitator A BVM Resuscitator (Bag Valve Mask) is a part of the usual equipment carried by ALS (advanced life support) and BLS (basic life support) units to provide patient treatment in medical emergencies such as cardiac arrest. ... Image File history File links Oxymask. ... Image File history File links Oxymask. ... Infection is also the title of an episode of the television series Babylon 5; see Infection (Babylon 5). ... An anaesthetic machine The anaesthetic machine (or anesthesia machine in America) is used by anaesthetists to support the administration of anaesthesia. ... Look up air in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation). ... Breathing 100% oxygen from a tight fitting pressure demand oxygen mask An oxygen mask provides a method to transfer breathing oxygen gas from a storage tank to the lungs. ... Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is the medical use of oxygen at a higher than atmospheric pressure. ... Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. ...

Related devices

1. A pressure regulator is used to control the high pressure of oxygen delivered from a cylinder to a low pressure controllable by the flowmeter.
2. A flowmeter is used to control and indicate the flow of oxygen. Typiclal flow range is 0-15 lpm.
3. A nebulizer can be used deliver nebulizable drugs such as albuterol or epinephrine into the airways by creating a vapor-mist from the liquid form of the drug. Nebulizers are also commonly used with room air in the home with an electric air pump.

A pressure regulator is a valve that automatically cuts off the flow of a liquid or gas at a certain pressure, usually for the purpose of preventing damage to plumbing. ... Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid or gas movement. ... A nebulizer with an attached inhaling apparatus In medicine, a nebulizer is a device used to administer medication to people in forms of a liquid mist to the airways. ... Salbutamol (INN) or albuterol (USAN) is a short-acting &#946;2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and COPD. It is marketed by the Allen & Hanburys respiratory division of GlaxoSmithKline under the trade name Ventolin. ... Adrenaline redirects here. ...

Negative effects

Although most EMS jurisdictions hold that oxygen should not be withheld from any patient, there are certain situations in which oxygen therapy can have a negative impact on a patient’s condition. Oxygen has vasoconstrictive effects on the circulatory system, reducing peripheral circulation and potentially increasing the effects of stroke. Certain types of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases can be aggravated by the application of oxygen, although this number is theorized to be less than 33%. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can cause life-threatening grand mal seizures. The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... The blood vessels are part of the circulatory system and function to transport blood throughout the body. ... For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ... For COPD occuring in horses, see recurrent airway obstruction. ...

Some jurisdictions require that oxygen should not be given to children or people suffering from certain long-term lung conditions by first-responders without medical consultation.

There are suggestions within the SCUBA diving community that oxygen administration may not be the most effective measure for the treatment of DCI/DCS and that Heliox may be a better alternative. However this is still at an early stage in research and as such O2 is still the major suggested treatment in diving related First Aid. Scuba diving is swimming underwater while using self-contained breathing equipment. ... Heliox is a gas that is composed of a mixture of helium (He) and oxygen (O2). ...

Oxygen should never be given to a patient who is suffering from Paraquat poisoning if his or her FiO₂ is less than 50%, as this can increase the toxicity, making the patient's condition worse.

Oxygen therapy while on aircraft

In the United States, most airlines restrict the devices allowed on board aircraft. As a result passengers are restricted in what devices they can use. Some airlines will provide cylinders for passengers with an associated fee. Other airlines allow passengers to carry on approved portable concentrators. However the lists of approved devices varies by airline so passengers need to check with any airline they are planning to fly on. Passengers are generally not allowed to carry on their own cylinders. In all cases, passengers need to notify the airline in advance of their equipment. An airline is an organization providing aviation services to passengers and/or cargo. ... Flying machine redirects here. ...

See also

• Nebulizer
• Mechanical ventilation
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
• Oxygen bar
• Emergency Medical Services
• Respiratory Therapist

A nebulizer with an attached inhaling apparatus In medicine, a nebulizer is a device used to administer medication to people in forms of a liquid mist to the airways. ... mechanical or forced ventilation is the use of powered equipment, e. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Oxygen bar in Tokyo, Japan The oxygen bar is a trend that started in the late 1990s in Japan, and quickly spread east to California and Las Vegas. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... Respiratory therapy is an allied health field involved in the treatment of breathing disorders which include chronic lung problems (i. ...

References

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• American Lung Association Oxygen Therapy Fact Sheet
• Adult domiciliary oxygen therapy. Position statement of the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand Article contains useful background information.
• Long Term Oxygen Therapy: Getting Better All the Time