NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Oxyrhyncus

Oxyrhynchus ( The Greek language (Greek Ελληνικά, IPA – Hellenic) is an Indo-European language with a documented history of some 3,000 years. Ancient Greek in its various forms was the language both of classical Greek civilisation and of the origins of Christianity, and... Greek: Οξύρυγχος; "sharp-nosed"; ancient Egyptian Per-Medjed; modern Arabic el-Bahnasa) is an An archaeological site is a place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic), and which has been investigated using the discipline of archaeology. Beyond this, the definition and geographical extent of a site can vary widely, depending on the period... archaeological site in The Arab Republic of Egypt, commonly known as Egypt, (in Arabic: مصر, romanized Mişr or Maşr, in Egyptian dialect) is a republic mostly located in northeastern Africa. Covering an area of about 1,020,000 km², it includes the Sinai Peninsula (considered part of... Egypt, considered one of the most important ever discovered. For the past century the area around Oxyrhynchus has been continuously excavated, yielding an enormous collection of Blank papyrus. Close-up of the surface. Papyrus is an early form of paper made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge that grows to 5 meters (15 ft) in height and was once abundant in the Nile Delta of Egypt. Papyrus is first known... papyrus texts from the The conquests of Alexander the Great brought Egypt within the orbit of the Greek world for the next 900 years. After 300 years of rule by the Macedonian Ptolemies, Egypt was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 30 BC, and was ruled first from Rome and then from Constantinople until... Greek and Roman periods of Hathor The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history, as a unified state, of any country in the world. The Nile valley forms a natural geographic and economic unit, being bounded to the east and west by deserts, to the north by the sea and to the south by... Egyptian history. Among the texts discovered at Oxyrhynchus are plays of For the Indo-Greek king (160–135 BC) see Menander the Just. For the Byzantine historian and ethnographer of the 6th century, see Menander Protector. Menander (342–291 BC), Greek dramatist, the chief representative of the New Comedy, was born in Athens. He was the son of well... Menander and the The Gospel of Thomas, completely preserved in a papyrus Coptic manuscript discovered in 1945 at Nag Hammadi, Egypt, is a list of 114 sayings attributed to Jesus. Some of those sayings resemble those found in the four canonical Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John), but other sayings were unknown until... Gospel of Thomas, an important early Gnosticism is a blanket term for various religions and sects most prominent in the first few centuries A.D. General characteristics The word gnosticism comes from the Greek word for knowledge, gnosis (γνῶσις), referring to the idea that there is special, hidden mysticism (esoteric knowledge... Gnostic document.

The town was named after a species of Fish might refer to: Fish - vertebrates with gills which live in water Fish (sometimes FISH) - the British code-word for World War II German stream cipher teleprinter secure communications devices The FISH (FIbonacci SHrinking) stream cipher published in 1993 Fish - the former lead singer of progressive rock band Marillion fluorescent... fish of the There is also Nile, a death metal band from South Carolina, USA. The Nile in Egypt Length 6 695 km Elevation of the source 1 134 m Average discharge 2 830 m³/s Area watershed 3 400 000 km² Origin Africa Mouth the Mediterranean Basin... Nile River which was important in Egyptian mythology (or Egyptian religion) is the name for the succession of beliefs held by the people of Egypt until the coming of Christianity and Islam. The timespan involved is nearly three thousand years, and beliefs varied considerably over time, so an article or, indeed, even one whole book, cannot... Egyptian mythology as the fish that ate the penis of This article is about the god. There is also an extrasolar planet named Osiris, a file integrity checker, and an astronomical instrument called OSIRIS, and a fictional hovercraft named Osiris in The Animatrix. Osiris (Greek, also Usiris, the Egyptian name is Ausare) is the Egyptian god of Death and the... Osiris, though it is not known exactly which species of fish this is. One possibility is a species of mormyrid, medium sized freshwater fish that figure in various Egyptian and other artworks. Some species of mormyrid have distinctive downturned snouts or barbels, lending them the common name of elephantnoses among aquarists and Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish. This includes the bony fish (Osteichthyes), the cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes) such as sharks and rays, and the jawless fish (Agnatha). Since there are as many species of fish as all other vertebrates put together, and they have been... ichthyologists. A figurine from Oxyrhynchus of one of these sacred fish has many attributes typical of mormyrids: a long anal fin, a small caudal fin, widely spaced pelvic and pectoral fins, and of course the downturned snout. [1] (http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/VExhibition/introduction/fish_statuette.html)

History

Oxyrhynchus is about 160 km south-southwest of View of the modern citys skyline. Cairo incorporates an entire medieval section, which is now a popular neighborhood and contains important buildings of islamic architecture. Average temeprature and precipitations in Cairo Cairo ( Arabic: القاهرة; romanized: al-Qāhirah) is the capital city... Cairo, and lies west of the main course of the Nile, on the Bahr Yussef (Canal of Joseph), a branch of the Nile that terminates in Lake Moeris and the Al Fayyum is one of the governorates of Egypt located in the centre of the country. Its capital is a city also called Al Fayyum. Having an area of 490 mile² (1,270 km²), Al Fayyum is an oasis and a distinctive region in character between the main Nile... Fayum oasis. In Map of Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was the civilization of the Nile Valley between about 3000 BC and the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation it is the quintessential example of an hydraulic empire. History History of Ancient Egypt List... ancient Egyptian times, there was a town on the site called Per-Medjed, but it did not become an important area until after the conquest of Egypt by Bust of Alexander the Great in the British Museum. For other Alexanders, see Alexander (disambiguation) Alexander III, in Greek ΜΕΓΑΣ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ (late July, 356 BC–June 10, 323 BC), King of Macedon (336 BC-323 BC... Alexander the Great in Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 380s BC 370s BC 360s BC 350s BC 340s BC - 330s BC - 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 337 BC 336 BC 335 BC 334 BC 333 BC - 332 BC - 331 BC 329 BC 328... 332 BC. It was then reestablished as a Greek town, called Oxyrhynchon Polis ("town of the sharp-nosed fish").

In Hellenistic times, Oxyrhynchus was a prosperous regional capital, the third-largest city in Egypt. After Egypt was The historical phenomenon of Christianization, the conversion of individuals to Christianity or the conversion of entire peoples at once (a political shift as much as a spontaneous mass shift in individual consciences), also includes the practice of converting pagan cult practices, pagan religious imagery, pagan sites and the pagan calendar... christianized, it was famous for its many This article is about the Christian buildings of worship. For other uses of the word, see Church (disambiguation). The Memorial Church at Stanford University. A church building is a building used in Christian worship. See also altar, altar rails, confessional, dome, nave, pew, pulpit, sanctuary, lych gate. Etymology The word... churches and monasteries. It remained a prominent, though gradually declining, town in the Roman and Byzantine periods. After the Arab (disambiguation). There are three factors which may assist to varying degrees in determining whether someone is considered Arab or not: Political: whether they live in a country which is a member of the Arab League (or, more vaguely, the Arab world); this definition covers more than 300 million people... Arab conquest of Egypt in Events Founding of the city of Fostat, later Cairo, in Egypt. Revolt against Byzantine emperor Heraclonas; he is deposed and his brother Constans II becomes sole emperor. Caesarea surrenders to the Arabs Chindaswinth deposes Tulga, becomes king of the Visigoths. Deaths Emperor Jomei of Japan King Mu of Baekje February... 641, the canal system on which the town depended fell into disrepair, and Oxyrhynchus was abandoned. Today the town of el-Bahnasa occupies part of the ancient site.

For more than 1000 years, the inhabitants of Oxyrhynchus dumped garbage at a series of sites out in the desert sands beyond the town limits. The fact that the town was built on a canal rather than on the Nile itself was important, because this meant that the area did not flood every year with the rising of the river, as did the districts along the riverbank. When the canals dried up, the water table fell and never rose again. The area west of the Nile has virtually no rain, so the garbage dumps of Oxyrhynchus were gradually covered with sand and were forgotten for another 1000 years.

Because Egyptian society under the Greeks and Romans was governed bureaucratically, and because Oxyrhynchus was the capital of the 19th The nomes of Ancient Egypt A nome (Greek: district) is a subnational administrative division of Ancient Egypt. The use of the Greek name rather than the Egyptians own results partly from Egypts long Greek occupation. In addition, the Greeks were fascinated with Egypt, and left many historical records of... nome, the material at the Oxyrhynchus dumps included vast amounts of paper. Accounts, tax returns, census material, invoices, receipts, correspondence on administrative, military, religious, economic and political matters, certificates and licenses of all kinds—all these were periodically cleaned out of government offices, put in wicker baskets, and dumped out in the desert. Private citizens added their own piles of unwanted paper. Because papyrus was expensive, paper was often reused: a document might have farm accounts on one side, and a student's text of For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation). Homer (Greek Ὅμηρος Hómēros) was a legendary (or perhaps mythical) early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with authorship of the major Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the comic mini-epic Batrachomyomachia (The Frog-Mouse War... Homer on the other. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, therefore, contained a complete record of the life of the town, and of the The Pyramid of the Moon in Teotihuacan, Mexico. Building projects of this size require the social organization found in civilizations. A civilization or civilisation has a variety of meanings related to human society. The term comes from the Latin civis, meaning citizen or townsman. 1. In a technical sense, a... civilizations and For alternative meanings, see Empire (disambiguation) An empire (also known technically, abstractly or disparagingly as an imperium, and with powers known among Romans as imperium) comprises a set of regions locally ruled by governors, viceroys or client kings in the name of an emperor. By extension, one could classify as... empires of which the town was a part.

The town site of Oxyrhynchus itself has never been excavated, because the modern Egyptian town is on top of it. But it is believed that the city had many public buildings, including a theater with a capacity of 11,000 spectators, a A Hippodrome (Gr. from hippos, horse, and dromos, race, course) was a course provided by the Greeks for horse racing and chariot racing. It corresponded to the Roman circus, except that in the latter only four chariots ran at a time, whereas ten or more contended in the Greek games... hippodrome, four public baths, a The gymnasium of the Greeks originally functioned as the school where competitors in the public games received their training, and was so named from the circumstance that these competitors exercised naked (gymnos). Etymology of gymnasium The word gymnasium, originally spelled gymnazein, is Greek for place to be naked and derives... gymnasium, and two small ports on the Bahr Yusuf. It is also likely that there were military buildings, such as Barracks are military housing. Often times NCOs and enlisted personel will be housed in barracks for service or training. Lower level NCOs will be housed in larger numbers where as higher ranking NCOs or officers will be housed in fewer numbers. History of Barracks There are a number of remains... barracks, since the city supported a military garrison on several occasions during the Roman and Byzantine periods. During the Greek and Roman periods, Oxyrhynchus had temples to This page refers to the god Serapis. For the British ships of this name, see HMS Serapis. The Hellenistic-Egyptian god Serapis. Serapis was a Hellenistic-Egyptian god, made the patron of Alexandria. The statue of Serapis in the Serapeum of Alexandria was of purely Greek type and workmanship, a... Serapis, Alternate meanings: See Zeus Web Server Statue of Zeus The Greek sculptor Phidias created the 12-m (40-ft) tall Statue of Zeus in about 435 bc. The statue stood in Olympia, and was perhaps the most famous sculpture in ancient Greece. Phidias made the god’s robe and... Zeus- For the people in the Bible, see Ammon (nation). For the extinct mollusc see Ammonite. Amun was name of a major Egyptian deity, meaning the hidden one (alternative spellings Amon and Ammon). He was one of the Ogdoad and was married to Ipet. In the Greek language he was known... Amun, This article is about a Greek goddess named Hera. For the asteroid, see 103 Hera, and also 1 Ceres, which briefly bore the name Hera. For the particle accelerator see Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage. In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hêra the Great Goddess of pre-Hellene... Hera- Isis (Greek version; Egyptian is Aset) is the goddess of motherhood and fertility in ancient Egypt. She is a life-death-rebirth deity (see Legend of Osiris and Isis), as well as one of the Ennead. Later, she acquired the goddess Sopdet. She was a close companion of Arensnuphis. To... Isis, Atargatis, in Aramaic ‘Atar‘atah, was a Syrian deity, more commonly known to the Greeks by a shortened form of the name, Derceto or Derketo (Strabo 16.785; Pliny, Nat. Hist. 5.81), and as Dea Syria, or in one word Deasura. She is often now popularly described... Atargatis-Bethnnis and This article is about the god. There is also an extrasolar planet named Osiris, a file integrity checker, and an astronomical instrument called OSIRIS, and a fictional hovercraft named Osiris in The Animatrix. Osiris (Greek, also Usiris, the Egyptian name is Ausare) is the Egyptian god of Death and the... Osiris. There were also Greek temples to Dêmêtêr (or Demetra) (DEH-MEH-ter) (mother-goddess or perhaps distribution-mother) is the Greek goddess of agriculture, the pure nourisher of youth and the green earth, the health-giving cycle of life and death, and preserver of marriage and the sacred law. She is invoked as... Demeter, Several people in history have been known by the name Dionysius: Dionysius of Syracuse, a tyrant Dionysius the Elder, a Greek mythological figure Dionysius the Areopagite, a citizen of Corinth who was converted by Paul of Tarsus Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, identified by some with a Georgian theologist Peter the... Dionysius, For other meanings see Hermes (disambiguation) Hermes bearing the infant Dionysus, by Praxiteles Hermēs (Greek: Έρμης: pile of marker stones), in Greek mythology, is the god of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them, of shepherds and cowherds, of orators, literature and poets... Hermes, and Apollo (disambiguation). Worship Apollo is considered to have dominion over the plague, light, healing, colonists, medicine, archery, poetry, prophecy, dance, reason, intellectualism and as the patron defender of herds and flocks. Apollo had a famous oracle in Crete and other notable ones in Clarus and Branchidae. As the god of... Apollo; there were also Roman temples to In Roman mythology, Jupiter (sometimes shortened to Jove) held the same role as Zeus in the Greek pantheon. He was called Jupiter Optimus Maximus as the patron deity of the Roman state, in charge of laws and social order. This article focuses on Jupiter in early Rome and in cultic... Jupiter Capitolinus and Mars was the Roman god of war and the son of Juno and a magical flower (or Jupiter) and initially was the Roman god of fertility and vegetation, and protector of cattle, but later he became associated with battle. As the god of spring, when his major festivals were held... Mars. In the Christian era, Oxyrhynchus was the seat of a In some Christian churches, the diocese is an administrative territorial unit governed by a bishop, sometimes also referred to as a bishopric or episcopal see, though more often the term episcopal see means the office held by the bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Church of England and the... bishopric, and the town still has several ancient Christ - Coptic Art Coptic Orthodox Christianity is the indigenous form of Christianity that, according to tradition, the apostle Mark established in Egypt in the middle of the 1st century AD (approximately AD 60). It is the national church of Egypt. The church is one of the Oriental Orthodox churches. Its... Coptic Christian churches.

When Egyptologist Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (3 June 1853 - 28 July 1942) was a pioneer of systematic methodology in archaeology. The grandson of Captain Matthew Flinders, explorer of the coasts of Australia, he was born in Charlton, England. He was educated at home by his parents. Petries father, a... Flinders Petrie visited Oxyrhynchus in 1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events January 7 - Dáil Éireann, the extra-legal parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64-57 votes. January 10 - Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann... 1922, he found remains of the colonnades and theater. Now a single column meets the eye: everything else has been scavenged for building material for modern housing.

Excavation at Oxyrhynchus

Bernard Grenfell This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. Click on...

Bernard Grenfell

In 1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). Events February 2 - The Knights of Columbus are formed in New Haven, Connecticut February 7 - In Mississippi City the last heavyweight boxing championship bareknuckle fight takes place. February 14 - Llanelli Conservative Association founded. March 2 – Robert Maclean... 1882 Egypt, while still nominally part of the The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October... Ottoman Empire, came under effective British rule, and British archaeologists began the systematic exploration of the country. Because Oxyrhynchus was not an Ancient Egyptian site of any importance, it was neglected until 1896 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). Events January - April January 4 - Utah is admitted as the 45th U.S. state. January 5 - An Austrian newspaper reports that Wilhelm Röntgen discovered a type of radiation later known as X-rays. January 12 - H... 1896, when two young excavators, Bernard Grenfell and Arthur Hunt, both fellows may refer to: the plural of Fellow Fellows, California This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to... Fellows of Queen's College, The University of Oxford, situated in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. Oxford University and Cambridge University are sometimes referred to collectively as Oxbridge. The two universities have a long history of competition with each other, as they are the two... Oxford, began to excavate it. "My first impressions on examining the site were not very favourable," wrote Grenfell. "The rubbish mounds were nothing but rubbish mounds." But they very soon realised what they had found. The unique combination of climate and circumstance had left at Oxyrhynchus an unequalled archive of the ancient world. "The flow of papyri soon became a torrent," Grenfell recalled. "Merely turning up the soil with one's boot would frequently disclose a layer."

Being classically educated Englishmen, Grenfell and Hunt were mainly interested in the possibility that Oxyrhynchus might reveal the lost masterpieces of classical Greek literature: the lost plays, histories and philosophical works of ancient The Acropolis in central Athens, one of the most important landmarks in world history. The Parthenon, the main monument on the site, was built in favour of goddess Athena, the patron of the city Athens ( Greek: Αθήνα Athína) is the capital of Greece, and... Athens. They knew that the Constitution of Athens by This article needs cleanup. Please edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. Aristotle (sculpture) Aristotle (Greek Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs) (384 BC – March 7, 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher. Along with Plato... Aristotle had been discovered on Egyptian papyrus in Events January 2 - Alice Sanger becomes the first female staffer for the U.S. White House. January 25 - The United Mine Workers of America is founded. January 25 - Nellie Bly completes her round-the-world journey in 72 days. March 1 - Léon Bourgeois succeeds Ernest Constans as French Minister... 1890. This hope inspired them and their successors to sift through the mountains of rubbish at Oxyrhynchus for the next century. Unfortunately, Oxyrhynchus was a fairly ordinary provincial town, not a centre of learning, and most of its citizens had little interest in literature or philosophy. Besides, copies of the classics were rare and expensive in ancient times, and not likely to find their way to the rubbish dump. This means that literary finds were few, and most of them were copies of the well-known standard works, such as For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation). Homer (Greek Ὅμηρος Hómēros) was a legendary (or perhaps mythical) early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with authorship of the major Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the comic mini-epic Batrachomyomachia (The Frog-Mouse War... Homer, on which Hellenistic education was based.

Arthur Hunt This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. Click on...

Arthur Hunt

Of the many thousands of papyri excavated from Oxyrhynchus, only about ten percent were literary. The rest consisted of public and private documents: codes, edicts, registers, official correspondence, census-returns, tax-assessments, petitions, court-records, sales, leases, wills, bills, accounts, inventories, horoscopes and private letters. Nevertheless, Grenfell and Hunt found enough to keep them going in the hope of finding more. In their first year of digging, they found parts of several lost plays of A Roman bust of Sophocles. Sophocles (early 5th century–406 BC; Greek: Σοφοκλης) was an ancient Greek playwright, dramatist, priest, and politician of Athens. He is known as the second, chronologically, of the three great Greek tragedians; Sophocles was several decades younger... Sophocles, such as the Ichneutae and many other books and fragments, including parts of what appeared to be an unknown Christian gospel. These discoveries captured the public imagination, and Grenfell and Hunt sent articles and photos to newspapers in Britain, arguing the importance of their work and seeking donations to keep it going.

Grenfell and Hunt devoted the rest of their lives to the diggings at Oxyrhynchus, apart from the years of Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. Battle aftermath. Remains of the Chateau Wood World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations, and the War to End All Wars, was a world conflict occurring from 1914 to... World War I. Every winter, when the Egyptian climate was bearable, Grenfell and Hunt supervised hundreds of Egyptian workers, excavating the rubbish mounds, digging up tightly packed layers of papyrus mixed with earth. The finds were sifted, partly cleaned and then shipped to Grenfell and Hunt's base at Oxford. During the summer Grenfell and Hunt cleaned, sorted, translated and compared the year's haul, assembling complete texts from dozens of fragments and extracts. In 1898 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). Events January January 1 - New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, and Staten Island. January 13 - Emile... 1898 they published the first volume of their finds. They worked closely together, each revising what the other wrote, and publishing the result jointly. In 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. January 9 - Britain announces it will build 1,000,000 homes for war veterans. January 10 - League of Nations holds its first meeting... 1920, however, Grenfell died, leaving Hunt to continue with other collaborators until his own death in 1934 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-April January 1 - Alcatraz becomes a federal prison. January 7 - First Flash Gordon comic strip is published. January 10 - Execution of Marinus van der Lubbe January 24 - Einstein visits White House January 26 - The... 1934.

Finds at Oxyrhynchus

Although the hope of finding all the lost literary works of antiquity at Oxyrhynchus was not realised, many important Greek texts were found at the site. These include poems of Pindar (or Pindarus) (522 BC – 443 BC), the greatest lyric poet of ancient Greece, was born at Cynoscephalae, a village in Thebes. He was the son of Daiphantus and Cleodice. The traditions of his family have left their impression on his poetry, and are not without importance for a... Pindar, fragments of Ancient Greek bust of Sappho. Sappho (Attic Greek Σαπφω, Aeolic Greek Ψαπφα, Sapphô) was an Ancient Greek poet, from the city of Mytilene on the island of Lesbos, which was a cultural centre in the 7th century BC. She was born sometime... Sappho and Alcaeus may refer to several ancient Greek figures: in mythology, Alcaeus was the son of Perseus and the father of Amphitryon. Alcaeus was also a lyric poet of the archaic period. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same... Alcaeus, along with larger pieces of Alcman or Alcmaeon (the former being the Doric form of the name), the founder of Doric lyric poetry, to whom was assigned the first place among the nine lyric poets of Greece in the Alexandrian canon, flourished in the latter half of the 7th century BC. He was a Lydian... Alcman, Ibycus, of Rhegium in Italy, Greek lyric poet, contemporary of Anacreon, flourished in the 6th century BC. Notwithstanding his good position at home, he lived a wandering life, and spent a considerable time at the court of Polycrates, tyrant of Samos. The story of his death is thus related: While... Ibycus and Corinna (or Korinna) was an Ancient Greek poet, probably of the 6th century BC. She came from Tanagra in Boeotia, and according to later legend was the teacher of the much better-known Theban poet Pindar. Most of her work survives only in fragments, but two poems survive in epitome... Corinna.

There were also extensive remains of the Hypsipyle of Euripides (c. 480 BC–406 BC) was one of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, along with Aeschylus and Sophocles; he was the youngest of the three and was born c. 480 BC. His mothers name was Cleito, and his fathers either Mnesarchus or Mnesarchides. Evidence... Euripides, a large portion of the plays of For the Indo-Greek king (160–135 BC) see Menander the Just. For the Byzantine historian and ethnographer of the 6th century, see Menander Protector. Menander (342–291 BC), Greek dramatist, the chief representative of the New Comedy, was born in Athens. He was the son of well... Menander, and a large part of the Ichneutae of A Roman bust of Sophocles. Sophocles (early 5th century–406 BC; Greek: Σοφοκλης) was an ancient Greek playwright, dramatist, priest, and politician of Athens. He is known as the second, chronologically, of the three great Greek tragedians; Sophocles was several decades younger... Sophocles. (The latter work was adapted, in 1988, into a play entitled The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus, by British poet and author Tony Harrison, featuring Grenfell and Hunt as main characters.) Also found were the oldest and most complete diagrams from Euclid of Alexandria (Greek: Eukleides) (circa 365–275 BC) was a Greek mathematician, now known as the father of geometry. His most famous work is Elements, widely considered to be historys most successful textbook. Within it, the properties of geometrical objects and integers are deduced from a small... Euclid's Euclids Elements ( Greek Στοιχεία) is a mathematical treatise, consisting of 13 books, written by the Greek mathematician Euclid around 300 BC. It comprises a collection of definitions, postulates, and proofs from Euclidean geometry, named after Euclid, and also Euclids account of... Elements. Another important find was the historical work known as the Hellenica Oxyrhynchus, whose author is unknown but may be Ephorus (c. 400-330 BC), of Cyme in Aeolia, in Asia Minor, was a Greek historian. Together with the historian Theopompus he was a pupil of Isocrates, in whose school he attended two courses of rhetoric. But he does not seem to have made much progress in the art, and... Ephorus or, as many presently think, Kratippos. A life of Euripides (c. 480 BC–406 BC) was one of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, along with Aeschylus and Sophocles; he was the youngest of the three and was born c. 480 BC. His mothers name was Cleito, and his fathers either Mnesarchus or Mnesarchides. Evidence... Euripides by Satyrus is the name of a number of figures from the ancient world. Satyrus was a political figure at Athens in the late 5th century BC. Xenophon mentions him in his Hellenica: When Critias had spoken these words, Satyrus dragged Theramenes away from the altar, and his servants lent their... Satyrus was also unearthed, while an An epitome (Greek epitemnein, to cut short) is a summary or miniature form; it is also used as a synonym for embodiment. Many lost documents from the Ancient Greek and Roman world survive only now in epitome referring to the practice of some later authors (epitomators) who would write distilled... epitome of some of the lost books of Titus Livius (around 59 BC - 17 AD), known as Livy in English, wrote a monumental history of Rome, Ab Urbe Condita, from its founding (traditionally dated to 753 BC). Livy was a native of Padua on the Po River in northern Italy. Life and Works The books title, Ab... Livy was the most important literary find in Latin.

The classical author who has most benefited from the finds at Oxyrhynchus is the Athenian playwright For the Indo-Greek king (160–135 BC) see Menander the Just. For the Byzantine historian and ethnographer of the 6th century, see Menander Protector. Menander (342–291 BC), Greek dramatist, the chief representative of the New Comedy, was born in Athens. He was the son of well... Menander ( Centuries: 5th century BC - 4th century BC - 3rd century BC Decades: 390s BC - 380s BC - 370s BC - 360s BC - 350s BC - 340s BC _ 330s BC - 320s BC - 310s BC - 300s BC - 290s BC 347 BC 346 BC 345 BC 344 BC 343 BC 342 BC 341 BC 340 BC... 342– Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 340s BC 330s BC 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 296 BC 295 BC 294 BC 293 BC 292 BC 291 BC 290 BC 289 BC 288... 291 BC), whose comedies were very popular in Hellenistic times and whose works therefore are frequently found in papyrus fragments. Menander plays found in whole or in part at Oxyrhynchus include Misoumenos, Dis Exapaton, Georgos, Encheiridion, Karchedonios, Kolax, Leucaia, and Perinthia. The work at Oxyrhynchus has greatly raised Menander's status among classicists and scholars of Greek theatre or Greek Drama came into its own between 600 and 200 BC in the ancient city of Athens. The forms of comedy and tragedy were created and refined. The basic difference between our modern theatre is that ours is secular, and Greek theatre grew out of religion. The... Greek theater, since he wrote in a much more popular style than the dramatists of the previous century.

Of the Christian texts found at Oxyrhynchus, the fragments of the The Gospel of Thomas, completely preserved in a papyrus Coptic manuscript discovered in 1945 at Nag Hammadi, Egypt, is a list of 114 sayings attributed to Jesus. Some of those sayings resemble those found in the four canonical Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John), but other sayings were unknown until... Gospel of Thomas, also known as the Sayings of Jesus (Papyrus number 1654), probably dating from the 2nd or 3rd century AD, but believed to preserve an oral tradition which may go back to the mid 1st century, have been outshone by the later, complete text found at Nag Hammâdi is a village in the middle of Egypt, called Chenoboskion in classical antiquity, about 225 kilometres north-west of Aswan with some 30.000 citizens. It is mostly a peasant area where goods such as sugar and aluminium are produced. The Nag Hammadi Library Nag Hammadi is... Nag Hammadi. Some Christian scholars believe that the Gospel preserves an authentic tradition of the life of This article is about the figure known by both Jesus of Nazareth and Jesus Christ. For other usages, see Jesus (disambiguation). This 11th-century portrait is one of many images of Jesus in which a halo with a cross is used. Jesus of Nazareth (b. about 6–4 BC... Jesus older than that in the The New Testament, sometimes called the Greek Scriptures, is the name given to the part of the Christian Bible that was written after the birth of Jesus. The term is a translation of the Latin Novum Testamentum, which translates the Greek Η Καινη Δια... New Testament, though no major Christian denomination has accepted this. Fragments of other early non- A Biblical canon is an exclusive list of books written during the formative period of the Jewish or Christian faiths; the leaders of these communities believed these books to be inspired by God or to express the authoritative history of the relationship between God and his people (although there may... canonical Gospels are Oxyrhynchus 840 and 1224. Other Oxyrhynchus texts preserve parts of the The Apocalypse of Baruch is a Jewish apocryphal or pseudepigraphical text written in the late 1st century AD, after the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans in 70 AD, which seemed to the author to signify the imminent end of the world (the apocalypse). It is not part of the... Apocalypse of Baruch (chapters 12–14; 4th or 5th century; number 403), the The Gospel According to the Hebrews was a work of early Christian literature, already known by the mid 2nd century AD, to which reference is frequently made by the church fathers during the first five centuries of the Christian era, and of which some twenty or more fragments, have been... Gospel according to the Hebrews (3rd century AD; number 655), The Shepherd of Hermas is a Christian work of the first or second century which had great authority in ancient times and was considered by some as one of the books of the Bible. Since Paul sent greetings to a Christian of Rome with this name (Romans 16:14), some... The Shepherd of Hermas (3rd or 4th century; number 404), and a work of St. Irenaeus (c. 130 - 202) was bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, which is now Lyons, France. He is recognized as a saint by both the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church, and his writings were formative in the early development of Christian theology. His feast day is June 28... Irenaeus, (3rd century; number 405). Many early Christian hymns, prayers, and letters have also been found.

The project today

A typical papyrus manuscript from Oxyrhynchus, written in demotic Greek handwriting. The holes are caused by worms. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the...

A typical papyrus manuscript from Oxyrhynchus, written in demotic Greek handwriting. The holes were caused by worms.

Since the 1930s, work at Oxyrhynchus has continued, interrupted only by Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air. August 9, 1945 World War II was a global conflict that started in 7 July 1937 in Asia and 1 September 1939 in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the... World War II and the The Suez Crisis, also known as the Suez War, Suez Campaign or Kadesh Operation was a war fought on Egyptian territory in 1956. The conflict pitted Egypt against an alliance between France, the United Kingdom and Israel. The alliance between the two European nations and Israel was largely one of... Suez Crisis of 1956 is a leap year starting on Sunday. (see link for calendar) Events January January 1 - End of Egyptian Condominium in Sudan. January 16 - President Egypt vows to reconquer Palestine January 26 - Italy January 26 - United Kingdom bans heroin January 26 - The last Soviet troops leave the military base in... 1956. For the past 20 years it has been under the supervision of Professor Peter Parsons of Oxford. Sixty-seven large volumes of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri have been published under the auspices of Oxford University and the Egyptian Exploration Society, and these have become an essential reference work for the study of Egypt between the 4th century BC and the 7th century AD. They are also extremely important for the history of the early Christian Church, since many Christian documents have been found at Oxyrhynchus in far earlier versions than those known elsewhere. At least another 40 volumes are anticipated.

Since the days of Grenfell and Hunt, the focus of attention at Oxyrhynchus has shifted. Modern archaeologists are less interested in finding the lost plays of This article is about the ancient Greek playwright. For other uses, see Aeschylus (disambiguation) Aeschylus (525—456 BC; Greek: Αισχυλος) was a playwright of ancient Greece. Born in Eleusis, a district of the Athenian state, he wrote his first plays in 498... Aeschylus, although some still dig in hope, and more in learning about the social, economic and political life of the ancient world. This shift in emphasis had made Oxyrhynchus, if anything, even more important, for the very ordinariness of most of its preserved documents makes them most valuable for modern scholars of social history. Many works on Egyptian and Roman social and economic history and on the history of Christianity rely heavily on documents from Oxyrhynchus.

In -1... 1966 the Oxyrhynchus excavations and the publication of the papyri was formally adopted as a Major Research Project of the The British Academy is the United Kingdoms national academy for the humanities and the social sciences. It was established by Royal Charter in 1902, and is a fellowship of about 750 scholars. The Academy is self-governing and independent. Election as a Fellow of the British Academy recognises high... British Academy, jointly managed by Oxford University and The Front Quad University College London, commonly known as UCL, is one of the colleges that make up the University of London. It is one of the oldest higher education institutions in the United Kingdom and a member of the Russell Group of Universities. The main part of the college... University College London and headed by Peter Parsons. The project's chief researcher and administrator is Dr. Nikolaos Gonis. The Academy provided funding until 1999 is a common year starting on Friday of the Common Era, and was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations. Events Kosovo War Shooting in Littleton, Colorado, United States, leaves several high school students dead. Y2K preparation was a major event in 1999 both in... 1999; the project now enjoys a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Board, which will fund ongoing work until 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Events January Iraqi police officers hold up their index fingers marked with purple indelible ink, a security measure to prevent double voting. Worldwide aid effort continues to develop in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. January 3... 2005. Today some 100,000 papyrus fragments are housed at the Sackler Library, Oxford, with their indexes, archives and photographic record; it is the biggest hoard of classical manuscripts in the world. About 2,000 items are mounted in glass as a display — the rest are conserved in 800 boxes.

The focus of the project is now mainly on the publication of this vast archive of material: by 2003 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and also: The International Year of Freshwater The European Disability Year Events January January 1 - Luíz Inácio Lula Da Silva becomes the 37th President of Brazil. Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in... 2003 4,700 items had been translated, edited and published. Publication continues at the rate of about one new volume each year. Each volume contains a selection of material, covering a wide range of subjects. The editors include senior professionals but also students studying Papyrology is the study of ancient literature as preserved in manuscripts written on papyrus, the most common form of paper in the Egyptian, Greek and Roman worlds. Papyrology entails both the translation and interpretation of ancient documents in a variety of languages, as well as the care and preservation of... papyrology at the doctoral or undergraduate level. Thus recent volumes offer early fragments of the For the genre of Christian-themed music, see gospel music. Gospels are a genre of ancient literature concerning the life of Jesus. The word derives from the Old English word for Good News, a translation of the Greek word ευαγγελιον, euangelion... Gospels and of the The Revelation of St. John the Divine, popularly known as the Book of Revelation or The Apocalypse (from apokalupsis, the Greek for revelation), is the final and only prophetical book of the New Testament in the Bible. The book is addressed to seven churches, at Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis... Book of Revelation, early witnesses to the texts of Apollonius of Rhodes (Apollonius Rhodius), librarian at Alexandria, was a poet, the author of Argonautica, a literary epic retelling of ancient material concerning Jason and the Argonauts quest for the Golden Fleece in the mythic land of Colchis. Born at Alexandria, perhaps about 270 BC, Apollonius was a pupil of... Apollonius Rhodius, A bust of Aristophanes Aristophanes (c. 448 BC - 380 BC) was a Greek comic dramatist. The place and even the exact date of his birth are unknown, but he was probably educated in Athens. He is famous for writing comedies such as The Birds for the two Athenian festivals: the... Aristophanes, For the Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War, see Demosthenes (general). Demosthenes Demosthenes (384 BC - 322 BC) is generally considered the greatest of the Ancient Greek orators. His writings provide an insight into the life and culture of Athens at this period of time. Born the son of a wealthy... Demosthenes, and Euripides (c. 480 BC–406 BC) was one of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, along with Aeschylus and Sophocles; he was the youngest of the three and was born c. 480 BC. His mothers name was Cleito, and his fathers either Mnesarchus or Mnesarchides. Evidence... Euripides, previously unknown texts of This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page. Two poets of Ancient Greece: Simonides of... Simonides and For the Indo-Greek king (160–135 BC) see Menander the Just. For the Byzantine historian and ethnographer of the 6th century, see Menander Protector. Menander (342–291 BC), Greek dramatist, the chief representative of the New Comedy, was born in Athens. He was the son of well... Menander and of the An epigram is a short poem with a clever twist at the end or a concise and witty statement. They are among the best examples of the power of poetry to compress insight and wit Poetic epigrams Or, as Samuel Taylor Coleridge said, What is an Epigram? A dwarfish whole... epigrammatist Nicarchus was a Greek writer of the first century AD, best known for his epigrams, of which 42 survive, and his satirical poetry. He was a contemporary of, and influence on, the better-known Latin writer Martial. A large proportion of his epigrams are directed against doctors. Some of his... Nicarchus. Other subjects covered include specimens of Greek music and documents relating to Look up Magic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary The term magic is a Persian loanword into English and may refer to: Magic (paranormal) deals with the manipulation of what the practitioner believes to be genuine paranormal phenomena. Magic and religion deals with the relationship of paranormal magic and religion. Magic... magic and An astrological chart (or horoscope) - Y2K Chart — This particular chart is calculated for January 1, 2000 at 12:01:00 A.M. Eastern Standard Time in New York City, New York, USA. (Longitude: 074W0023 - Latitude: 40N4251) Astrology (from Greek: αστρολογ... astrology.

In Ongoing events • Bill C-38 ( Canada gay marriage) • Tsunami relief • Cedar Revolution in Lebanon • Kyrgyz revolution in Kyrgyzstan • German Visa Affair 2005 • Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan • Fuel prices • Anti-Japanese textbook protests in China • Pope Benedict XVI. • Election of... April 2005, Oxford University announced that its joint project with Name Brigham Young University location (main campus) Provo, UT 84602 Established October 16, 1875 Community Urban Type Private coeducational Classification Parochial Religion Owned and closely controlled by the LDS Church Enrollment 32,400 Faculty 2,100 President Cecil O. Samuelson Nickname Cougars Mascot Cougar Color Dark blue Motto Enter to... Brigham Young University using Image of a small dog taken in mid-infrared (thermal) light (false color) Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than visible light, but shorter than microwave radiation. The name means below red (from the Latin infra, below), red being the color of visible light of longest... infrared technology developed from satellite imaging has been extremely successful in recovering much of the missing or damaged script, including previously unknown works of A Roman bust of Sophocles. Sophocles (early 5th century–406 BC; Greek: Σοφοκλης) was an ancient Greek playwright, dramatist, priest, and politician of Athens. He is known as the second, chronologically, of the three great Greek tragedians; Sophocles was several decades younger... Sophocles, Lucian of Samosata (c. 120 - after 180) was a Syrian rhetorician and satirist, writing in the Greek language, noted for his witty and scoffing nature. He was born in Samosata, Syria and died in Athens, and he was also known as Lucianos, Lucianus and Lucinus. He is attributed as author... Lucian, Euripides (c. 480 BC–406 BC) was one of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, along with Aeschylus and Sophocles; he was the youngest of the three and was born c. 480 BC. His mothers name was Cleito, and his fathers either Mnesarchus or Mnesarchides. Evidence... Euripides, Parthenius, Hesiod (Hesiodos) was an early Greek poet and rhapsode, believed to have lived around the year 700 BC. From the 5th century BC literary historians have debated the priority of Hesiod or of Homer. Most modern scholars agree that Homer lived before Hesiod. Hesiod lived in Boeotia and regularly visited... Hesiod, and Archilochus (or Archilochos) (ca. 680 BC - ca. 645 BC) was a Greek poet. His father, Telesicles, who was of noble family, had conducted a colony to Thasos, in obedience to the command of the Delphic oracle. To this island Archilochus himself, hard pressed by poverty, afterwards removed. Another reason for... Archilochus. The news led to great excitement, with many hailing the finds as a "classical In Christian mythology, the Holy Grail was the dish, plate, cup or vessel that caught Jesus blood during his crucifixion. It was said to have the power to heal all wounds. A theme joined to the Christianised Arthurian mythos relates to the quest for the Holy Grail. The legend may... holy grail" and wildly speculating on the possibility of new classics sparking a "second By Region: Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance -French Renaissance -German Renaissance -English Renaissance The Renaissance was a great cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. It marks the transitional period between the end of the Middle Ages and... Renaissance." [2] (http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/story.jsp?story=630165) [3] (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1082483.cms) The amount to be deciphered by this technique is potentially huge: what has already been read is a very small fraction of the number of hitherto unreadable fragments, and scholars have talked of a possible 20 percent increase in our number of Classical texts.

The initial excitement was followed by a more sober assessment of the original article. Individuals involved with the Papyrology is the study of ancient literature as preserved in manuscripts written on papyrus, the most common form of paper in the Egyptian, Greek and Roman worlds. Papyrology entails both the translation and interpretation of ancient documents in a variety of languages, as well as the care and preservation of... papyrology discussion list PAPY-list (http://adam.igl.ku.dk/~bulow/papy-l.html) expressed scepticism at the relevance of it saying that "at the worst, they're trying to make a major story out of 20-year-old news." [4] (http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20050420-4827.html)

History var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};

Excavation at Oxyrhynchus

Finds at Oxyrhynchus

The project today

See also

External links

History